vara prasad improving productivity of sorghum using principles … · 2018-06-10 · west africa:...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles of Agroecological Intensification in West Africa
Var
a Pr
asad
P.V. Vara PrasadKansas State UniversityE-mail: [email protected]
J.B. Naab; G.Y. Mahama; R.L. Kanton; (SARI, Ghana)
M. Doumbia; A. Maiga(IER, Mali)
H. Traore; A. Barro(INERA, Burkina)
S. Serifi; S. Souley(INRA, Niger)DO N
OT COPY
![Page 2: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Presentation: Outline
1. West Africa Region: Countries, Poverty, Climate, Sorghum Yields
2. Global Yield Gaps and Post Harvest Losses
3. Agroecological / Sustainable Intensification: Concepts / Components
4. Selected Examples of Land, Soil, Crop, Water, and NutrientManagement Systems – Results
5. Conclusions
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 3: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty
Percentage of Population <US $2Countries
Wood et al. 2010
Most of population in West Africa is below poverty line and primarily dependent on agriculture for livelihood.DO N
OT COPY
![Page 4: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
West Africa: Climate
Hijmans et al. 2005
There is a large variability from north to south for rainfall (<50 mm to >3000 mm) and maximum temperature (>40 to ~30°C).
Most of the region is warm and hot > 35°C.
Annual Maximum TemperaturesAnnual Average Precipitation
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 5: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
West Africa: Sorghum Productivity and Area
Productivity of grain sorghum is very low < 1 t/ha in most of the region. West Africa is the region with largest sorghum acreage.
Sorghum Harvest Area DensitySorghum Grain Yields
Jalloh et al. 2013 (IFPRI)DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 6: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Crop Productivity: Attainable vs. Actual (Yield Gap)
Less than 30% of attainable yields in Africa (large yield gap).Thus, opportunities exists for improving yields.
Example:
Attainable: 6 tonnesActual: 4 tonnesGap = 2 tonnes
Mueller et al. 2012. Nature 490: 254-257
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 7: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Annual Global Food Loss / Waste: ~30% (1.3 B tons; $ 1 Trillion)
FAO and UNEP (2011)DO N
OT COPY
![Page 8: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ecological / Agroecological / Sustainable – Intensification
Ecological Intensification:
Intensification of production systems of increasing food production while minimizing negative effects on the environment (Cassman, 1999)
Agro-Ecological Intensification:
A set of improved input, implements, and practices that produce more output per unit area of input whereby the use efficiency of those inputs is maximized (Vanlauew et al. 2013)
Sustainable Intensification:
Producing more outputs from same area of land while reducing negative environmental impacts and increasing contributions to natural capital and flow of environmental services (Pretty et al. 2011). Substantial growth of yields while protecting or even regenerating natural resources (Pretty et al. 1997; Pretty, 1996).
Wezel et al. 2015. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 35: 1283-1295 DO N
OT COPY
![Page 9: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sustainable Intensification: Components
Socio-Economic Intensification
- Developing markets- Building social capital- Sustainable livelihood- Understanding barriers- Enabling environment
Ecological Intensification
- Cropping (farming) systems- Improved soil & water management- Integrated nutrient management- Diversified systems- Efficient agricultural practices- Integrated pest management
Genetic Intensification
- Higher yield - Resilient to pest & diseases- Resilient to climate change- Improving nutrition- Medicinal value
o Increasing food production from existing farmland while minimizing negativeimpacts on environment and natural resources.
o Takes a holistic approach and addresses all components. Others aspects alsoinclude postharvest losses and food waste; changes in consumer preferences.DO N
OT COPY
![Page 10: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Selected Examples: Our Research and Literature
o Soil/Land Management Systems: Tillage vs. Minimum Tillage or No Tillage
o Cropping Systems: Sole Cropping vs. Rotations / Intercropping / Mixed
o Water Management Systems: Flat Bed vs. Tied Ridges / Contour Ridges
o Nutrient Management Systems: Inorganic; Balanced Nutrients; Integrated Soil Fertility Management (Manure; Compost; Residues; Legumes)
o Soil, Water, Nutrient Management Systems: Zai; Zai + Microdose; + Compost + Nutrients
o Soil / Water Management Systems: Stone Lines; Grass StripsDO NOT C
OPY
![Page 11: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Soil/Land Management Systems: Minimum Tillage
Var
a Pr
asad
Var
a Pr
asad
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 12: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Soil/Land Management System: Tillage
Zero / minimum tillage had slightly lower yields (under low input) or higher yields (optimal input) conditions. Weed control (herbicide quality and training) is critical.
Considering labor and fuel costs minimum could be economical/beneficial.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Con
vent
iona
l Ti
llage
Zer
o Ti
llage
Soil/Land Management SystemSource: J.B. Naab / G. Mahama
West Africa: Ghana (n = 3)
Low Input Level (N and P) Optimum / High Input Level (N and P)
Con
vent
iona
l Till
age
Zer
o Ti
llage
Soil/Land Management System
−12%
+20%
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 13: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Soil/Land Management System: Tillage and Manure
Zero tillage with or without mulch increased grain yields (about 10%) compared to conventional tillage. Addition of poultry manure significantly
increased grain yields (additional 25%).
0
10
20
30
40
50+34%
+9%+11%
% G
rain
Yie
ld In
crea
se O
ver C
ontro
l
Zero Tillage with Mulch
Zero Tillage + Poultry Manure
Zero Tillage without Mulch
Zero Tillage; No Mulch + Poultry Manure
Soil/Land Management System
Agbede and Ojeniyi, 2009, Soil & Tillage Research 104: 74-81
West Africa: Nigeria (n = 6; Experiments)
Control: Ploughing +37%
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 14: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Crop Management Systems: Crop Rotations and Intercropping
Var
a Pr
asad
Var
a Pr
asad
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 15: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
+63%
Cereal legume rotation or intercropping significantly increased grain yields compared to sole continuous cropping of sorghum.
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Cropping System
Con
tinuo
us
Sorg
hum
Sorg
hum
afte
r a le
gum
e
West Africa: Ghana (Cowpea); n=2
Var
a Pr
asad
Cropping System: Rotation / Intercropping
Cow
pea
–So
rghu
mR
otat
ion
Cow
pea
+ So
rghu
mIn
terc
ropp
ing
Source: J.B. Naab / G. Mahama
+100%
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 16: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
0
400
800
1200
1600
Sorghum rotations with grain legumes slightly improved grain yields. Responses varied based on the soil conditions.
Sorg
hum
Gai
n Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Cropping System
Con
tinuo
us S
orgh
um
Franke et al. 2017, Agric. Ecosystem Environ. So
rghu
m –
Legu
mes
West Africa: Nigeria, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger (n=25 experiments)Common Grain Legumes (Cowpea and Groundnut)
Var
a Pr
asad
Cropping System: Rotation (Grain Legumes)
+12%
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 17: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Legume (e.g. cowpea, sesbania, dolichos) rotation and residue management significantly improved grain yield of sorghum.
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Crop Rotation and Residue Management0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Kouyate et al. 2000; Plant and Soil 225:141-151.
West Africa: Mali, n= 2 years
Sorg
hum
/ So
rghu
m:
+ R
esid
ue L
eft
Sorg
hum
/ So
rghu
m:
No
Res
idue
Cow
pea
/ Sor
ghum
Rot
atio
n:
No
Res
idue
Sesb
ania
/ Sor
ghum
Rot
atio
n:
+ Se
sban
iaR
esid
ue
Dol
icho
s/ S
orgh
um R
otat
ion:
+ D
olic
hos
Res
idue
Var
a Pr
asad
Cropping System: Rotation and Residue
+76%
+45%
+81%
Continuous - Sorghum
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 18: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Water Management Systems: Tied Ridges; and Contour Ridges
Var
a Pr
asad
Var
a Pr
asad
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 19: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tied ridges significantly increased grain yield of sorghum. Primary benefits include water harvesting and infiltration.
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Water Management System
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
Flat Tied Ridges
West Africa: Niger (loamy/sand soil), n = 3
Var
a Pr
asad
Water Management System: Tied Ridges
Source: S. Souley / S. Sirifi
+192%
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 20: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Tied ridges were more effective and produced 10% higher yields than traditional ridges.
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Water Management System
0
400
800
1200
Ridge Tied ridge
Kouyate et al. 2000; Plant and Soil 225:141-151.
West Africa: Mali (loamy sand soil), n= 2 years
Var
a Pr
asad
Water Management System: Tied Ridges
+10%
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 21: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Contour ridges increased sorghum grain yields due to improved water and soil conservation.
Traore et al. 2017, Agric. & Food Secur. 6:11
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2012 2013 2014
Control Contour Ridges
+ 12%
+43%
+39%
a a b
a b
a
West Africa: Mali (n = 3 years)
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Var
a Pr
asad
Water Management System: Contour Ridges
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 22: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Nutrient Management Systems: Microdose; Composting; and Nutrients
Var
a Pr
asad
Var
a Pr
asad
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 23: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Microdose fertilizer increased grain yields over spread of lower recommended fertilizer rate. Additional P further enhanced grain yields.
181
236
379
0
100
200
300
400
500%
Gra
in Y
ield
Incr
ease
Ove
r Con
trol
Control : No Fertilizer
Microdose: 4 g hill-1
(19 kg N, P and K ha-1)Low Reccommended Dose:
11 kg N, P, K ha-1 + 23 kg N ha-1 as Urea
@ 45 DAS
Microdose + Low Recommended Dose +
20 kg P ha-1 as TSP at 45 DAS
Pale et al. 2009; S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 26: 91-97
West Africa : Burkina Faso, n= 3 years
Nutrient Management System
Var
a Pr
asad
Nutrient Management Systems: Microdose + Nutrients
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 24: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Application of inorganic N up to 90 kg per ha increased yields. Further increase lowered the benefits probably due to soil acidity.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Inorganic Fertilizer Rate (kg ha-1)
Var
a Pr
asad
Nutrient Management Systems: Fertilizer (Nitrogen)
0 30 60 90 120Source: J.B. Naab / G. Mahama
+53% +60%
+150%
+65%
West Africa: Ghana
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 25: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
0
400
800
1200
1600
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Inorganic Fertilizer Rate (kg ha-1)
Var
a Pr
asad
Nutrient Management Systems: Fertilizer (Phosphorus)
0 40 N 26 P 40 N + 26 P
Source: J.B. Naab / G. Mahama
Application of P alone significantly increased yields. These benefits were greater than combined doses of N and P.
+18%
+72%
+55%
West Africa: Ghana
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 26: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Improved nutrient management significantly increased sorghum yield.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
All practiceNP
NP
Microdose
LegumeManure
Org. matt. amendmentMixed amendment
(165)(20)
(5)(43)
(18)(36)
(13)(13)
(12)
Percent Change in Yield Over No Nutrients Input
Man
agem
ent C
ateg
ory
Source: Tonitto and Ricker-Gilbert, 2016. Agron. Sustain., Dev. 36:10
Var
a Pr
asad
Nutrient Management Systems: Summary
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 27: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Soil and Water Conservation: Stone Lines and Grass Strips
Var
a Pr
asad
Var
a Pr
asad
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 28: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Water and soil conservation techniques improved grain yield of sorghum. Greater responses in improved genotypes.
Source: H. Traore
0
700
1400
2100
2800
3500
Con
trol
West Africa: Burkina Faso
Sorg
hum
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
Soil Conservation System
Var
a Pr
asad
Ston
e L
ines
Gra
ss S
trip
s
Con
trol
Ston
e L
ines
Gra
ss S
trip
s
Local Genotype Improved Genotype
Soil and Water Management: Stones and Grass Strips
+13% +21%
+13% +8%
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 29: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Zai Pits along with additional nutrient management (compost and/or inorganic fertilizer) significantly increased sorghum yield.
Source: Zougmore et al. 2014, Agric. & Food Secur. 3 :16
28
63
80
0
25
50
75
100
94Z
aiPi
ts
Pits
+ N
eem
Lea
ves
Pits
+ C
ompo
st
Pits
+ M
iner
al F
ertil
izer
Pits
+ C
ompo
st +
Min
eral
Fer
tiliz
er
West Africa: Mali (n = 2 years)
Control : No pits
% G
rain
Yie
ld In
crea
se O
ver C
ontro
l
Soil, Nutrient and Water Management System
Var
a Pr
asad
System: Zai Pits (Land + Soil + Water + Nutrients)
93
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 30: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Use of contour ridging (ACN), nutrient management and crop residue increased crop yields (>40%) and soil carbon (30 to 80%).
Tillage practice did not influence yield and soil carbon.
Improved Management System: Summary (~3 to 5 yrs)
M. Doumbia, IER, Mali
West Africa: Mali
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 31: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Conclusions
o Large yield gaps (attainable – actual yields) exists for most of graincrops including sorghum.
o Major cause is lack of appropriate management practices (improvedinputs; poor soil health; harvest and postharvest losses).
o Several opportunities exists for use of improved and appropriate land,soil, crop, water and nutrient management systems to significantlyincreased yields.
o Understanding barriers of adoption of innovations and creating enablingenvironment for adoption and scaling of innovation is important.
o Participatory approaches, understanding social networks, decisionmaking process and building social capital will be critical.
o Requires transdisciplinary approaches, capacity building of completevalue chain, human resources and institutions.DO N
OT COPY
![Page 32: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Acknowledgements
Ghana Burkina Faso
Niger
Mali
DO NOT C
OPY
![Page 33: Vara Prasad Improving Productivity of Sorghum Using Principles … · 2018-06-10 · West Africa: Region – Countries – Poverty. Countries. Percentage of Population](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022050400/5f7dba41433c6d0c6d13a32e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Sustainable Intensification (SIIL)
P.V. Vara Prasad
Director and Distinguished Professor
E-mail: [email protected]
DO NOT C
OPY