various roles of gandhi
TRANSCRIPT
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 1/40
Mrunal
CSAT Topic-wiseSolve...
Rs.320
Rs.192
India 2014
Rs.350
Rs.257
HOME >> Current Affairs Weekly || Published 3 weeks ago
|| 80 Comments so far.
[Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture,
Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat
Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver,
JalliKattu guidelines
1. Prologue
2. [Act I] History
1. H1: Gandhi in South Africa
FOLLOW:
SEARCH B4 ASKING!
Search
नवीनतम �ट�प�णयाँ
N_IAS_ASPIRANT { @Mrunal Sir,
Can you please elaborate about the
Home
Economy
Current
Articles
Studyplans
Download
Toppers
Forum
Contact Me
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 2/40
1. Gandhi: 1890s till 1900s
2. Gandhi in Boer War (1899)
3. Gandhi in Zulu Wars (1906)
4. 1913-14: The Peak of protests
5. Transvaal March 1913
6. Sugarcane Protests
7. December Enquiry
8. Evaluation of Gandhi in S.Africa
1. #1: Gandhi as an “Integrationist”
2. #2: Gandhi, the Feminist
3. #3: Gandhi the “Mahatma”
4. #4: Gandhi vs his Critiques
present conditions of the water sharing
agreement between Bangladesh and
India? } – [Current] April-Week4-P3:
Diplomacy International
Relations-Teesta Water Sharing,...
NISHAT { congrats... :) ... may i know
which event had d max rejection rate?
and also how flexible were those guys
regarding timing in 100 m... } – [CAPF]
UPSC declares Written Result of
Assistant...
KAIZER { Till now i was only aware
of Red label, Black label & Blue label....
lol ;-) } – [Banking] White Label
ATM: Meaning, Features,
Advantages,...
SIDDHARTH { THANK YOU SIR } –
[Economy] QFI (Qualified Foreign
Investor) vs FII, ...
GULSHAN { Hello Mrunal sir and
fellow aspirants!! I have completed my
graduation in distance mode from
Periyar University(UGC recognised).
Though I took admission in 2010 ,... } –
[Current] April-Week4-P2:
Economy- WTO SPS Agreement
EU...
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 3/40
5. #5: Gandhi, the British Patriot
6. #6: Gandhi’s “Kesar-e-Hind”
2. H1: Hazrat Mahal: 135th Anniversary
3. [Act II] Environment Biodiversity (EnB)
1. B1: Japan’s Scientific Whaling
2. B2: Railsaver: IT platform
4. [Act III] Culture
1. C1: JalliKattu: Guidelines by SC +
Government
2. C2: Truckload of Harvest Festivals
Prologue
Current events in 2014 April Week2 (8-15th)
1. Part 1/3: History, Culture and Environment: (You’re here)
2. Part 2/3: Economy. Done click me
3. Part 3/3: Diplomacy-international relations. Done click me
Mains General Studies Paper 1
Answer each of the following in 200 words each:
1. “In South Africa, Gandhi fought against policies of General
Smuts and not against the British empire.“ comment.
RAHUL { if ,upsc do that, we must
protest against it and newly bjp govt.
as we dome earlier. } – [Current]
April-Week4-P2: Economy- WTO
SPS Agreement EU...
MUKESH { 15 days after declaration
of final result } – [CAPF] UPSC
declares Written Result of
Assistant...
KESHAV { I did it in 13-14 sec. But
when I saw for the next batch, they
gave relaxation for one extra sec
(17sec). Rest it depends... } – [CAPF]
UPSC declares Written Result of
Assistant...
NISHAT { Congrats yaar.... just want
to know were they lenient in 100 m
race in ur group as well? if yes, how
much relaxation was given? } – [CAPF]
UPSC declares Written Result of
Assistant...
AMIT { PET qualified.. at 25th bsf
camp,chhawala dwarka metro>>bus
for najafgarh>>bus for bsf camp
sequence:100m>>800>>long
jump>>shotput break between
events:2-3 min make sure to bring all
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 4/40
2. Discuss in brief- South Africa as the experiment lab of
Gandhian methods.
3. Write a note on how South Africa turned Mohandas into
Mahatma.
4. Why did Gandhi fought against the colonial powers in
South Africa? Evaluate his achievements and failures
therein.
5. Write a note about the contribution of Begam Hazrat
Mahal in India’s struggle for Independence.
6. What is Jaliikattu? List the guidelines set by Supreme Court
and Government of India for organizing of this festival.
[Syllabus topic- Diversity of India(!)]
Interview
1. What is this so called “Scientific” whaling by Japan?
2. Why has Japan decided not to conduct it during 2014-15?
3. Culture traditions and religious sentiments apart, Do you
think JalliKattu should be banned completely?
[Act I] History
Two topics this time: Gandhi in South Africa and Hazrat Mahal
in 1857.
H1: Gandhi in South Africa
your>>... } – [CAPF] UPSC declares
Written Result of Assistant...
KESHAV { Yes it is mandatory to get
them attested by a gazetted officer! } –
[CAPF] UPSC declares Written
Result of Assistant...
KESHAV { Yes it is mandatory to get
a sign by attested. Still if someone
couldn't so the commdant himself is a
gassetted officer, they verify with... } –
[CAPF] UPSC declares Written
Result of Assistant...
SANDEEP { Sir, excellent theory but
i got one doubt whether bill of
exchange will come under Negotiable
instrument??? as it needs some more
documents for realisation... } –
[Current] April-Week4-P2:
Economy- WTO SPS Agreement
EU...
BHAZ { Thanks for sharing Some
queries 1. Is it mandatory to get
attestation from gaz officer or self
attestation is fine? 2. How much time
gap... } – [CAPF] UPSC declares
Written Result of Assistant...
NAV { thanks alot...dear must tell
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 5/40
Topic in news because Ramachandra Guha released a
new book -Gandhi Before India. Later EPW put a review
article about this book.
And previously even PIB ran an article on Transvaal March
(we saw that already)
But Since UPSC included world history in General studies
Mains paper I-hence topic becomes important- what did
Gandhi do before coming to India? How did he fight the
imperialist powers in South Africa?
Gandhi: 1890s t i l l 1900s
Everthing abt medical 2mrw...I am
worried due to some problem.
..thanks...wl w8 for ur reply 2mrw.. } –
[CAPF] UPSC declares Written
Result of Assistant...
Older »
अि�तम �त�थ
B i g v a c a n c i es
26-May: UPPSC Upper subordinate
27-May: Haryana PSC
B a n k
I T / Co m p u t er
30-May: Programmer RKVY
22-May: Maharashtra Bank Specialist
IT
19-May: Lab Attendant Delhi
E n g i n eer s
30-Jun: NALCO GATE 2014
13-Jun: I ITDM Jr.Engg
04-Jun: GAIL Sr.Engg.
04-Jun: BEL E-I I
04-Jun: BEL Naval
30-May: PDIL Engg Walk-in 23
30-May: AAI Electronics
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 6/40
1893: Gandhi Arrives in South Africa, to fight Dadabhai
Abdulla’s case.
Indian businessmen admired him for his fluency in
English, legal matters and Gujarati background.
But Gandhi did not serve only those rich businessmen. He
also fought cases for indentured laborers- mainly permit
renewal type litigations.
Interestingly, he was the only Indian barrister practicing in
25-May: BARC Technical
23-May: WAPCOS Gurgaon
22-May: CSIR Course MTech Ph.D
U n i f o r m ed
O f f i c er (u p c o m i n g )
CDS-notifn.@ 19Jul
30-Jun: Army(10+2) Technical
18-Jun: Army Edu.Corps
18-Jun: Army Tech.Grad
05-Jun: Coastguard Asst .Commandant
25-May: Nagaland DySP
S p ec i a l i s t
Co m m / H R / CA/ M B A
28-Jun: NPCI Managers
S c i en t i s t s
06-Jun: Bihar Agro Sci.(106)
26-May: CSIR scientist
25-May: Atomic Mineral scientist
S p ec . O t h er s
20-Jun: Supreme Court PA
30-Jun: AIIMS Jodhpur
18-Jun: UP Higher Judicial
04-Jun: CONCOR Steno
02-Jun: IB Assistant(Steno)
02-Jun: IB JI Officer (ITI Radio)
31-May: National Museum
30-May: Dravid Epigraphy
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 7/40
Natal. Hence very busy with work.
1893thrown out of a train from Durban to Pretoria, despite
having a valid ticket to travel in the first class.
1894 founded Natal India Congress and became its first Secretary.
1899 another Indian barrister Rahim Karim Khan arrived.
Gandhi’s workload decreased, he starts spending more time
reading about religion, politics.
authors How did they influence Gandhi?
Henry
David
Thoreau
concept of Civil Disobedience
John
Ruskin
“Unto his last” – ideas of simple living, community living.
Work by hands better than by machines. (same reflect
in his “Hind Swaraj” later on).
Ralf
Waldo
Emerson
concept of Individualism
Tolstoy The kingdom of God is within you.
H a r y a n a P S C
27-May: Med.Officer 88
27-May: Horticulture Officer 28
27-May: Civil Engg
27-May: Forest Officer
27-May: Treasury Officer
26-May: Veterinary Officers 21
26-May: Lecturers
N a g a l a n d P S C
25-May: Nagaland PSC
T r i p u r a P S C
31-May: Tripura Police SI
24-May: Tripura PA
M i s c . D es k j o b s
13-Jun: I ITDM deskjobs
09-Jun: NIT Mizoram Deskjobs
06-Jun: Haryana Uni.Clerk(32)
04-Jun: GAIL Foreman
31-May: Delhi Muni.Assistants (270)
31-May: Delhi Aaya (270)
30-May: SSC Sci.Assistant KKR
27-May: BEL Fit ter
26-May: CIFT Deskjobs
26-May: Lab Attendent(24)
L ec t u r e/ P r o f .
27-Jun: CIT Assam
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 8/40
Gandhi in Boer War (1899)
Transvaal was rich in gold, so British plotted to overthrow
Boer government.
This led to the Boer War (1899)=>Boers were defeated but
they continued to live here.
During Boer war, Gandhi served from British side, as an
07-Jun: Satara Engg.
31-May: NIT Arunanchal (Engineering)
26-May: Haryana Lecturers
21-May: NIFTEM Haryana
W a r n i n g
DONOT wait til l last date. Online
Form Part1 stops working 2-3
days b4 deadline.
DONOT forget/misplace
registration/roll number/hall
ticket after exam is over.
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 9/40
assistant superintendent of the Indian volunteer stretcher-
bearer corps.
Gandhi earned Boer war medal for his services.
He wrote in the autobiography:
When the war was declared, my personal sympathies were all
with the Boers, but my loyalty to the British rule drove me to
participation with the British in that war. I felt that, if I
demanded rights as a British citizen, it was also my duty, as
such to participate in the defence of the British Empire. so I
collected together as many comrades as possible, and with
very great difficulty got their services accepted as an
ambulance corps.
Phoenix Farm
1904: Inspired by Tolstoy, Gandhi setups Phoenix farm.
There he begins treating all ailments and preaching and
writing about hygiene, sanitation, good diet, natural cures,
and sexual abstinence. This sheds an important light on
the origin of Gandhi Ashrams in India.
1904: starts printing newspaper “Indian Opinion” from his
farm.
Gandhi in Zulu Wars (1906)
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 10/40
British attacked Zulu population and made them serve as
labour in the diamond mines across Southern Africa.
In 1906, the Zulu Rebellion broke out in Natal province of
South Africa
Zulus demanded land rights and abolition of heavy taxes.
However, the whites declared war against the Zulus.
In this Zulu war/rebellion, Gandhi (Again) served from
British side, as the officer in charge of the Indian volunteer
ambulance corps and earned Zulu War Medal for his
services.
Fight against Registration Act
1906-
07
A new law required Indians to carry registration certificates
all the time. Gandhi begins first passive resistance campaign
/ Satyagraha. He asks people to burn their certificates.
1908 Gandhi arrested for this campaign against registration act
1909Gandhi travels to London, finally Transvaal registration act
repealed.
1913-14: The Peak of protests
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 11/40
March
1913
Supreme Court in Cape Town nullified all non-Christian
marriages, and declared all Indian wives as mistress
and their kids as bastards.
Gandhi immediately demanded a change in the law,
declaring that declaring that “Any nation that fails to
protect the honour of its women, any individual who
fails to protect the honour of his wife is considered
lower in level than a brute”.
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 12/40
Kasturba spearheaded a passive resistance. Women
volunteered to go to jail on their own initiative.
April
1913
South African Union’s PM General Smuts introduced even
harsher immigration bill. The bill included an ongoing
provision for the £3 poll tax
May
1913
Gandhi demands poll tax and marriage issues be settled
together. All Indians and Transvaal and Natal rally up
behind him. But the immigration bill soon passed.
June
1913King gives assent to bill and it became an “Act”.
Sep
1913
Gandhi launches the “passive resistance” courts arrest
along with his followers- including women.
Oct
1913
5000 Indian coal miners of northern Natal go on strike.
Gandhi and his co-workers were instrumental in
encouraging the strike.
The coal miners’ strike provided the committed mass of
supporters to Gandhi.
His movement gains attention of Indian press, Gandhi
starts receiving funds from Gokhale, Aurobindo Ghosh
and Wealthy Indians, even from princely states of India.
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 13/40
This money helped him to launch a long Transaaval
march- arranging food and supplies for those protestors
and their families.
Transvaal March 1913
Along with 2000 Natal coal miners, Gandhi began March
towards Transvaal. At that time, crossing border from
Natal to Transvaal required Permit- But they crossed
border without permit.
Gen. Smuts downplayed this march thinking it’d soon
collapse. (Just like how Lord Irwin thought Dandi Salt
March would be an #EPICFAIL).
But since the protest did not collapse, General Smuts
ordered police to arrest coal miners. Miners were sent to
hard labour camps. Gandhi was thrown into Jail again.
Sugarcane Protests
Time: mid-November 1913, after Arrest of Gandhi.
Place: Coastal areas of Natal, Sugar plantations.
Now here also, Indian laborers went on strike and began
marching towards towns. This protest was wholly self-
organised, they were inspired from the news of Transvaal
March and Gandhi’s arrest.
Although they called Gandhi their “Raja” (king!) but
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 14/40
methods were not always ‘Gandhian’.
Often these angry strikers would burnt plantations, attack
policemen with knives, sticks and stones. Many injured
and died.
The Indian laborers in Durban also began similar protests.
Overall, their demands were:
1. Abolish poll tax
2. Right to free travel without permit.
3. Voting rights.
4. Release Gandhi from jail
As the common sense suggests- General Smuts refused and
called in the army to “teach” them a lesson.
December Inquiry
Protest gains momentum. Large amount of donations
from India.
Even Viceroy Hardinge (India) criticized the South African
government.
December
1913
Under pressure, General Smuts orders an enquiry
commission. Himself wrote “You can’t put twenty
thousand Indians into jail”.
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 15/40
March
1914Commission report says following:
1. Indian laborers are important for South African economy
2. Give them permit for three years (instead of asking them
to renew it every year.)
3. All Indian marriage be legally recognized.
4. Abolish £3 poll tax
June 1914 Government enacted the law to implement this report.
July 1914 Gandhi leaves for England. and from there, to India.
General Smut quotes
“Gandhi approached me on a number of small administrative
points, some of which I could meet him on, and as a result,
the saint has left our shores – I sincerely hope for ever.”
Evaluation of Gandhi in S.Africa
#1: Gandhi as an “Integrationist”
During South African struggle, Gandhi took help of Hindus,
Muslims, Christian, Jews, Tamils, Parsi and even Chinese
immigrants.
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 16/40
He sought the best in all, believed people of different
backgrounds can living together in a united spirit.
This experience made him believe that all faiths can lead
to salvation.
Gandhi was thus different than his contemporaries.
Indian Congress embraced all different races and religions
but in the beginning Congress was very elitist-upper caste
male dominated body.
Although Gokhale and Dadabhai Naoroji were free of
sectarian and caste bias, but they lived very privileged life.
Contrary to them, Gandhi embraced a wide range of
castes, races, religions- both male and female, and
integrated them into the struggle in South Africa- he
united all Asians and Africans, and not just the Indians.
#2: Gandhi, the Feminist
The idea of a woman going to jail had been unthinkable
for male, upper-caste Indian nationalists.
But with Gandhi’s passive resistance in S.Africa, this
became a common phenomenon, he asked women to join
the protests and court arrests. [was influenced by feminist
Millie Polak]
Thus, Gandhi played a catalyst in the entry of Indian
women in political protests and freedom struggle.
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 17/40
#3: Gandhi the “Mahatma”
Gandhi’s long time friend Pranjivan Mehta used this title,
in a letter to GK Gokhale (1912)
He wrote, “Mahatma Gandhi was one of those rare men
who are occasionally born to elevate humanity in the land
of their birth”
Guha compares the Gandhi-Mehta relationship to that of
Marx and Engels.
#4: Gandhi vs his Crit iques
During the Indian freedom struggle, we know that many
revolutionaries and even Congress leaders did not fully
approve Gandhian methods.
Similarly even in S.Africa, Gandhi faced critiques- main
among them was a Tamil Journalist PS Aiyar.
Gandhi PS Aiyar
Indian should be given right to
free movement within
Transvaal region- without
requiring any permits.
not just Transvaal, Indian should
get right to free movement
throughout South Africa.
was against the £3 poll tax on
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 18/40
Indian laborers. But he wanted
to protest in “Gradual Stages”:
First we send petition to
Government,
then mass meeting,
then petition to British
parliament
if still no solution then we
refuse to pay this tax.
No, we should immediately
launch a mass movement to
pressurize the government
into abolishing the tax.
less talking and more “doing”
thus in the later phase of the movement, the bad relation
between Gandhi and Aiyer radicalized the movement- with
poors on Aiyar’s side and white / blue collar Indians on
Gandhi’s side.
#5: Gandhi, the Brit ish Patriot
1. Until the 1920s, Gandhi was an ardent British patriot
2. He felt the British Empire embodied the principles of
equality and liberty that he believed in.
3. He considered General Smuts’ racist policies in South
Africa as an aberration, rather than a defining trait of the
British Empire.
4. Gandhi saw British Raj as benevolent rather than
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 19/40
tyrannical; despite its flaws, British Raj had been good for
India (compared to the rule by native princes), and that the
ideals of the British constitution merited the loyalty of all
British subjects across the globe, white, black and Indian
alike.
5. Gandhi even declared that he and his fellow Indians were
“proud to be under the British Crown, and England will
prove India’s deliverer.”
6. Gandhi participated in Boer and Zulu wars hoping it’d earn
the trust of British authorities that Indians and Asians
were indeed loyal subjects of his majesty, and they’ll be
treated equally in South Africa.
7. Some historians even argue, Gandhi participated in these
wars with hope that it’d end the struggle in South Africa
and help him return India.
#6: Gandhi’s “Kesar-e-Hind”
1915: Gandhi returned to India, Lord Hardinge awarded Kesar-
e-Hind medal for his services in ambulance corps during
South Africa.
1920: During Khilafat movement, Gandhi returned these
medals to Viceroy Chelmsford and wrote,
It is not without a pang that I return the Kaisar-i-Hind gold
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 20/40
medal granted to me by your predecessor (Lord Hardinge)
for my humanitarian work in South Africa, the Zulu War
medal granted in South Africa for my services as officer in
charge of the Indian volunteer ambulance corps in 1906
and the Boer War medal for my services as assistant
superintendent of the Indian volunteer stretcher-bearer
corps during the Boer War of 1899-1900.
I venture to return these medals in pursuance of the
scheme of non-cooperation inaugurated today in
connection with the Khilafat movement. Valuable as these
honours have been to me, I cannot wear them with an
easy conscience so long as my Mussalman countrymen
have to labour under a wrong done to their religious
sentiment.
Events that have happened during the past one month
have confirmed me in the opinion that the Imperial
Government have acted in the Khilafat matter in an
unscrupulous, immoral and unjust manner and have been
moving from wrong to wrong in order to defend their
immorality. I can retain neither respect nor affection for
such a Government.
Mrunal comments: For MCQs, keep in mind Gandhi earned
these medals for work in Zulu and Boer wars (and not WW1),
and returned these medals for NCM in connection with
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 21/40
Khilafat movement specifically. (As evident from his own
letter above.) Because at some pages in Wikipedia and other
books- they claim Gandhi got this medal for service in WW1
and returned them for Jaliawalan massacre = that’s incorrect.
Overal l :
1. Inclusion of Women, all races and religions = must for
success in a political struggle.
2. His Ashrams as a meeting and training ground for all of
them.
3. Passive resistance, civil disobedience = more successful
than violent methods.
4. There will be critiques and setbacks but perseverance will
lead to success.
5. Made General Smuts to abolish poll tax, legally recognize
Indian marriage, and give lengthier permits.
6. Because of his achievements in South Africa, Gandhi
could return to India as an Indian national hero with an
established reputation- elicit support from Congress,
other leaders and Indian people.
7. Until 1920s, a British patriot, as seen from his
participation in Zulu wars and Boer Wars. But later
disillusioned by the British raj in India.
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 22/40
Now Ramchandra Guha is planning to write next book about
Gandhi’s work in India from 1915-48.
Mock Questions (200 words each)
1. “In South Africa, Gandhi fought against policies of General
Smuts and not against the British empire.“ comment.
2. Discuss in brief- South Africa as the experiment lab of
Gandhian methods.
3. Write a note on how South Africa turned Mohandas into
Mahatma.
4. Why did Gandhi fought against the colonial powers in
South Africa? Evaluate his achievements and failures
therein.
H2: Hazrat Mahal: 135 th Anniversary
Hazrat Mahal = 135th Anniversary, hence she automatically
becomes important for UPSC Mains 2014. Just like Maulana
Azad in Mains-2013
Q.Write a note about the contribution of Begam Hazrat
Mahal in India’s struggle for Independence. (200 words)
1856 under Doctrine of Lapse, Lord Dalhousie exiled the
Nawab wajid Ali shah of Awadh to Calcutta. His wife, Begum
5/22/2014 [Current] April-Week2-P1: History, Culture, Environment- Gandhi in South Africa, Hazrat Mahal 135, Japanese Scientific Whaling, Railsaver, JalliKattu guidelines - Mrunal
http://mrunal.org/2014/04/current-april-week2-p1-history-culture-environment-gandhi-south-africa-hazrat-mahal-135-japanese-scientific-whaling-railsaver-jallikattu-guidelines.html 23/40
Hazrat Mahal took the charge of the state, and played a
prominent role in the mutiny of 1857
1. Provided Leadership to rebels of Lucknow, and fought in
the name of her minor son Birjis Qadr.
2. In the war of Alambaug, herself fought against British
troops.
3. Assisted Nana Saheb in Kanpur.
4. Lord Dalhousie asked the help of Nepal’s Rana Jang
Bahadur and offered areas of Gorakhpur and Awadh in
return. Begum countered Dalhousie’s move by offering
the Rana three more province of Awadh apart from
Gorakhpur.
5. Assisted Maulvi Ahmedullah (Danka Shah) against attack
on Shahjahanpur (Firozabad) and defeated Henry
Lawrence.
6. British again attacked great force, she was defeated but
escaped to Nepal.
7. British offered pension to her if she gave up her claim on
throne for his son. But Begam denied and chose to live in
Nepal, where she died in 1879.
Begum Hazrat Mahal fought with great fervor, showed
exceptional courage and organisational skills. She had ability
to unite people from different class and provided an