van de belt 2010 - ani-la. the nuns from redna menling

7/31/2019 Van de Belt 2010 - Ani-La. The nuns from Redna Menling

1/100

Kal` vgb h` O`et

Gbd-Egtf` bubs iram _`hbg M`bedbn


2/100

Sdh`stab` Zr`ssG b`w n`b`rgtdab ai Zuoedsfdbn

Tau gr` r`ghdbn g iuee v`rsdab ai tfds oaal, iar ir``!

Xfds oaal ds pgrt ai tf` Sdh`stab` `-edorgry wf`r` mast ai aur

puoedcgtdabs gr` iueey gcc`ssdoe` iar ir``. Iar gcc`ss ta mar`

ir`` oaals vdsdt; www.sdh`stab`.cam/edorgry

Hawbeagh Iuee ZHI

Ydsdt tf` Sdh`stab` `-edorgry ta oraws` aur `-oaals. Iar g mdbdmge

i`` yau cgb purcfgs` g iueey iubctdabge ZHI gbh oy hadbn sa, yau

f`ep ta l``p aur edorgry rubbdbn.

www.sdh`stab`.cam/edorgry


3/100

Sdh`stab` Zr`ss

Gbd-Eg

tf` bubs iram _`hbg M`bedbn


4/100


5/100

Kal` vgb h` O`et

Gbd-Eg

tf` bubs iram _`hbg M`bedbn


6/100

?:7: K. vgb h` O`et

Zuoedsf`h oy Sdh`stab` Zr`ss, E`dh`bwww.sdh`stab`.camSdh`stab` r`ndstrgtdab bumo`r; SSZ06:7:::7

DSOB 4>6-4:-664:-:89-8

Xrgbsegtdab; @v`rt vgb Xdkb

Zfatanrgpfs cav`r; Xdo`tgb prgy`r gnsCav`r h`sdnb; L. ^`btdbl, Sdh`stab` Zr`ssEgy-aut; Z.C. vgb ^a`rh`lam, Sdh`stab` Zr`ss


7/100

Cabt`bts

Gclbawe`hn`m`bt >

Xf` us` ai Xdo`tgb t`rmdbaeany 6

Summgry 4

7 Zr`gmoe` | tf` Bubs ai _`hbg M`bedbn 77

7.7 Zr`gmoe` 77

7.? Zraoe`m Gr`g 7?

7.?.7 Xf` Xdo`tgb Fdstary ai tf` Oab 7?

7.?.? Oab gbh Ouhhfdsm 73

7.?.3 Scfaegrey _`s`grcf dbta tf` Oab 70

7.?.8 Scfaegrey _`s`grcf dbta Bubs gbh âm`b db tf` Oab 7>

7.3 Aok`ctdv` ai _`s`grcf 74

7.8 _`s`grcf Wu`stdabs ?:

7.0 M`tfahs gbh my _ae` gs g Scfaegrey _`s`grcf`r ?:

? Xf` Oab | G Cammubdty db @xde` ?3

?.7 Dbtrahuctdab ?3

?.? Xf` Oab Cammubdty db Haegbkd ?3

?.?.7 Xf` Cammubdty ai Bubs db Haegbkd 3:

?.3 Xf` S`t-up ai tf` Zrak`ct 3?

?.3.7 Aos`rvgtdabs 33

?.3.? Dbt`rvd`ws wdtf Bubs gbh wdtf Dbiarmgbts 30

?.8 Xf` nraup db _`s`grcf 39

?.8.7 Campasdtdab, Ogclnraubhs gbh Hgdey Edi` 39

3 _`gsabs ta prai`ss | ^fgt mgl`s g yaubn wamgb o`cam` g bub1 83

3.7 Dbtrahuctdab 83

3.? Z`rsabge gbh Sacdge Ogclnraubh db tf` Caubtry ai Ardndb 883.3 Cabb`ctdabs o`tw``b Odanrgpfy gbh Matdv`s ta Zrai`ss 8>

3.3.7 Zrgctdcge Cabsdh`rgtdabs 86

3.3.? Dbspdr`h oy _èdndab 84

Zartrgdt ai Gbd Lubsè ^gbnma 0:

3.3.3 G Cfadc` Iarc`h oy Zaedtdcge _`gedty 07

Zartrgdt ai Gbd Mabegm Sgbnma 0?

Zartrgdt ai Gbd Tgbnza Haema 08

3.8 Xf` Xd`s o`tw``b Hgdey Edi` gbh tf` @xp`ctgtdabs ai Edi` gs g Bub 00

3.8.7 Xfàr`tdcge Dbt`rm`zza; Cammubdtgs 9?


8/100

8Xf` cammubdty ai bubs | Dbt`rgctdab wdtf dts surraubhdbns 90

8.7 _èdndaus Zrgxds gbh Dbt`nrgtdab db Hgdey Edi` 90

8.7.7 Xf` Gdm ai _èdndaus Zrgxds 90

8.7.? N`bh`r, tf` Oahy gbh tf` _èdndaus Zrgxds 94

8.7.3 Xfàr`tdcge Dbt`rm`zza; N`bh`r gbh tf` Zfysdcge Oahy >88.7.8 Xf` Dmpgct ai tf` _`s`grcf >>

0 Cabceusdab | Xf` Bubs ai _`hbg M`bedbn >4

0.7 Dbtrahuctdab >4

0.? Mgcra E`vè; Xf` Bubs Zegc` dbsdh` tf` Oab 6:

0.3 M`sa E`vè; _`gsabs ta Zrai`ss gbh Edi` db g Mabgstdc Cammubdty 67

0.8 N`bh`r, Cèdogcy gbh _dtuge Zrgxds 63

0.0 @pdeanu` 60

Gpp`bhdx 7; Neassgry 6>

Gpp`bhdx ?; E`tt`r 64

Odoedanrgpfy 47


9/100

>

Gclbawe`hn`m`bt

Iar Cgreg

O`cgus` oaubhgrd`s gr` bat gewgys iaubh ta o` oaubhgrd`s

Dt wgs db ^`ttdbn`b, g vdeegn` ceas` ta [urdcf, tfgt ab Irdhgy 7?tf ai Kuey ?::6 Dsgt gbh wgtcf`h g stgndbn ai Igusts Na`tf`. Db tfds v`rsdab Igust db h`sp`rgtdabswdbns tf` haar ai fds stuhy wdh` ap`b ta cgst fds oaals aut ai tf` wdbhaw, sfaut-dbn; Zfdeasapfy, mgtf`mgtdcs, tfàeany \ar mgyo` rèdndab, tfgts `v`b ta m`] habat ordbn m` gby gbsw`rs!

Db tfgt sc`b` Igust igdrey gccurgtèy sums up tf` i`èdbns tfgt fgubt`h m` tf`b,`v`b tfaunf D fgv` bat, D sdbc`rèy fap`, saeh my saue ta tf` h`vde db `xcfgbnìar idttdbn gbsw`rs. Out tf` hauots f` `xpr`ss`h ubcamiartgoey r`s`moe`h mdb`,gs D `xp`rd`bc`h db tf` mdhst ai tf` prac`ss ai wrdtdbn my tf`sds goaut tf` Bubs

ai _`hbg M`bedbn.Xf` tf`sds wgs tf` r`suet ai iaur dbt`bsdv`, tfrdeedbn, dbt`r`stdbn y`grs, hurdbn

wfdcf D c`rtgdbey wgs av`rcam` oy hauot gt wfde`s. Iaur y`grs ai stuhy, idèhwarldb Dbhdg, cuemdbgtdbn db g tf`sds, D r`geey cauehbt fgv` hab` dt wdtfaut tf` fèpgbh suppart ai g nr`gt bumo`r ai atf`rs. ^dtfaut tf`m tf` curdasdty gbh tf`hr`gms, wfdcf nudh`h m` ogcl ta tf` cegssraam, praogoey waueh fgv` `bh`h dbh`spabh`bcy.

Idrst ai gee D wgbt ta tfgbl Kas`pf, my edì. Fds suppart, fds cgr`, fds eav`gbh fds oèdì db my qugedtd`s mgh` sur` tfgt D caueh edv` tfds hr`gm. Iar iaur eabny`grs f` sp`bt g cabsdh`rgoe` pgrt ai aur cammubge edi` geab`, gs D w`bt ta cegss

db Faeegbh ar wgs hadbn idèhwarl db Dbhdg. Xdm` gbh gngdb f` `gs`h my hauotsgbh ubc`rtgdbtd`s, gbh `v`ry tdm` D wgs r`ghy ta qudt f` wgs tf`r` ta r`star` mycaurgn` gbh cabidh`bc`. Hgredbn ,edì, tfgbl yau.

My tfgbls na ta Ceguhdg, gb uboèd`vgoe` pr`cdaus ird`bh, o`yabh gee oarh`rsgbh tdm` zab`s, wfa wgs gewgys tf`r` ta edit m` up, ta sgv` m` iram sdeey st`ps,gbh cabkur`h up ab` ai f`r dbhdsp`bsgoe` odts ai fumaur, wf`b`v`r D b``h`h dt.

My sdst`rs D`tk` gbh Caod` w`r` tf`r` gt `v`ry t`st D taal gbh pgss`h, cf``rdbngbh yèedbn gs di tf` Swdss iaatogee t`gm fgh wab tf` âreh Cfgmpdabsfdp. Xfgtds g hr`gm, gs w` gee lbaw, out hr`gms ds wfgt w` b``h gbh hr`gms sfaueh o` l`ptgedv` sa tfgt db tf` `bh tf`y cgb o` mgh` tru`. Xfgt ds wfgt tf` twa ai yau hdh, oyoèd`vdbn tfgt D caueh ha dt. Xfgbl yau.

Sp`cdge tfgbls na ta Fds Faedb`ss Eubntal X bpgd Bydmg, 33rh M`brd Xrdbzdb,spdrdtuge e`gh`r ai tf` Oab. ^dtfaut fds suppart my r`s`grcf gbh idèhwarlcauehbt fgv` tgl`b pegc`. Xf` ap`bb`ss gbh wdeedbnb`ss wdtf wfdcf tf` cammu-bdty ai Haegbkd `morgc`h my warl w`r` mgh` passdoe` oy tf` wgy Fds Faedb`ssdbtrahuc`h m`. ^fgt ds mar`, fds cgr` gbh h`hdcgtdab cr`gt`h g s`cabh famìar m`.

Mucf D aw` ta tf` Eapgb, f`ghmgst`r ai tf` scfaae iar N`sf`s ai tf` M`brdMabgst`ry. F` e`bt m` fds suppart db tf` s`grcf iar fdstary gbh iar tf` pegc` bubsfaeh ai aeh db tf` Oab. Oatf fds `btfusdgsm gbh tf` gmaubt ai tdm` f` mgh`gvgdegoe` prav`h ta o` ai dmm`gsurgoe` vgeu`.


10/100

6 - -

D wgbt ta tfgbl gee tf` N`sf`s wfa w`r` wdeedbn ta m``t m` gbh ta ndv` tf`drdbsdnfts ab tf` pegc` gbh pasdtdab ai tf` bubs. Xfgbl yau v`ry mucf. Out sp`cdgenrgtdtuh` D i`è iar N`sf` Sabgm, wfa taal cgr` ai m` gbh b`v`r igde`h ta gbsw`rmy mgby qu`stdabs.

Xfgbls iar Xgsfa Xama, wfa hdhbt abey taal cgr` ai gee tf` trgbsegtdabs gbhdbt`rpr`tdbn, out wfa gesa o`cgm` g naah ird`bh gbh dbvdt`h m` db dbta f`r igmdey,pravdhdbn m` wdtf g r`ge fam`, tfas` tfr`` mabtfs db Haegbkd.

Zrai.hr. @rdc Y`borux fgs `grb`h my hdstdbctdv` gppr`cdgtdab iar fds `btfusd-gsm, fds praidcd`bt cagcfdbn gbh fds `bcaurgndbn warhs, oatf hurdbn tf` idèh-

warl gbh wfde` wrdtdbn. Fds suppart fèp`h m` ta mgst`r tf` mgby aostgce`s gbhngtf`r tf` o`st db m`, tdm` git`r tdm`.

D `bh wdtf warhs ai tfgbl ta Xs`rdbn, Tgbnza, Xs`rdbn, Mabegm, _dbcf`b,X`bh`r, Xswgbn, M`tal, Sf`rgp, Xgsfd, Xsubhu, Mabegm, Lubsè, Bgmhgl,Eaosgbn, Lubsgbn, Sgmt`b, Xsuetdm, my Gbds. ârhs cgbbat `xpr`ss my i`èdbns

ai tfgbliueb`ss. Taur r`ghdb`ss ta tgel wdtf m`, ta wècam` m` db tf` cammu-bdty ai tf` mabgst`ry, ta sfgr` wdtf m` yaur tge`s gbh hr`gms wgs g ndit o`yabh`xp`ctgtdab. ^dtfaut tf` stard`s gbh hr`gms ai tf` Bubs ai _`hbg M`bedbn tf`r`

wauehbt fgv` o``b gby r`s`grcf gbh D waueh bat fgv` o``b goe` ta wrdt` my tf`sdsar tfds oaal.

Kal` vgb h` OètActao`r ?::6/Kgbugry ?:7:

Xf` us` ai Xdo`tgb t`rmdbaeany

Xf` us` ai Xdo`tgb warhs gbh t`rmdbaeany db tfds tf`sds cgees iar cegrdidcgtdab.Xf` Xdo`tgb egbnugn` ds ogs`h ab Sgbslrdt gbh fgs dts awb wrdtdbn. Gs D ha

bat sp`gl ar r`gh tf` egbnugn` mysèi, D fgh ta rèy ab atf`rs. D h`cdh`h ta us` tf`pfab`tdc trgbscrdptdab ai N`sf` Sabgm. ^dtf fds fèp tf` mast cammabey us`h

warhs w`r` trgbsegt`h gbh trgbscrdo`h.


11/100

4

Summgry

_`s`grcf ab tf` pegc` ai bubs db tf` Oab rèdndab r`geey ds pdab``rdbn warl. Xf`r`ds fgrhey gby r`s`grcf gvgdegoe` gbh db tf` stuhd`s tfgt cgb o` iaubh tf` ghapt`h

gppragcf ds odgs`h. Xfgt ds wfy D fgv` cfas`b iar idèhwarl (dbt`rvd`ws gbh pgr-tdcdpgtdbn aos`rvgtdab) db _`hbg M`bedbn, tf` bubb`ry ai tf` M`brd Mabgst`rydb Haegbkd Dbhdg.

D mgh` tf` stard`s ai tf` bubs my stgrtdbn padbt. Suppe`m`btdbn tf`s` bgrrg-tdv`s wdtf dbiarmgtdab iram dbt`rvd`ws gbh cabv`rsgtdabs wdtf dbiarmgbts iramtf` wdh`r cammubdty, idèh aos`rvgtdabs gbh g tfàr`tdcge ard`btgtdab, D succ``h`hta `xtrgct iram tfds mdcra e`vè stuhy dbsdnfts dbta tf` stgtus ai bubs db tf` cam-mubdty db `xde` (m`sa e`vè) gbh db tf` Oab rèdndab gs g wfae` (mgcra e`vè).

Cfgpt`r 7 dbiarms goaut tf` rae` gbh ardndb ai tf` Oab rèdndab db Xdo`t gbhdts règtdabsfdp ta Ouhhfdsm. Dt ds g campe`x fdstary, wfdcf r`v`ges g c`rtgdb gbge-

any wdtf r`ngrh ta arngbdzgtdab gbh oèdì syst`m o`tw``b Oab gbh Ouhhfdsm.Out dt gesa sfaws tfgt tf` Oab fgs succ``h`h ta upfaeh dtsèi gs gb dbh`p`bh`btrèdndab. Fdstardc saurc`s sgy tfgt Xabpg Sf`rgo, tf` mytfdcge iaubh`r ai tf` Oab,ds oèd`v`h ta fgv` `xpedcdtey gttrdout`h ta wam`b gb `quge rae`. Xfds, faw`v`r,s``ms cabtrgry ta tf` dbvdsdodedty ai bubs db tf` mah`rb Oab trghdtdab db `xde`.

Cfgpt`r ? iacus`s sp`cdidcgeey ab tf` h`vèapm`bts ai tf` Oab db `xde`, tf` `x-pedcdt cabt`xt db wfdcf tf` bubs ai _`hbg M`bedbn edv` gbh sfgp` tf`dr mabgstdctrghdtdab. Db Cfgpt`r 3 gbh 8 tf` bubs sp`gl iar tf`msèv`s. Faw`v`r hdv`rs`tf` matdv`s ai tf` dbhdvdhuge wam`b ta bt`r tf` cabv`bt ai _`hbg M`bedbn, tf`ycgb o` hdvdh`h dbta tfr`` mgdb cgt`nard`s; 7) Zrgctdcge cabsdh`rgtdabs, sucf gs tf`

passdodedty ta stuhy, ?) _èdndausey dbspdr`h, 3) Zaedtdcge gbh `cabamdc cabhdtdabsdb tf` B`pge`s` upegbhs (wf`r` mast wam`b cam` iram).

Out faw`v`r hdii`r`bttf`dr matdv`s, tan`tf`r tf`y cabstdtut` tf` idrst i`mge` mabgstdc Oab cammubdtydb `xde`.

Getfaunf tf` rèdndaus prgxds cgbbat o` iueey prgctds`h, hu` ta g egcl ai `xp`-rd`bc` gbh tf` e`vè ai `hucgtdab, e`grbdbn gbh prgctdcdbn sam` ai tf` rèdndausprgxds gr` tf` odbhdbn è`m`bts db tf` bubs cammubdty. Cfgrgct`rdstdc ai tfdscammubdty ds edmdbgedty gbh wdtfdb tfds edmdbgedty g sacdge structur` h`vèaps tfgtgcqudr`s g p`rmgb`bt cfgrgct`r.

Db tf`dr vaws tf`s` wam`b s`` cèdogcy gs g mgdb tapdc. Zfysdcgedty gbh cabtrae

av`r tf` oahy ds g r`currdbn tf`m` db tf` edv`s ai tf` bubs ai _`hbg M`bedbn. Xfdsds cabsdst`bt wdtf tf` tfàry ai Mgry Haunegs db Bgturge Symoaes, wfdcf stgt`stfgt tf` gmaubt ai structur` gbh cabtrae g sacd`ty `x`rcds`s ds rìe`ct`h db tf`

wgy cabtrae ds `x`rt`h av`r tf` oahy (Haunegs, 7449). Xf` bubs h`p`bh db mgbyr`sp`cts ab tf` m`bs mabgst`ry gbh tfds h`p`bh`bc` cr`gt`s g sfgrp gwgr`b`ssai wfgt ds egwiue gbh wfgt ds bat. Oy cabtraeedbn tf` oahy (rìrgdb iram s`xugegctdvdtd`s gbh mgl` sur` bat ta aii`bh) tf` wam`b sfaw tf`y gr` naah bubs gbhbavdc`s.

Xf` cabv`bt ds g b`w pf`bam`bab db tf` rèdndaus cammubdty ai Haegbkd gbhdt b`c`ssgrdey gttrgcts gtt`btdab oatf dbsdh` gbh autsdh` tf` cammubdty. Xfds db-

cr`gs`s tf` pr`ssur` ta strdctey iaeeaw tf` wrdtt`b gbh ubwrdtt`b rue`s. Xf` dmpgct


12/100

7: - -

ai neaogedzgtdab db tf` iarm ai iubh rgdsdbn gbh idbgbcdge suppart iram @urap`gbh Gm`rdcg, cabv`ydbn `st`rb dh`gs goaut iar dbstgbc` n`bh`r r`egtdabs tawgrhsHaegbkd, e`gv` tf`dr mgrl ab tf` cammubdty.

^dtf tfds `xpeargtary r`s`grcf, D fgv` ap`b`h g b`w hdr`ctdab db r`s`grcf

dbta wam`b db tf` Oab. D wdsf ta ndv` gb dmp`tus iar iurtf`r dbv`stdngtdab.Muetdhdscdpedbgry r`s`grcf ds b``h`h ta iueey h`idb` gbh ubh`rstgbh tf` pegc` aitf` i`mge` mabgstdc trghdtdab gbh tf` pasdtdab ai (dbhdvdhuge) bubs.


13/100

77 |

Cfgpt`r 7

Zr`gmoe` | tf` Bubs ai _`hbg

M`bedbn

7.7 Zr`gmoe`

Ba, out w` gr` hd`r`bt. abpg Sf`rgo tr`gt`h m`b gbh wam`b db tf` sgm`wgy, f` pgss`h ab fds t`gcfdbns ta oatf m`b gbh wam`b gbh tfgt ds wfy wdtf us

bubs `bkay tf` sgm` pasdtdab gs mabls, qudt` ubedl` tf` Ouhhfdsts.

Xfgt ds tf` stgbhgrh r`gctdab D wgs ndv`b iar tf` pgst t`b y`grs, wf`b praodbn tf`pasdtdab ai bubs db tf` Oab. Wu`stdabs goaut tf` vdrtuge dbvdsdodedty ai wam`bdb tf` mabgstdc trghdtdab w`r` usugeey gbsw`r`h edl` tfds; Af y`s, tfgt ds aurcuetur`.

Sam` idit``b y`grs gna g s`rd`s ai cfgbc` m``tdbns oraunft m` db cabtgctwdtf tf` Oab trghdtdab, g rèdndab raat`h db Xdo`t gbh cegdmdbn ta o` tf` ardndbgeXdo`tgb rèdndab.

Db tf` o`ndbbdbn D caueh bat l``p gpgrt Ouhhfdsm gbh tf` Oab. Abey git`r gb

dbt`bsdv` m``tdbn wdtf N`sf`* Bydmg Hglpg, db tf` summ`r ai 7444, dt seaweyo`ngb ta hgwb ab m` tfgt db spdt` ai tf` mgby sdmdegrdtd`s tf`y gr` twa hdstdbctrèdndabs. D hdscav`r`h tf` twa gr` hdii`r`bt db fdstary, db symoaedc syst`ms, dbcustams gbh db rdtuges. D wgs spèeoaubh gbh db tf` y`grs tfgt iaeeaw`h D o`cgm`g r`nuegr vdsdtar ai tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry ai tf` Oab db Dbhdg.

^fgt strucl m` wgs tf` gos`bc` ai bubs db tf` mabgstdc trghdtdab gt M`brd.Dbh``h, tf`r` w`r` sam` bubs out tf`y hdh bat tgl` pgrt db mabgstdc edi`. Xf`s`

wam`b taal tf`dr vaws gt g rdp` gn` git`r e`gvdbn trghdtdabge igmdey edi`. Db ?::8 gsfdit taal pegc`. Gee ai g suhh`b, ta my `y`s gt e`gst, D batdc`h g bumo`r ai mgdbeyyaubn wam`b wfa fgh mgh` tf`dr vaws gbh pr`s`bt`h tf`msèv`s gs bavdc`s. Gt

tf` sgm` tdm` tf` cabstructdab ai g bubb`ry stgrt`h, tf` idrst cabv`bt ai tf` Oabdb `xde`.

D wgs igscdbgt`h, out tfds h`vèapm`bt gesa iuèe`h g bumo`r ai qu`stdabs;^fa gr` tf`s` yaubn wam`b1 ^f`r` ha tf`y cam` iram1 ^fy ha yaubn wam`b,edvdbn db mah`rb tdm`s, cfaas` ta e`gh g edi` tfgt ds mgrl`h oy prgctdsdbn spdrdtuge-dty1 ^fy ha tf`y cfaas` iar tdnft rue`s gbh rfytfms, iar g edi` h`hdcgt`h ta cab-t`mpegtdab gbh eabn stuhd`s db g mar` ar e`ss dsaegt`h pasdtdab1 D caueh bat fèptfdbldbn tfgt gs iar qugedty bubs db tfds mabgstdc trghdtdab fgv` g eabn wgy ta na,faw`v`r mgby tdm`s D wgs camiart`h tfgt db tf` Oab trghdtdab bubs gbh mablsfgv` `quge appartubdtd`s ai scfaaedbn gbh pranr`ss.


14/100

7? - -

Xf`s` aos`rvgtdabs gbh my p`rsabge igscdbgtdab iar tf` pegc` gbh pasdtdab aiwam`b db gb gn`-aeh trghdtdab, scueptur`h tf` raunf autedb`s ai g suok`ct iar mymgst`r stuhd`s gbh dts tf`sds.

7.? Zraoe`m Gr`g

Xdo`t ds tf` egbh ai `v`regstdbn sbaw, tf` egbh ai faey m`b gbh g strgy faey wam-gb, vgst st`pp`s wdtf tf` caeaur`h gcc`bts ai wgvdbn prgy`r iegns gbh g b`v`r-`bhdbn bumo`r ai mabgst`rd`s. Xdo`t ds gssacdgt`h wdtf tf` dmgn` ai faedb`ss.Xfraunf tf` gn`s tf` Oab gbh Ouhhfdsm fgv` tdbt`h Xdo`t wdtf g rèdndaus sfgh`gbh tf` twa gr` edbl`h tan`tf`r drr`v`rsdoey. Dbsdnft db tf` Oab gbh dts h`vèap-m`bt db Xdo`t gbh db tf` pasdtdab ai bubs db dts mabgstdc syst`m r`qudr`s g ordìautedb` ai tf` pasdtdab ai tf` Oab db Xdo`t, dts règtdab wdtf Xdo`tgb Ouhhfdsmgbh tf` pasdtdab ai bubs.

Xf` fdstary ai tf` Oab ds cabidb`h oy trghdtdab, oy tf` wrdtdbns ai Ouhhfdstfdstardanrgpf`rs, out gesa oy tf` idbhdbns ai scfaegrey r`s`grcf`rs. Xfds fgs e`h tagb dmgn` tfgt tfaunf gt e`gst hdsputgoe` stdee hamdbgt`s pr`s`bt hgy r`s`grcf dbtatf` Oab. Xfgt ds wfy g rgtf`r ègoargt` pgssgn` goaut tf` fdstary ai tf` Oab gbhtf` pasdtdab ai bubs db dts mabgstdc syst`m ds db`vdtgoe`.

7.?.7 Xf` Xdo`tgb Fdstary ai tf` Oab

Xf` mytf r`caubtdbn tf` iaubhdbn ai tf` Oab tèes tfgt dt ds `dnft``b tfausgbhy`grs gna tfgt Xabpg Sf`rgo wgs oarb db tf` mytfdcge cè`stdge `mpdr` ai AemaEubn _dbn. Xabpg Sf`rgo ds r`ngrh`h tf` iaubh`r ai tf` Oab rèdndab. F` `bt`rs

fds wareh gs gb `bednft`b`h o`dbn, out cfaas`s ta h`sc`bh ta tf` r`gem ai mgb,wf`r` f` ds oarb tf` sab ai g ldbn. IramAema Eubn _dbn, gesa lbawb oy tf`bgm` ai Xgzdl ar Xf` Faey Egbh tf` Oab rèdndab spr`gh ta [fgbn [fubn. Aiaeh tfds ldbnham wgs iaubh db tf` w`st`rb r`ndabs ai Xdo`t, gbh tf` faey maub-tgdb Lgdegs wgs dts c`btr`. ^fde` trgvèedbn iram [fgbn [fubn ta Xdo`t XabpgSf`rgos fars`s w`r` stae`b oy g h`mab. Ab grrdvdbn db Xdo`t Xabpg Sf`rgo stum-oe`s upab g rèdndab tfgt prgctdc`s tf` sgcrdidc` ai edvdbn o`dbns. Fds t`gcfdbns,rdtuges gbh c`r`mabd`s faw`v`r succ``h db st`mmdbn tf` spdrdts tfgt spr`gh sdcl-b`ss gbh h`cgy, wdtfaut tf` sgcrdidc` ai gby edvdbn cr`gtur`. Xf` b`w rèdndab dsgcc`pt`h db Xdo`t (Hglpg ?::0, 73).

Xfds n`b`sds egdh tf` iaubhgtdab iar wfgt w` baw cgee Tubn Hrubn Oab*, tf``t`rbge Oab. Xfaunf tf` Oab gbh Tubn Hrubn Oab gr` ir`qu`btey m`btdab`h dbXdo`tgb fdstary, tf`r` ds mucf ubc`rtgdbty goaut tf` wgy tf` rèdndab fgs gctugeeyh`vèap`h. Db tf` aeh`st mgbuscrdpts gvgdegoe` tf` Oab ds edbl`h ta e`n`bhs goautnahs wfa gr` r`ngrh`h gs nugrhdgbs ai tf` ruedbn ldbns. Scraees iaubh db tf` cgv`sai Hubfugbn db 740: m`btdab g nraup ar g cegss ai prd`sts lbawb oy tf` bgm` aiOabpa*. Xf` mgbuscrdpts h`scrdo` Xdo`t gs dt wgs ubtde tf` s`v`btf c`btury, tf`p`rdah db wfdcf g bgtdabge hybgsty o`ndbs ta tgl` sfgp`. G cegss ai prd`sts, h`sdn-bgt`h gs Oabpa, faehs gb dmpartgbt pasdtdab db tf` ourdge rdt`s ai ldbns wfa `v`bgit`r h`gtf pegy g h`cdsdv` rae` db sgi`nugrhdbn tf` caubtry.


15/100

73 |

Xf` Hubfugbn-scraees m`btdab tf` Oah gs tf` gutf`btdc rèdndab ai Xdo`t. Dtscaubt`rpgrt ds cgee`h Cfas. Cfas rì`rs ta wfgt fgs cam` iram autsdh` Xdo`t (`.n.Dbhdg gbh Cfdbg). Xf` Oab dtsèi cegdms tfgt dt r`pr`s`bts Xdo`tgb rèdndaus ediùbtde tf` ghv`bt ai Dbhdgb Ouhhfdsm (Lvg`rb` 74>?, ?>)

Iram dts awb fdstardcge p`rsp`ctdv` tf` Oab fgs ta mgl` wgy iar tf` ubtru`rèdndab oy tf` o`ndbbdbn ai tf` 6tfc`btury git`r easdbn tf` prat`ctdab ai tf` ldbn.Xfraunf g syst`m ai igmdey edb`gn`, faw`v`r, tf` rèdndab gb dts trghdtdabs, w`r`l`pt gedv` ta mgl` g iuee r`cav`ry git`r g bumo`r ai n`b`rgtdabs. Out tf` Oab b`v`rr`ngdb`h tf` suppart ai tf` ldbn. (lvg`rb` 7440, 73)

7.?.? Oab gbh Ouhhfdsm

Fdstary dbhdcgt`s twa passdoe` p`rdahs iar tf` dbtrahuctdab ai Dbhdgb Ouhhfdsmdb Xdo`t. Dt ds dmpartgbt ta r`geds` tfgt Ouhhfdsm wgs ger`ghy lbawb db Xdo`t o`-iar` dts aiidcdge `stgoedsfm`bt. Git`r gee Ouhhfdsm wgs dbieu`btdge db b`dnfoaurdbncaubtrd`s sucf gs Dbhdg gbh Cfdbg gbh o`cgus` g seaw prac`ss, dbieu`bc`h oy gbumo`r ai igctars, pr`c`h`h tf` dbtrahuctdab.

Graubh 9:: C@ tf` ldbn ai g ubdt`h Xdo`t aiidcdgeey dbtrahuc`s Ouhhfdsm.E`n`bh fgs dt tfgt f` mgrrd`h g Cfdb`s` prdbc`ss, mgdbey ta s`cur` tf` `cabamdcdbt`r`sts ai tf` caubtry. Ldbn Sabnt`b Ngmpa s`bhs `bvays ta Dbhdg. Xf`y r`turb

wdtf Ouhhfdst scrdptur`s gbh dbiarmgtdab. Dbhdgb Ouhhfdsm ds geeaw`h ta nraw,`v`b di tf` ldbn fdmsèi r`mgdbs h`hdcgt`h ta tf` Oab (Eaw`bst`db ?::?, 7?>).

Db tf` p`rdah iram gppraxdmgtèy >:: ta 7::: C@ Xdo`t edv`h tfraunf tur-oue`bt tdm`s. Xf` caubtry ras` ta paw`r, out gesa fgs v`ry paw`riue b`dnfoaurs

ta tf` Bartf gbh @gst; Cfdbg gbh Mabnaedg. Xdo`t eaas`s dts stgodedty db g iùhgestrdi` av`r awb`rsfdp gbh geeacgtdab ai egbh. Xf` eass ai paw`r e`gv`s tf` caubtryvueb`rgoe` ta iar`dnb rgdh`rs. Xf` cegsf ai dbt`r`sts cadbcdh`s wdtf rèdndaus trau-oe`s. Xf` Oab ds iarodhh`b gs tf` ruedbn baodedty turbs ta Ouhhfdsm. Oy tf` bh aitf` 6tfc`btury C@ tf` idrst Ouhhfdst mabls tgl` tf`dr vaws (Ogum`r 7444, 79).

Xf` Oab r`ngdbs tf` rèdndaus upp`r fgbh db tf` 4 tf c`btury. Ouhhfdsm dspusf`h aut ai c`btrge Xdo`t. Xf` ldbn supparts tf` Oab, out fds h`gtf trdnn`rs gcdvde wgr wdtf hdii`r`bt cegbs idnftdbn iar paw`r. Xf` egcl ai ubdty mgl`s Xdo`tabc` mar` vueb`rgoe` gs iar`dnb ogbhs rgdh tf` caubtry. Xdo`t eaas`s g cabsdh-`rgoe` pgrt ai dts t`rrdtary. Xf` gos`bc` ai g c`btr` ai paw`r r`ldbhe`s tf` rèd-

ndaus strdi`, mgdbey dbdtdgt`h oy tf` Ouhhfdst igctdab. Xf` Oab trd`s ta mgl` dtsèilbawb, out egcls suppart gmabn tf` Xdo`tgb baodedty.Db tf` p`rdah o`tw``b 77:: gbh 78:: g s`rd`s ai `v`bts db Dbhdg ds dbstru-

m`btge db sfgpdbn tf` rèdndaus h`stdby ai Xdo`t. Dsegmdc dbvgh`rs av`rrub DbhdgsBartf`rb r`ndabs. Mgby Ouhhfdst mabgst`rd`s gbh edorgrd`s gr` eaat`h gbh h`-stray`h. G nr`gt bumo`r ai Ouhhfdst mabls ie`` ta Xdo`t. Xf`dr grrdvge oaasts tfÒuhhfdst cammubdty gbh s`ts aii tf` h`vèapm`bt ai wfgt w` lbaw tahgy ta o`Xdo`tgb Ouhhfdsm. Db hu` tdm` iaur hdii`r`bt Xdo`tgb Ouhhfdst scfaaes `vaev`h,`gcf ab` wdtf dts awb mabgstdc trghdtdab.

Xf` Oab ha`s bat igh` gwgy, faw`v`r. Xf` t`gcfdbns gr` pgss`h ab tfraunf

igmdey edb`s db g wgy tfgt ubtde tahgy sfgp`s tf` trghdtdab. Gbh oy tf` `bh ai tf`77tf c`btury g mabgstdc prgctdc` stgrts ta iarm geabn Ouhhfdst edb`s. Xf` Oab


16/100

78 - -

mar` ar e`ss ràrngbds`s dtsèi. Dt oragh`bs dts cgbab wdtf cabc`pts edl` lgrmg* gbhr`dbcgrbgtdab, out dt r`tgdbs dts ardndbge casmaeandcge iaubhgtdab, vd`ws gbh rdtuges(Lgrmgy ?::>, 09-0>).

Xf` paedtdcge gbh `cabamdc sdtugtdab db Xdo`t r`mgdbs t`bs`, `sp`cdgeey wf`b

oy tf` `bh ai tf` 78tf

c`btury Mabnae trdo`s gr` goaut ta dbvgh` tf` caubtry. Xf`Nèupg Arh`r, tf` 8tfgbh gesa yaubn`st scfaae ai Xdo`tgb Ouhhfdsm, sdh`s oatfpaedtdcgeey gbh rèdndausey wdtf tf` Mabnaes. Db 7909 tf` Mabnaes sustgdb tf`dbgunurgtdab ai tf` 0tfHgegd Egmg gs tf` Zrd`st-Ldbn ai Xdo`t (Eaw`bst`db ?::?,737). Xf` Oab gbh dts iaeeaw`rs gpp`gr ta r`mgdb autsdh` tf` paedtdcge gr`bg, dbspdt` ai ceas` règtdabs o`tw``b tf` 0 tfHgegd Egmg gbh tf` e`ghdbn ce`rny ai tfÒab. Xf` gos`bc` ai paedtdcge gmodtdab s``ms ta o` tf` r`gsab tfgt tf` Oab dsmar` ar e`ss dnbar`h (Lgrmgy ?::>, >>). Out db tf` strunne` iar t`mparge gbhspdrdtuge paw`r, mabgst`rd`s ai rdvgeedbn spdrdtuge scfaaes gr` gttgcl`h gbh `sp`-cdgeey tf` Oab mabgst`rd`s gr` tgrn`t`h iar eaatdbn gbh h`structdab.

Xf` ubdab wdtf tf` Mabnaes wgs g tfarb db tf` sdh` ai Cfdbg gbh wf`b ubh`rtf` r`dnb ai tf` 9tfHgegd Egmg cfgas pr`vgdes, tf` _`n`bt turbs ta Cfdbg iar fèp.Db 7>?7 paedtdcge paw`r ds trgbsi`rr`h ta Cfdbg. Xdo`t gbh dts ruedbn pgrty r`mgdbr`spabsdoe` iar dbt`rbge giigdrs, dbceuhdbn rèdndab, out iar`dnb giigdrs gr` ta o` gCfdb`s` mgtt`r. Gesa g bumo`r ai dmpartgbt pravdbc`s gr` gbb`x`h oy Cfdbg.Bat`wartfy ds tfgt mast ai tf`s` gr` pravdbc`s wdtf pramdb`bt c`btr`s ai tf` Oab,sucf gs tf` pravdbc` ai Gmha.

B`dnfoaurdbn B`pge h`cdh`s ab g tr`gty wdtf Nr`gt Ordtgdb db tf` 76tfc`btury.Db 7687 gbh 7600 Xdo`t ds igc`h wdtf dbvghdbn B`pge`s` mdedtgry iarc`s. Cfdbg dstrauoe`h wdtf dbt`rbge ubr`st gbh ds ubgoe` ta s`bh gdh. Xf` Xdo`tgb e`gh`rsfdp

i`grdbn tfgt @bnegbh pegbs ta cabqu`r tf` caubtry f`rm`tdcgeey s`ges tf` oarh`rs.Xfds dsaegtdab praval`s g oudeh up ai t`bsdab o`tw``b @bnegbh gbh _ussdg. ^f`b@bnegbh h`cdh`s ta dbvgh` Xdo`t tf` Hgegd Egmg ie``s ta Mabnaedg gbh `v`btugeeys`tte`s db `xde` db Cfdbg. Db tf` git`rmgtf @bnegbh, _ussdg gbh Cfdbg cam` ta gbgnr``m`bt. Xdo`t gbh tf` Xdo`tgb e`gh`rs gr` bat ta tgl` pgrt db tf` cabsuetgtdabs.Xf` autcam` ds tfgt Cfdbg ngdbs gutfardty av`r Xdo`t.

Db 7473 tf` Hgegd Egmg h`cegr`s Xdo`tgb dbh`p`bh`bc`, out tf` b`w stgt` ha`sr`c`dv` b`dtf`r dbt`rbgtdabge suppart bar r`canbdtdab. Xf` iutur` ai Xdo`t ds h`-cdh`h upab gt tf` Sdmeg Cabi`r`bc`. Xf` autcam` ds g hdvdsdab o`tw``b gb dbb`rgbh gb aut`r Xdo`t gbh Cfdbg ds geeaw`h g egrn` sgy db Xdo`tgb giigdrs.

^f`b db 7433 tf` 73tfHgegd Egmg hd`s tf` usuge s`grcf iar fds dbcgrbgtdabstgrts. Xwa y`grs egt`r f` ds iaubh, out tf` b`w Hgegd Egmg ds igr taa yaubn ta`x`rt gby paw`r ar paedtdcge dbieu`bc`. Gngdb g paedtdcge vgcuum grds`s (McLgy?::3-DD, 7-3:).

Cfdbg accupd`s Xdo`t db 7404. Dt ds tf` stgrt ai g hgrl p`rdah hurdbn wfdcfmgby Xdo`tgbs, oatf Ouhhfdst gbh Oabpa ie`` tf` caubtry dbta `xde`. Xfas` wfagr` iarc`h ta stgy fgv` ta igc` r`pr`ssdab gbh iaah sfartgn`s. Mgby hd` (McLgy?::3-DDD, 7-3?).

Gmabn tf` `xde`s, mgdbey ie``dbn ta Dbhdg, gr` tf` spdrdtuge e`gh`rs ai Oab gbhOuhhfdsm. Xf` Hgegd Egmg h`cdh`s db 7497 ta s`t up g Xdo`tgb pgredgm`bt db `x-

de` db Dbhdg. Db 74>> tf` Oab ds geeatt`h g s`gt db pgredgm`bt, f`rgehdbn g b`w rg db


17/100

70 |

tf` fdstary ai Oab gbh Ouhhfdsm. Oatf igc` tf` tgsl ta ràrngbds` gbh iarmuegt`g b`w praide` db `xde`.

7.?.3 Scfaegrey _`s`grcf dbta tf` Oab

Xdo`tgb fdstary e`grbs tfgt hurdbn tf` egst c`bturd`s tf` Oab `xpedcdtey stgy`h dbtf` ogclnraubh. Ouhhfdsm caeaurs tf` dmgn`. Xfds fgs gesa gii`ct`h tf` dmgn`sai tf` Oab tfgt fgv` iarm`h. Db oatf papuegr gbh scfaegrey puoedcgtdabs, cgt`rdbniar tf` vgst `st`rb dbt`r`st db Xdo`t gbh dts myst`rdaus pgst, tf` Oab ds partrgy`hgs g rèdndab tfgt fgs fdnfey ghgpt`h ta Ouhhfdsm. G naah `xgmpe` ds tf` papuegroaal Xf` ^gy ai tf` ^fdt` Ceauhs oy Egmg* Gbgngrdlg Navdbhg. Navdbhg r`-caubts ai fds trgvès ta s`v`rge sgcr`h pegc`s ai Ouhhfdsm. Hurdbn tf`s` trgvès f`gesa vdsdt`h g Oab mabgst`ry;

Gs abey tf` Oabpa cdrcumgmouegt` gbtdceaclwds` ar pgss g sfrdb` ar g sgcr`h

pegc` (edl` Maubt Lgdegs) wdtf tf` eìt sfaueh`r turb`h tawgrhs dt, tfds cabrm`haur batdab tfgt tfds wgs bat g Ouhhfdst gooat out g Oabpa. ^f`b `bt`rdbn tf`mgdb t`mpe`, aur egst hauots vgbdsf`h, iar `v`rytfdbn w` sgw tf`r` s``m`h ta o` gr`v`rsge ar cabtartdab ai Ouhhfdst trghdtdab. X` e`ns ai tf` swgstdlg ai tf` Oabpa,

iar dbstgbc`, padbt`h ta tf` eìt, wfde` tfas` ai tf` Ouhhfdsts padbt`h ta tf` rdnft.Maràv`r tf` Oabpa fgv` capd`h gemast `v`ry cfgrgct`rdstdc ai Ouhhfdst dcabanrg-pfy. X`y fgv` tf`dr awb Ouhhfgs gbh Oahfdsgttvgs*, tf`dr awb `rc` nugrhdgbsgbh nahs ai f`gv`b gbh `grtf. X` bgm`s mgy hd`r out iar tf` r`st tf`y fgrheyhd`r iram tf` ardndbges. X` sgm` mdnft o` sgdh ai tf` Oab t`xts, wfdcf gr` marài e`ss gb dmdtgtdab ai Ouhhfdst t`xts gbh sam`tdm`s `v`b o`gr tf` sgm` bgm`s.Out tf`y gr` gttrdout`h ta atf`r gutfars, tgl` pegc` db hd`r`bt surraubhdbns gbh

ait`b us` atf`r mgbtrgs. (Navdbhg 7460, ?:36-?34).

Xfds vd`w, tf` Oab gs g hupedcgt` ai Ouhhfdsm, tfaunf spartdbn g hgrl edbdbn,fgs eabn hamdbgt`h ta dmgn` ai tf` Oab.

Db r`c`bt h`c`bbdg g bumo`r ai scfaegrs fgs `bngn`h db r`s`grcf dbta tf` Oab.Iaur ai tf`m, wfa fgv` o``b ap prdmgry dmpartgbc` iar tf` r`s`grcf dbta tf` OabD pr`s`bt `xpedcdtey.

Faiimgbb

Xf` idrst ta m`btdab ds Fèmut Faiimgbb, wfas` vd`ws fgv` eabn o``b h`cdsdvìar tf` r`putgtdab ai tf` Oab. Faiimgbb, prai`ssar ai Dhàeany gt tf` Pbdv`rsdtyai Mubdcf, wgs tf` idrst scfaegr ta stgrt syst`mgtdc r`s`grcf dbta tf` Oab. Db740: f` puoedsf`h fds oaal Wuèe`b zur N`scfdcft` h`r do`tdscf`b Oab-rèdndab(Saurc`s ai tf` Fdstary ai tf` Xdo`tgb Oab _èdndab), (Faiimgbb 740:). Iar fds

warl f` rèd`h mgdbey ab Ouhhfdst saurc`s gbh scrdptur`s. Xfds e`h fdm ta tf`vd`w tfgt tf` Oab cgb o` s``b gs g Xdo`tgb iarm ai sfgmgbdsm tfgt fgs mucf dbcammab wdtf typ`s ai sfgmgbdsm iaubh db Bartf gbh C`btrge Gsdg.

Iram tfds sfgmgbdsm tf` Oab ds tfaunft ta fgv` `vaev`h nrghugeey tawgrh giusdab gbh gb dbt`nrgtdab wdtf Ouhhfdsm, dbdtdgeey tfraunf tgbtrdc* mav`m`bts.

G bumo`r ai tf` Oab cfgrgct`rdstdcs faw`v`r gr` mgdbey iaubh db tf` rdtuges, gc-carhdbn ta Faiimgbb.


18/100

79 - -

Xfds vd`wpadbt fgs h``pey dbieu`bc`h egt`r r`s`grcf tfgt db n`b`rge cabtdbu`hdb tf` hdr`ctdab s`t aut oy Faiimgbb. Xf` cfadc` iar Ouhhfdst saurc`s gbh mgbu-scrdpts `bsur`s tfgt tf` Oab ds r`ngrh`h gbh cabsdh`r`h gs g rèdndab tfgt db arh`rta survdv` fgs dbcarpargt`h tf` hactrdb`s gbh spdrdtuge prgctdc`s ai Ouhhfdsm. Dt

tf`rìar` mgy o` r`ngrh`h gs g hupedcgt` ai Ouhhfdsm

Sbèenrav`

Hgvdh Sbèenrav` r`tdr`h db 7463 gs prai`ssar ai Xdo`tgb Stuhd`s gt tf` Scfaae iarArd`btge gbh Girdcgb Stuhd`s ai Eabhab Pbdv`rsdty out ds stdee gctdv` tf`r`. F`

wgs tf` idrst ta tgl` g ir`sf vd`wpadbt db r`s`grcfdbn tf` règtdabs o`tw``b tfÒab gbh Ouhhfdsm. Sbèenrav` cgm` dbta cabtgct wdtf tf` Oab db 7409 hurdbng s`v`b mabtfs kaurb`y tfraunf r`mat` r`ndabs ai Xdo`t gbh B`pge \Haepa gbhXgrgp]. Xf` autcam` ai tf`s` trgvès f` egdh hawb db Fdmgegygb Zdenrdmgn`. F`m`btdabs g m``tdbn wdtf g Oabpa Egmggbh fds t`xts (Sbèenrav` 7497). Gt idrstSbèenrav` ds sc`ptdcge goaut tf` t`xts, out git`r g ceas`r eaal f` stgrts ta hauot tf`batdab tfgt tf`y gr` m`rèy capd`s.

Db 7497 Sbèenrav` dbvdt`s s`v`rge Oabpa mabls ta warl wdtf fdm db Eabhabab g trgbsegtdab ai tf` Lgbku*, tf` bdb` wgys ai tf` Oab. Db tf` dbtrahuctdab aitf` oaal f` Bdb` gy ai tf` Oab Sbèenrav` wrdt`s;

Dt waueh o` bgdv` ta xp`ct Oabpa edt`rgtur` ta o` tatgeey hd`r`bt iram Ouhhfdstedt`rgtur`. Ab tf` cabtrgry, dt ds rgtf`r r`mgrlgoe` tfgt Oabpa t`xts cabtgdb samucf campr`f`bsdoe` pr`-Ouhhfdst mgt`rdge, gbh dt ds bat surprdsdbn tfgt Oabpacampas`rs ai t`xt (`v`b p`rfgps gs grey gs tf` dnft ar bdbtf c`btury) w`r` ger`ghy

`bt`rtgdb ai tf` m`gbdbns ai mgby bgm`s gbh t`rms ai tf` dbhdn`baus (`btdrèyarge) trghdtdab (Sbèenrav` 749>, ?7).

^dtf tfds quat` Sbèenrav` db igct hìdb`s tf` Oab gs gb dbh`p`bh`bt rèdndab,ap`bdbn tf` wgy ta g b`w scfaegrey `rg. Xfds m`gbt tfgt db tf` `grey s`v`btd`smar` gbh mar` r`s`grcf`rs cgm` ta tr`gt tf` Oab gs g s`pgrgt` rèdndab. Xf` Oabo`cam`s g suok`ct ai r`s`grcf db dts awb rdnft.

Lvg`rb`

Db tf` dbtrahuctdab ta fds oaal f` Oab _èdndab ai do`tZ`r Lvg`rb`, prai`ssar

db tf` Fdstary ai _èdndab ai Xdo`t gt tf` Pbdv`rsdty ai Asea cam`s ta tf` iaeeaw-dbn cabceusdab;

Db vd`w ai tf` mgby mgbdi`st sdmdegrdtd`s o`tw``b Oab gbh Ouhhfdsm, ab` mgywèe gsl db wfgt tf` hdstdbctdab o`tw``b tf` twa rèdndabs cabsdsts. X` gbsw`r, gte`gst ta tfds gutfar, waueh s``m ta h`p`bh ab wfdcf p`rsp`ctdv` ds ghapt`h wf`bh`scrdodbn Oab. _dtuges gbh atf`r rèdndaus prgctdc`s, gs wèe gs m`hdtgtdab gbhm`tgpfysdcge trghdtdabs gr`, ubh`bdgoey, ta g egrn` `xt`bt sdmdegr, `v`b dh`btdcge.Cabc`pts ai sgcr`h fdstary gbh saurc`s ai rèdndaus gutfardty gr`, faw`v`r rghdcgeeyhd`r`bt gbh kustdiy tf` cegdm ai tf` Oabpas ta cabstdtut` gb `btdrèy hdstdbctrèdndaus cammubdty (Lvg`rb` 7440, 73).


19/100

7> |

Lgrmgy

Db G Fdstardcge Av`rvd`w ai tf` Oab _èdndab Sgmt`b Lgrmgy, hdr`ctar ai r`s`grcfdb fdstary gbh gbtfrapaeany gt tf` Bgtdabge C`btr` ai Scd`btdidc _`s`grcf db Zgrdsbat`s gs fds idbhdbn;

X`r` wgs ba sucf t`gcfdbn db do`t gs pur` gs sam` do`tgb Ouhhfdst mdnftedl` ta cegdm. Db atf`r warhs Oab gbh do`tgb Ouhhfdsm gr` edl` twa sdh`s ai tf`sgm` cadb ab vd`wdbn ab` must gesa turb dt av`r ta s`` wfgt ds ab tf` atf`r sdh`(Lgrmgy ?::>, 00).

Db tf` grtdce` Lgrmgy padbts gt gbatf`r dmpartgbt dssu`. F` str`ss`s tfgt sa igrmucf r`s`grcf iacus`s gt h`vèapm`bts tfgt cgb o` aos`rv`h iram mabgstdc arh`rs.

Gbh mabgstdc trghdtdabs db pgrtdcuegr gr` hamdbgbt db mgby r`s`grcf prak`cts. Out`sp`cdgeey db tf` Oab tf` pgssdbn ab gbh sgi`nugrhdbn ai tf` rèdndaus prgxds ds tf`hamgdb ai igmded`s (egym`b gbh t`gcf`rs). Db mucf r`s`grcf tfds trghdtdab wgs gbhds av`reaal`h, r`suetdbn db g mdssfgp`b dmgn` (Lgrmgy ?::>, 00-98).

Xfds m`gbs tfgt g pgrt ai tf` fdstary gbh nrawtf ai tf` Oab gs g rèdndab fgsbat y`t o``b hdsceas`h ar `xpegdb`h, gbh tfgt tf` pasdtdab ai wam`b gbh bubs fgso``b ubh`r`xpas`h.

Mar` gtt`btdab ndv`b ta tf` dmpartgbc` ai igmdey edb`s gbh edb`s ai gbc`strygbh tf` pgrt pegy`h oy wam`b db tf` edb`s ai gbc`stry mdnft cgst g hdii`r`bt ednftab oatf pegc` gbh pasdtdab ai wam`b gbh ab tf` rèdndaus pasdtdabs tf`y faeh dbtf` cammubdty.

7.?.8 Scfaegrey _`s`grcf dbta Bubs gbh am`b db tf` OabDi tf` Oab gbh Xdo`tgb Ouhhfdsm gr` cabsdh`r`h ta o` twa sdh`s ai tf` sgm` cadb,tf` stary ai bubs gbh wam`b db tf` Oab tfr`gt`bs ta o`cam` eapsdh`h. _`s`grcfrègt`h ta tf` pasdtdab ai bubs gbh wam`b ds hdr`ctey edbl`h ta Xdo`tgb Ouhhfdsm.Sp`cdidc r`s`grcf dbta tf` pasdtdab ai bubs gbh wam`b db tf` Oab fgs bat cam`ta my lbawe`hn`.

Xf` pgst t`b ta idit``b y`grs odanrgpfd`s fgv` o``b puoedsf`h ai wèe-lbawbwam`b prgctdsdbn rèdndab, pravdhdbn dmgn`s gbh dbsdnfts ai tf` edv`s ai tf`s` `x-trgarhdbgry wam`b. ^fgt r`mgdbs, faw`v`r, ds tf` qu`stdab wf`tf`r tf`y sfaueho` r`ngrh`h gs g pgrghdnm iar `v`ry hgy edi` ai bubs gbh wam`b. Gt e`gst ubtde

7404 Xdo`tgb fdstary m`btdabs vgrdaus ldbhs ai rèdndausey prgctdsdbn wam`b; i`-mge` argce`s* gbh saatfsgy`rs, mdbstrès, wam`b dbsdh` tf` tgbtrdc prgxds (Tandbd*)gbh bubs (^deeds 746>, 46).

Bgrrgtdv`s goaut ar scfaegrey r`s`grcf dbta tf` rae` gbh pasdtdab ai wam`b,oatf s`cuegr gbh rèdndaus, iram tf` y`grs oìar` tf` rds` ai Ouhhfdsm, gr` rgrèyiaubh db Xdo`t.

Dt ds cammabey lbawb tfgt db tfas` hgys mgtrdgrcfge cammubdtd`s hdh `xdst dbtf` r`ndabs tfgt baw iarm Xdo`t, ar us`h ta igee ubh`r Xdo`tgb hamdbgbc`. Xf`r`ds m`btdab ai dbieu`btdge qu``bs gbh ai gbc`strge edb`s pgss`h ab tfraunf i`mgeèdb`gn` (Nygsta 746>, 38-30).


20/100

76 - -

Db tf` pgbtfàb ai oatf Ouhhfdsm gbh tf` Oab mgby nahh`ss`s gr` iaubh,gbh s`v`rge rèdndaus prgctdc`s r`qudr` tf` pr`s`bc` ai oatf tf` mge` gbh tf` i`mge`è`m`bt. Xdo`t ds lbawb iar tf` h`vèapm`bt ai g iarm ai Ouhhfdsm tfgt dbceuh`sg i`mge` prdbcdpe`, praogoey gesa ubh`r Oab dbieu`bc`.

_dtg Nrass batdc`h tfgt Ouhhfdsm db Xdo`t cgm` gcrass g cammubdty tfgt ai-i`r`h dts wam`b mar` cfadc` tfgb wam`b db b`dnfoaurdbn caubtrd`s, v`b tfaunfrèdndaus paw`r wgs db tf` fgbhs ai m`b (Nrass 7443, 60).

@vdh`btey wam`b w`r` geeaw`h ta `x`rcds` rèdndaus prgctdc`s hdv`rs` e`vès,getfaunf tf`y gpp`gr bat ta fgv` fèh tf` sgm` pasdtdab gs m`b. Abc` gngdb D

wgbt ta `mpfgsds` tfgt tf`s` p`rsp`ctdv`s gbh idbhdbns gr` gbh w`r` stuhd`h usdbnOuhhfdst vd`wpadbts.

Db tf` 77tfc`btury tf` Oab stgrts ta s`t up g s`rd`s ai mabgst`rd`s gbh sdmuetg-bàusey g mabgstdc trghdtdab o`ndbs ta tgl` sfgp` (Lvg`rb` 7440, 7>).

Xf` mabgstdc trghdtdab ai tf` Oab ds arngbds`h geabn tf` sgm` edb`s gs

Ouhhfdsm. Dt ds g mgtt`r ai caurs` tfgt tf` mabgstdc trghdtdab iar wam`b, stgrt`hdb tf` sgm` p`rdah, iaeeaw`h tf` sgm` prdbcdpe`s.

Bab`tfè`ss tf`r` gr` hdii`r`bc`s o`tw``b tf` mabgstdc trghdtdabs ai tf` Oabgbh Ouhhfdsm, batgoey wf`r` tf` ogsdc prdbcdpe`s gr` cabc`rb`h. Xf` fdstary aiDbhdgb Ouhhfdsm tèes tfgt tf` Ouhhfg wgs bat `gn`r ta geeaw wam`b ta tgl`pgrt db mabgstdc edi`. Dt wgs Gbgbhg wfa p`rsugh`h fdm, gcc`ptdbn tf` cabhdtdabtfgt wam`b w`r` b`v`r ta iueey `bt`r tf` rèdndaus cammubdty, gctugeey r`mgdb-dbn g edi` eabn bavdc`. Ab `bt`rdbn g mabgst`ry wam`b gr` gsl`h ta tgl` gb `xtrgbumo`r ai vaws, cabc`rbdbn tf`dr o`fgvdaur tawgrhs m`b, `v`b tfaunf Ouhhfdstscrdptur`s mgl` ce`gr tfgt db Lgrmdc* t`rms tf`r` ds ba strdct hdii`r`bc` o`tw``b

m`b gbh wam`b. Dt ds gssum`h tfgt tf`s` rue`s w`r` m`gbt ta ghgpt Ouhhfdstrue`s ta tf` Dbhdgb sacd`ty ai tfas` hgys.7Xf` cabhdtdabs gppey ta Ouhhfdst bubstdee tf` pr`s`bt hgy.

Xf` Oab ds hdii`r`bt, db tfgt r`sp`ct. Dts rue`s stdpuegt` tfgt bubs cgb r`c`dv`g iuee arhdbgtdab. Xfds `m`rn`s iram dts `gred`st fdstary. E`n`bh sgys tfgt XabpgSf`rgo, tf` iaubh`r ai tf` Oab, hdh bat hdstdbnudsf o`tw``b m`b gbh wam`b.

^f`b r`v`gedbn fds t`gcfdbns, tf` m`b sgt ta fds rdnft gbh tf` wam`b ta fds eìt.Db tfds arge t`gcfdbn f` dbdtdgt`h oatf m`b gbh wam`b. Xf` dbdtdgtdab ds pgss`hab tfraunf igmdey edb`s gbh tf` gutfardty o`staw`h ab tfds mytf mgl`s dt passdoe`ta ndv` wam`b g iuee arhdbgtdab gs g bub.

^fgt ha`s tfds stgrtdbn padbt m`gb iar tf` pasdtdab ai bubs db pr`s`bt hgyXdo`t1

Db 7468 tf` Caubcde iar _èdndaus gbh Cueturge Giigdrs ai tf` Hgegd Egmg cgr-rd`h aut gb dbv`stdngtdab ai tf` bumo`r ai bubb`rd`s db Xdo`t oìar` 7404. Xf`stuhy iaubh g tatge ai 976 cabv`bts. Dt ds r`mgrlgoe`, faw`v`r, tfgt bubb`rd`s aitf` Oab w`r` bat dbceuh`h db tf` stuhy (Xsama 746>, 774).

7 E`ctur` bat`s Spdrdtugedty ai Ouhhfdsm, 4 Mgy ?::>, oy hr. Zgue K.C.E. vgb h`r Yèh , _ghoauhZgue K.C.E. vgb h`r Yèh`, _ghoauhPbdv`rsdty Bdkm`n`b.


21/100

74 |

Mabgstdc edi` iar m`b gbh wam`b ds arngbds`h geabn hdii`r`bt edb`s. Gs g rue`bubb`rd`s gbh mabgst`rd`s gr` s`t up gpgrt, tfaunf sam` Ouhhfdst s`cts iaeeawtf`dr awb rue`s.

Xf` iaeeawdbn iarms ai arngbdsgtdab gr` iaubh db Xdo`tgb mabgstdc edi`

(Fgv`bdl, 7444, 8?);Egrn`, bgtdabgeey arngbds`h mabgst`rd`s, gttrgctdbn mabls iram gee av`r Xdo`t

wfa tgl` pgrt db g trgdbdbn `v`btugeey e`ghdbn ta tf` N`sf` h`nr``. Db Xdo`ttf`s` mabgst`rd`s gr` bat gcc`ssdoe` iar wam`b.

Eacge ar r`ndabge mabgst`rd`s. Oatf mabgst`rd`s gbh cabv`bts gr` iaubh dbtfds cgt`nary. X`gcfdbn ds g prdmgry gctdvdty db tf`s` dbstdtutdabs gbh ait`btf`r` ds g strabn cabb`ctdab wdtf tf` eacge gbh/ar r`ndabge papuegtdab. M`bgbh wam`b cam` ta tf` mabgst`rd`s iar ghvdc` gbh rdtuges gbh dt ds tf` tgslai mgby mabls gbh bubs ta t`gcf tf`m. Db fd`rgrcfge r`sp`ct tf` bubb`rd`s

ait`b gr` suoarhdbgt` ta tf` eacge mabgst`rd`s. Dt ds lbawb, faw`v`r, tfgt gsgb `xc`ptdab ta tf` rue` g bumo`r ai cabv`bts db Xdo`t us`h ta o` e`h oy gbgoo`ss. Bubs ha e`grb ta r`gh gbh wrdt`, gbh db sam` cabv`bts tf`y iaeeawpfdeasapfy cegss`s. ^dtfdb tf` wgees ai g mabgst`ry g fd`rgrcfdcge structur`pr`vgdes gbh tgsls gbh hutd`s gr` fgbh`h aut. Z`riarmdbn rdtuges ds ait`b tf`prdmgry tgsl ai bubs.

Smgee`r mabgst`rd`s (f`rmdtgn`s*) gr` tf` ceadst`rs wf`r` m`b gbh wam`bidbh r`ceus` ta e`gh g edi` h`hdcgt`h ta m`hdtgtdab gbh rèdndaus prgxds. Gs iarOab tf`r` ds fgrhey gby dbiarmgtdab gvgdegoe`, tfaunf.

Hurdbn my vdsdt ta Xdo`t (?::9) gbh my idèhwarl db Dbhdg D r`c`dv`h dbiarmg-tdab tfgt supparts tf` dh`g tfgt tf` Oab fgs cabv`bts db tf` egst twa cgt`nard`s.Cabceusdv` dbiarmgtdab goaut tf` bumo`r ai cabv`bts ds bat gvgdegoe`, out gc-caubts D caee`ct`h hurdbn tf` idèhwarl `stdmgt` tf`dr bumo`r o`tw``b iaur gbht`b.

âm`b hdh pegy g rae` gbh fèh pasdtdabs db rèdndaus edi` db Xdo`t, out tfgtpdctur` r`mgdbs sl`tcfy gbh ubh`r`xpas`h wf`r` tf` Oab ds cabc`rb`h.

7.3 Aok`ctdv` ai _`s`grcf

Xfds fdstardcge surv`y ai tf` Oab gbh Xdo`t mgl`s ce`gr tfgt mgby qu`stdabs r`-mgdb ubgbsw`r`h. _`s`grcf dbta pegc` gbh pasdtdab ai wam`b db Xdo`tgb sacd`tygbh tf`dr rae` dbsdh` tf` rèdndaus syst`m wgs cgrrd`h aut mgdbey iram Ouhhfdstp`rsp`ctdv`s. Stgrtdbn padbts gbh cabceusdabs mgy v`ry wèe hdsgnr`` wdtf tf` sdtu-gtdab dbsdh` tf` Oab.

Pbedl` Ouhhfdsm tf` Oab cegdms tfgt tf` pasdtdab ai tf` bubs gbh mabls dssdmdegr. Db spdt` ai tfds ce`gr vgbtgn` padbt, dt turbs aut ta o` v`ry hdiidcuet ta idbh

wrdtt`b gccaubts goaut tf` pasdtdab ai bubs db tf` Oab trghdtdab. Oy cgrrydbn autr`s`grcf gt g mdcra e`vè gmabn tf` bubs ai _`hbg M`bedbn, tf` idrst gbh sa igrabey Oab cabv`bt db `xde`, D wgbt`h ta ngdb dbsdnft db tf`dr edv`s. ^fy ha yaubn


22/100

?: - -

wam`b cfaas` iar g edi` gs g bub1 Iram wfgt ogclnraubh ha tf`y cam` ta tfgtcfadc` gbh wfdcf iutur` ha tf`y `bvdsgn` iar tf`msèv`s dbsdh` tf` Oab rèdndausprgxds1

D m`gbt ta us` tf`dr bgrrgtdv`s gs g m`gbs ta ngdb dbsdnft db tf` pegc` gbh pasd-

tdab ai tf` bubs db tf` Oab cammubdty db n`b`rge gbh mar` sp`cdidc db tf` mab-gst`rdge trghdtdab ai Haegbkd/_`hbg M`bedbn, out gesa db tf` wareh db wfdcf tfdsrèdndaus cammubdty fgs dts pegc` (Oab cammubdty, Xdo`t, tf` wareh). D iaubh gedvèy dbt`rgctdab o`tw``b tfds rèdndaus cammubdty, tf` wareh db wfdcf tfds cam-mubdty mgbdi`sts dtsèi, gbh tf` dbhdvdhuges cabc`rb`h. Oy mgppdbn tf`s` dbt`rgc-tdabs D s`t aut ta cegrdiy dts dbieu`bc` ab pegc` gbh pasdtdab ai `gcf bub.

7.8 _`s`grcf Wu`stdabs

Xf`s` cabsdh`rgtdabs r`suet`h db tf` iaeeawdbn cabcr`t` r`s`grcf qu`stdabs;

^fgt ds g bubs pegc` db tf` Oab rèdndab1^fy ha yaubn wam`b h`cdh` tf` o`cam` g bub^fgt m`gbdbn ha tf` wam`b ndv` ta mabgst`rdge edi`^fgt rae` hdh wam`b pegy db tf` fdstary ai tf` Oab^fdcf cabb`ctdabs gbh dbieu`bc`s mgy o` aos`rv`h gt tf`s` hdii`r`bt e`vès1

7.0 M`tfahs gbh my _ae` gs g Scfaegrey _`s`grcf`r

Xf` egcl ai r`s`grcf dbta tf` pasdtdab ai bubs dbsdh` tf` Oab r`huc`h tf` scap` aigvgdegoe` saurc`s ta warl iaubh`h ab r`s`grcf gmabn Xdo`tgb Ouhhfdst bubs. Dt dsfaw`v`r tf` s`pgrgt` ardndb, cegdm`h oy tf` Oab gbh e`ghdbn ta g sp`cdge gttdtuh`tawgrhs tf` pasdtdab ai bubs, tfgt mgh` m` h`cdh` ta bat h`vèap g tfàr`tdcgecabc`pt oìar` stgrtdbn my idèhwarl.

Xfds gppragcf r`suet`h db qugedtgtdv` idèhwarl, wf`r` aos`rvgtdabs, gbbatg-tdabs gbh tf` dbt`rvd`ws D fèh, iarm tf` hgtg ta warl wdtf. Xfds wgy g iaubhg-tdab ds egdh iar tf` h`vèapm`bt ai tfàr`tdcge cabc`pts. My gdm wgs ta pracur`gcc`ptgtdab gs g m`mo`r ai tf` nraup D wgs nadbn ta aos`rv`. D fgv` cfas`b iar gmah`rgt` typ` ai pgrtdcdpgbt aos`rvgtdab, o`cgus` D hdh bat fgv` suiidcd`bt tdm`ta ìi`ctdvèy mgst`r gee gctdvdtd`s ai tf` nraup.

D wgs bat g strgbn`r ta tf` Haegbkd Oab cammubdty. D fgh vdsdt`h tf` M`brdMabgst`ry tf` pgst y`grs g bumo`r ai tdm`s db s`v`rge cgpgcdtd`s. Out gewgys gs gm`mo`r ai g nraup ar gccampgbd`h oy my pgrtb`r, b`v`r gs g r`s`grcf`r.

Xf` règtdab o`tw``b tf` egy cammubdty gbh rèdndaus p`rsabs ds sfgp`h mgdb-ey tfraunf r`cdpracdty. Db Xdo`t tf` cammubdty supparts g mabgst`ry gbh tf`mabgst`rdge cammubdty tgl`s cgr` ai tf` b``hs ai tf` cammab pàpe` oy pravdh-dbn prgy`rs, rdtuges, `hucgtdab gbh ghvdc`. Gos`bc` ai g egrn` cammubdty ai cam-mab pàpe` db `xde` ds tf` r`gsab tfgt g pgrt ai tf`s` s`rvdc`s gr` baw pravdh`h iaroy ^`st`rb arngbdsgtdabs gbh dbhdvdhuge p`rsabs wfa i`è cabb`ct`h ta tf` warehai tf` Oab. Db tf` wgl` ai tf` arngbdsgtdab ai my pgrtb`r D fgv` o``b g r`nuegr

vdsdtar ai tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry hurdbn r`c`bt y`grs. My p`rsabge gbh scfaegreydbt`r`st iar tf` Oab gbh tf` rae` ai dts bubs wgs wèe lbawb.


23/100

?7 |

Xf` igct tfgt my r`s`grcf wgs `sp`cdgeey gdm`h gt tf` cammubdty ai bubs fgsfgh atf`r cabs`qu`bc`s. Bubs fgv` tgl`b mgby vaws gbh gr` fèh ta aos`rv`c`rtgdb rue`s ai edi`. Egcldbn tf` dbt`btdab ta o`cam` g bub, D fgh ta gcc`pt tfgto`camdbn g m`mo`r ai tf` r`s`grcf nraup wgs nadbn ta o` gb deeusdab. D wdsf`h

ta tgl` pgrt db hgdey edi` db tf` cabv`bt, di gs passdoe` gbh geeaw`h. Xfas` w`ròaubhgrd`s hìdbdbn my pasdtdab gbh rae` gs gb gctdv` aos`rv`r.


24/100


25/100

?3 |

Cfgpt`r ?

Xf` Oab | G Cammubdty db @xde`

?.7 Dbtrahuctdab

^` fgh batfdbn, bat `v`b g ogr ai sagp ta wgsf gbh ce`gb aur cfdehr`b, sa Dw`bt aut o`nndbn iar g smgee p`gc` ai sagp. Out tf` pàpe` ai Haegbkd hdh bat fgv`gbytfdbn tf`msèv`s. ?

^f`b Cfdbg accupd`h Xdo`t db 7404 mgby Xdo`tgb m`b, wam`b, cfdehr`b, db-ceuhdbn m`mo`rs ai tf` rèdndaus cammubdtd`s ie`h ta Dbhdg. _ìun`` cgmps w`r`s`t up gt tf` iaat ai tf` Fdmgegygs wdtf tf` gdh ai tf` Dbhdgb nav`rbm`bt gbhdbt`rbgtdabge arngbdsgtdabs. Xf` c`btrge Xdo`tgb ghmdbdstrgtdab bumo`r`h 89Xdo`tgb s`tte`m`bts db Dbhdg, B`pge gbh Ofutgb db ?::: gbh g tatge ai 7::.087Xdo`tgb rìun``s hdsp`rs`h db Sautf`rb Gsdg (O`rbstarii, ?::3). Gmabn tf`mmgby Oabpas. G egrn` nraup ai Xdo`tgbs, faw`v`r, iaubh gb goah` db Gm`rdcggbh @urap`. Xf` egrn`st cammubdty db tf` `st`rb wareh, 76:9 rìun``s, ds iaubhdb Swdtz`regbh, wf`r` tf`y w`r` ghmdtt`h o`tw``b 749: gbh 7449.

?.? Xf` Oab Cammubdty db HaegbkdGit`r tf`dr iednft iram Xdo`t mgby Oabpas gr` put ta warl, oudehdbn raghs gsbgvvd`s db Lueu-Mgbged, Dbhdg. Dt ds fgrh warl ubh`r fgrsf cabhdtdabs. Mgbym`b gbh wam`b hd`. Oy tf` mdh-sdxtd`s tf` Oab db `xde` succ``hs db ràrngbdsdbndtsèi gbh gee ìiarts gr` gdm`h gt r`gedsdbn g mar` p`rmgb`bt pegc` ai s`tte`m`bt.Egbh ds gcqudr`h db Haegbkd (ceas` ta Saegb-Fdmgegy Zrgh`sf) db 749> gbh db tf`sgm` y`gr tf` Xdo`tgb Oabpa Iaubhgtdab ds r`ndst`r`h. Sam` >: igmded`s s`tte` dbHaegbkd. Xf`y gr` geeatt`h g pd`c` ai egbh ta oudeh tf`msèv`s g faus`. Xf` tdm`sgr` fgrh< tf` n`b`rge sfartgn` ai iubhs pr`v`bts stgrtdbn up g str`gm ai oudeh-dbn gctdvdtd`s. Db tf`s` `grey y`grs tf`r` ds g egcl ai `v`rytfdbn, iaah db pgrtdcuegr.Sp`cdge sfèt`rs gr` s`t up iar tf` cfdehr`b, wf`r` tf`y r`c`dv` `hucgtdab db tf`drawb egbnugn` gbh cuetur`.

Gmabn tf` cfdehr`b sp`bhdbn tf`dr yautf db g fastè db Hfgrgmsgeg wgs XgsfdXsama. Edi` db tf` fastè db Hfgrgmsgeg wgs bat `gsy. f`r` wgs egcl ai `v`rytfdbn,`v`b iaah gbh wgt`r. Cfdehr`b hd`h tf`r` o`cgus` tf`r` wgs bat `baunf iaah gbhwgt`r.3 Xgsfd baw edv`s wdtf f`r igmdey db Haegbkd, wf`r` sf` tgl`s cgr` ai f`rmatf`r.

? Idèhbat`s, cabv`rsgtdab wdtf Egmg Lf`msgr _dbpacf`*, ? S`pt`mo`r ?::>.3 Idèhbat`s, cabv`rsgtdab wdtf Xgsfd Xsama, ?7 S`pt`mo`r ?::>.


26/100

?8 - -

Xf` s`tte`m`bt wgs bgm`h Xfaony`e Sgrpg, ardndbgeey tf` bgm` ai g vdeegn`ceas` ta tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry db Xdo`t. Hurdbn tf` p`rdah db Lueu-Mgbged tf`spdrdtuge e`gh`r ai tf` Oab, oy trghdtdab tf` gooat ai tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry, hd`s.Xf` c`r`maby ta h`cdh` ab fds succ`ssdab fgh ta wgdt ubtde 7494. Xf`b Sgbny`

X`bhzdb Kabnhabn, g mabl warldbn gt tf` Pbdv`rsdty ai Asea, wgs cfas`b ta o`

Iaubh`h db 7497

Sdx m`mo`rs, tf` mabgst`rygbh tf` s`tte`m`bt

XDO@XGB OABZA IAPBHGXDABFF Eubntal Bydmg

(pr`sdh`bt)

TPBH_PBN OAB MABGSXDC C@BX@_FF Eubntal Bydmg

(pr`sdh`bt)

M`brd Mabgst`ry S@XXE@M@BX AIIDC@

Gee

N`sf`~>: EACGE XDO@XGB GSS@MOET

Oatf dbstdtut`s r`mgdb ubh`r tf` kurdshdctdab ai tf`Xdo`tgb Nav`rbm`bt db @xde`

Oab Hdge`ctdc Scfaae

_`hbg M`bedbn Bubb`ry

Oab Cfdehr`b Fam`

Oab F`getf C`bt`r

Oab Xdo`tgb Edorgry

[fgb-Oah Hacum`btgry c`bt r

Oab Yacgtdabge trgdbdbn c`bt`r

Dbstdtut` iar pr`s`rvdbn [fgbn [fubn gbhXdo`tgb Cuetur`

Dbstdtut` iar ^aah crgit, aah cgrvdbn, gppedqu Xfgblg,Xfgblg pgdbtdbn gbh dbc`bs` prahuctdab

Mutrd Xs`bpa Faus`

Cammubdty Igrm

Dbstdtut` iar e`grbdbn Zfdeasapfy, Nrgmmgr, Eandc,M`hdcdb`, Grts & Crgits

Zrahuctdab ai Mdel gbh Y`n`tgoe`s

Idnur` ?.7; Hdgnrgm ai tf` Arngbdsgtdab


27/100

?0 |

tf` b`w spdrdtuge e`gh`r gbh o`cam` tf` 33rhgooat ai M`brd. Ab fds dbstgeegtdabf` wgs ndv`b tf` bgm`s ai Eubntal X`bpgd Bydmg.

Xf` iaeeawdbn y`grs mucf iiart ds put dbta oudehdbn gctdvdtd`s, db tf` vdeegn`, gttf` t`mpe` gbh fausdbn iar tf` mabls. Xf` bgm` iar tf` b`w mabgstdc campe`x

ds Oabpa Mabgstdc C`bt`r gbh dt ds sdtugt`h graubh tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry tfgth`rdv`s dts bgm` iram tf` mabgst`ry db Xdo`t tfgt cabstdtut`h tf` rèdndaus c`btrài tf` Oab.

Xf` rèdndaus cammubdty, tf` abey Oab cammubdty db `xde`, cgb raunfey o`hdvdh`h dbta tfr`` nraups. Db tf` idrst nraup tf` mabls gbh Egmgs wfa ie`h iramXdo`t gr` iaubh. Xf`y p`riarm rèdndaus t`mpe` c`r`mabd`s iar tf` dbfgodtgbts aitf` vdeegn`, prdvgt` c`r`mabd`s gr` fèh db tf` fam`s ai tf` pàpe`. Db n`b`rge tfdsnraup cabtrdout`s ta gee gctdvdtd`s gbh rdtuges, wfdcf gr` pgrt ai edvdbn gbh warldbndb g mabgst`ry.

G s`cabh nraup cabsdsts ai 30 yaubn m`b wfa fgv` tgl`b tf`dr vaws db tf`

idrst y`grs ai tf` b`w mabgst`ry db `xde`. Xrgdbdbn iar N`sf`s fgs stgrt`h, ap`bdbntf` passdodedty ta iaeeaw g iuee rèdndaus pranrgm db `xde`.

Oays iram s`v`b ta iaurt``b y`grs mgl` up tf` tfdrh nraup. Xf`y na ta tf`s`cuegr prdmgry scfaae db tf` vdeegn`, out gesa tgl` pgrt db t`mpe` c`r`mabd`s. Xf`mabls ai tf` mabgst`ry fgv` g sp`cdge t`gcfdbn pranrgm iar tf`s` oays wfa fgv`g fam` db tf` Oab Cfdehr`b ^èigr` C`bt`r. Xfaunf sam` cgm` aut ai tf`dr awb

wdee , mast oays w`r` s`bt ta Haegbkd oy tf`dr pgr`bts gbh wdee db hu` caurs` tgl`tf` vaws e`ghdbn ta g rèdndaus edi`.

Xf` mabgstdc syst`m iaeeaws Xdo`tgb rue`s. Xf` mabgst`ry ds bat kust g r`-edndaus c`btr`< dt ds gesa g pegc` iar trghdtdabge `hucgtdab gbh cuetur`. ^f`b s`t

up, dt egcl`h sp`cdge igcdedtd`s iar bubs. Gs tdm` pgss`s oatf tf` s`cuegr gbh tf`rèdndaus s`rvdc`s gr` dbcr`gs`h. Xfds r`suets db fam`s iar oays gbh iar ndres, m`gbtta sfèt`r tf` mgby arpfgbs db h` cammubdty. Out dt gesa ds g pegc` iar cfdehr`bsmunne`h gcrass tf` Xdo`tgb oarh`r dbta Dbhdg. Db tfds wgy tf` cfdehr`b ha batabey r`c`dv` `hucgtdab, out gesa fgv` gesa ir`` gcc`ss ta tf` Oab cuetur` gbh trghd-tdab ((Slarupsld 7467).

Edl` atf`r Xdo`tgb cammubdtd`s tf` Oab cammubdty fgs iaubh dts pegc` dbFdbhu hamdbgt`h Dbhdgb sacd`ty. ^f`r` Xdo`tgb `xde`s gr` cabc`rb`h Dbhdg fgsgpped`h twa dmpartgbt prdbcdpe`s; db tf` idrst pegc` g edo`rge gbh ap`b gttdtuh`, batgdm`h gt campe`t` gssdmdegtdab ai tf` Xdo`tgbs db tf` Dbhdgb sacd`ty, gbh s`cabhey

gclbawe`hn`m`bt ai tf` e`gh`rsfdp ai tf` Hgegd Egmg db oatf rèdndaus gbh paedtd-cge r`sp`ct. Xf`s` prdbcdpe`s `bgoe`h tf` Xdo`tgbs ta mgdbtgdb tf` qudbt`ss`bc` aitf`dr cueturge, rèdndaus gbh paedtdcge gutabamy (Barou ?::3, ?:8).

Xf` idrst y`grs db `xde` tf` Oab cammubdty fgh ta rèy mast ai gee ab mutugegssdstgbc`, gs tf`r` wgs ba Xdo`tgb nav`rbm`bt db `xde` tfgt caueh e`bh suppart(Ldbh 7440). Xfds gttdtuh` ubh`redb`s tfgt dbh``h dt ds g mgtt`r ai twa s`pgrgt` r`-edndabs, wfdcf db Xdo`t w`r` bat gewgys ab g ird`bhey iaatdbn. Out tfds gesa r`v`gestwa s`pgrgt` dh`btdtd`s. Mgrd`tt` Ldbh ndv`s tf` iaeeawdbn h`scrdptdab;

f` strunne` iar tf` aiidcdge r`canbdtdab ai tf` Oabpa sfaws tf` hybgmdcs db tf``xde`h do`tgb cammubdty. Db spdt` ai r`p`gt`h r`qu`sts dt taal s`v`bt``b y`grs ubtde

g r`pr`s`btgtdv` ai tf` Oabpa wgs geeaw`h ta kadb tf` Gss`moey ai do`tgb pàpe`s


28/100

?9 - -

H`putd`s. f` mgdb r`gsab iar tfds eabn hègy wgs tf` rèuctgbc` ai tf` do`tgb gh-mdbdstrgtdab ta r`canbds` g rèdndaus mav`m`bt tfgt cabsdh`r`h dtsèi pr`-Ouhhfdst gbhmdnft w`gl`b tf` gutfardty ai tf` Ouhhfdst e`gh`rsfdp (Ldbh 7440, 4).

Iar tf` `xde`h Oab faw`v`r r`canbdtdab wgs dmpartgbt db arh`r ta gcqudr`

gcc`ss ta g fumgb` edi` iar oatf egym`b gbh tfas` prgctdsdbn rèdndab, wfde` db`xde`.

Bawghgys tae`rgbc` tawgrhs tf` Oabpa ds nrawdbn. @sp`cdgeey tf` s`cabh n`b`rg-tdab ai do`tgbs, paedtdcgeey strdvdbn iar g h`macrgtdc dh`ge, sfaws mar` gbh mar` gc-c`ptgbc`. Aos`rvgtdab ai tf` idrst gbh s`cabh n`b`rgtdabs ai xde`s r`v`ges g trgbsiarmg-tdab prac`ss tfgt supparts g hybgmdc vd`w ai tf` batdab ai dh`btdty. f` pasdtdv` dmgnòraunft goaut oy aiidcdge r`canbdtdab fgs e`h ta g str`bntf`bdbn ai tf` sèi-cabidh`bc` aitf` Oabpa. Oudehdbn gctdvdtd`s ai b`w mabgst`rd`s db B`pge gbh Sdlldm sfaw tfgt tf`trghdtdab fgs r`c`dv`h g b`w dmpues`. _`c`btey `v`b g idrst Oab c`bt`r wgs iaubh`h dbtf` ^`st, db Faustab db h` PSG. f` r`vdtgedsdbn ds gesa vdsdoe` db s`v`rge oarh`r gr-

`gs ai B`pge, sucf gs Haepa, wf`r` N`sf`s nrghugt`h db Haegbkd r`ldbhe` tf` rèdndab(Ldbh 7440, 7:).

Xf` td`s wdtf tf` ^`st`rb wareh fgv` tdnft`b`h, tf` pgst tw`bty y`grs. Xf`nrawdbn dbt`r`st iar Ouhhfdsm, gbh db dts wgl` iar tf` Oab, fgv` ndv`b gb dm-p`tus db s`v`rge caubtrd`s ta s`t up iaubhgtdabs wfdcf iast`r tf` ghvgbc`m`bt aitf` Oab t`gcfdbns, out gt tf` sgm` tdm` gdms ta rgds` iubhs iar tf` suppart ai tf`mabgst`rd`s gbh tf`dr dbfgodtgbts.

Xf` M`brd Mabgst`ry ds tf` aiidcdge s`gt ai tf` Oab db `xde`. Db tf` o`ndbbdbntf` mabls w`r` xde`s iram Xdo`t, out gs tf` y`grs ai `xde` e`bntf`b`h mabls iramB`pge, Ofutgb gbh Dbhdg kadb`h tf`m db Haegbkd. Db r`c`bt y`grs `v`b m`b iram

Irgbc`, Zaegbh gbh Mabnaedg fgv` cam` ta Haegbkd ta tgl` tf`dr vaws gs g mabl,gbh sam`tdm`s gesa ta iaeeaw tf` N`sf` trgdbdbn.

N`sf`s iram tf` idrst nraup db xde` w`r` dbvdt`h ta tf` `st, dbdtdgeey tf` PSG,ta ordbn dbt`r`st`h pgrtd`s db cabtgct wdtf tf` Oab gbh dts spdrdtuge gbh rèdndaust`cfbdqu`s, sucf gs m`hdtgtdab. Mast ai tf` cabtgcts db Gm`rdcg w`r` `stgoedsf`h

wdtf tf` suppart ai tf` F`gedbn Ednft C`bt`r ai r`v`r`bh _asgeyb E. Oruy`r`.Oruy`r` warls gs g f`ge`r gbh g psycfdc cfgbbè. Sf` cegdms ta fgv` cabtgct, gsg cfgbbè, wdtf g spdrdt wfa h`cegr`s ta o` g Oab mabl. Xf` nraup db irabt ai

wfam sf` cfgbbèe`h tfds mabl, stgrt`h ta s`grcf iar tf` ardndbs ai tfds rèdndabtfgt wgs b`w ta gee ai tf`m. Fgeiwgy tf` `dnftd`s tf`y iaubh tf` Oab cammubdty

db Haegbkd. Xf`y s`t up gb `xcfgbn`, wfdcf cuemdbgt`h db g campr`f`bsdv` c`r-`maby iar tf` dbgunurgtdab ai _asgeyb Oruy`r` gs gb argce` ai tf` Oab db Gm`rdcgdb H`c`mo`r 7446. Xfds c`r`maby règt`s ta g e`n`bh tfgt tfgt stdee ds taeh dbHaegbkd. Xf` ?7stgooat ai tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry ds sgdh ta fgv` iar`taeh tfgt tfÒab wgs ta o` sgv`h oy g wfdt` wam`b iram tf` ^`st. ^f`b _asgeyb Oruy`r`gbh tf` Oab mgh` cabtgct, tf` prapf`cy wgs r`gedz`h. Xf` Oab fgh grrdv`h dbtf` ^`st. 8

8 S`` Gpp`bhdx ?; e`tt`r Ygsdelg Bdcaevg gbh Kafb Ogrb`tt.


29/100

?> |

Xf` pgst i`w y`grs Haegbkd sgw tf` gss`moey ai g nu`stfaus`, g scfaae, g ed-orgry gbh b`w qugrt`rs iar tf` mabls. Gesa tf` cfdehr`bs fam` wgs rìurodsf`h.Xf`s` prak`cts w`r` gee iubh`h wdtf habgtdabs iram tf` ^`st. F`getfcgr` iar tf`dbfgodtgbts ai Haegbkd ds db tf` fgbhs ai t`gms ai pfysdcdgbs gbh h`btdsts iram

Cgbghg gbh tf` PSG, wfa vdsdt tf` vdeegn` g i`w tdm`s `v`ry y`gr. Out trghdtdabgeXdo`tgb m`hdcdb` ds gesa `bcaurgn`h. Ab` hgy `v`ry mabtf g Xdo`tgb hactar fgssurn`ry db tf` vdeegn`.

Db ?::> 389 Xdo`tgb Oabpa edv`h db tf` vdeegn` gbh sam` 0:: cfdehr`b gt-t`bh`h tf` scfaae. Xf` cfdehr`b gr` faus`h db tf` Oab Cfdehr`b Fam`, tf` _`hbgM`bedbn Cabv`bt ar tf` Oab Cfdehr`b èigr` C`bt`r, wfdcf oèabns ta tf` cam-mubdty ai mabls db tf` vdeegn`. Xf` ghmdbdstrgtdv` aiidc` ai tf` Xdo`tgb OabpaIaubhgtdab db Haegbkd stdmgt`s 70: mabls gbh 74 bubs fgv` g p`rmgb`bt goah`db tf` mabgst`rd`s.

Oatf tf` s`cuegr gbh tf` rèdndaus cammubdty fgv` iaubh g pegc` db tf` pr`-

hamdbgbt Fdbhu r`ndab. Gpgrt iram sam` mdbar dbcdh`bts tf` Oab gbh tf` Fdbhudbfgodtgbts n`t geabn p`gcìueey. D mysèi cgm` ta tf` iaeeawdbn cabceusdab;

Gctugeey D mast `bkay tf` `grey marbdbns wf`b D n`t up gt goaut fgei pgst v`.D or`w my ca`` gbh s`tte` gt goaut sdx ab tf` ogecaby wdtf g wgrm scgri gbhg cgrhdngb ta wgtcf tf` bubs ednft tf` sgbn r`s. Saab tf` sgcrdcdge smal` rds`s

iram tf` sdt`s b`xt ta tf` faus`s db tf` vdeegn`. Gt sdx aceacl g tfdb eauhsp`gl`rr`saubhs tf` tab`s ai Fdbhu musdc, usugeey pracegdmdbn g Fdbhu i`stdvdty. Oy sdxtfdrty tf` oèe rdbns ta gbbaubc` tf` hgdey rdtuge ai tf` oe`ssdbn ai tf` wgt`r gt tf`faus` ai Fds Faedb`ss. Fgei gb faur egt`r db tf` fastè tf` cfdehr`b stgrt ta r`cdt`tf`dr prgy`rs ar mgbtrgs. Gt tfgt tdm` tf` rst Dbhdgb dbfgodtgbts e`gv` tf`dr

fam`s. Out abey gt fgei pgst `dnft tf` str``ts stgrt ta ee wdtf pàpe`.0

Db fds grtdce` f` S`tte`m`bts; Zgrtdcdpgtdab gbh Dbt`nrgtdab db tf` do`tgbHdgsparg Hgwg Barou r`gcf`s tf` cabceusdab tfgt tf` Xdo`tgbs fgv` succ``h`hdb ghgptdbn v`ry wèe ta tf`dr Dbhdgb `bvdrabm`bt. Xf` us` ai Dbhdgb egoaur dboudehdbn gbh gnrdcuetur` gctdvdtd`s oy oatf tf` mabgst`rd`s gbh bab-rèdndaus p`r-sabs fgs stgrt`h gb `cabamdc `xcfgbn` (Barou ?::3, ?:8-?:0). Xfds gesa wgs tf`cgs` db Haegbkd, wf`r` oudehdbn gctdvdtd`s w`r` ieaurdsfdbn tf` pgst y`grs. Gt idrsttf` mabls hdh tf` oudehdbn tf`msèv`s, out mar` r`c`btey Dbhdgbs w`r` cabtrgct`hta ha tf` kao.

Haegbkd ds hdvdh`h dbta iaur gr`gs. Mast y`-cgtcfdbn ds tf` btry ngt`, sfawdbntf` bgm` ai tf` vdeegn` db Xdo`tgb scrdpt. Ab `dtf`r sdh` gr` smgee sfaps, g r`s-tgurgbt gbh puoedc tè`pfab` oaatfs. Xf` M`brd Mabgst`ry, tf` t`mpe`s gbh tf`qugrt`rs ai tf` mabls iarm tf` c`btr` ai Haegbkd, tf` igmdey faus`s gr` gss`moe`hdb tf` vdeegn`, g odt mar` hawbfdee. G strdp ai egbh s`pgrgt`s tf` vdeegn` gbh tf`mabgst`ry. Ab tf` strdp tf` s`cuegr gctdvdtd`s idbh pegc`. Xf`r` tf` ghmdbdstrgtdaboudehdbn ds eacgt`h, tf` f`getf cedbdc, gbh s`v`rge smgee`r warlsfaps, sucf gs tf`cgrp`btry sfap, tf` igrm gbh tf` nu`stfaus`. Xf` scfaae wgs oudet o`tw``b tf`vdeegn` gbh tf` rdv`r. Dt ds g fdeey t`rrgdb, mar` ar e`ss cut db twa oy g rdv`r. Gcrasstf` rdv`r, pfysdcgeey s`pgrgt`h iram tf` r`st ai tf` vdeegn`, tf` bubb`ry wgs r`ct`h.

0 Idèhbat`s, 7> S`pt`mo`r ?::>.


30/100

?6 - -

Edorgry

F`getfcedbdc

Ig

rm

Idrstgdhpast

X

f`vdeeg`

Xf`

s`cuegr

scfaae

Oaysfam`

Ordhn`

_dv`r

_dv`r

Xutar

Fdeeygr`

g

Idnur` ?.?; Mgp ai Haegbkd


31/100

?4 |

S`v`rge Dbhdgb vdeegn`s surraubh Haegbkd. Haegbkd dtsèi fgs g bumo`r ai smgeesfaps cgt`rdbn iar tf` idrst prdmgry b``hs. Iar `v`rytfdbn ès` tf` pàpe` fgv` tana Saegb, mucf egrn`r wdtf ??.::: dbfgodtgbts. Xf`r` ds g ous s`rvdc` rubbdbntwdc` g hgy.

Fds Faedb`ss Eubntal X`bpgd Bydmg ds tf` e`gh`r ai oatf rèdndaus gbh s`cu-egr edi` db Haegbkd. Xf` rèdndaus cammubdty fgs cam` g eabn wgy, iram [fgbn[fubn, tf` crghe` ai tf` Oab, ta Xdo`t gbh Dbhdg gbh gt egst mgldbn cabtgct wdtftf` `st. Xfds egst h`vèapm`bt db pgrtdcuegr, gwgl`bs mdx`h vd`ws gbh i`èdbn dbtf` cammubdty. Dt ds strdldbn faw`v`r tfgt db nànrgpfdcge gbh fdstardcge r`sp`cts

[fgbn [fubn sam`tdm`s ds tfaunft ta fgv` o``b db wfgt baw ds cgee`h FdmgcfgeZrgh`sf, wf`r` Haegbkd ds iaubh.

Idnur` ?.3; Yd`w ai tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry iram _`hbg M`bedbn

Idnur` ?.8; Yd`w ai _`hbg M`bedbn iram tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry


32/100

3: - -

Ab tf` ab` fgbh tf` Oab cammubdty r`ngrhs tfds dbcr`gs` db cabtgcts, `bg-oedbn nrawtf ai tf` cammubdty, wdtf r`sp`ct gbh nrgtìueb`ss. Ab tf` atf`r fgbhtf`s` iar`dnb dbieu`bc`s gr` eaal`h upab wdtf r`s`rv` gbh cgr`. Db gb dbt`rvd`wFds Faedb`ss pfrgs`h tf`s` mdx`h i`èdbns db tfds wgy;

H`sdr` grds`s, v`ry mucf h`sdr`. Di tf` mabls gbh N`sf`s r`c`dv` naah `hucgtdabgbh naah trgdbdbn, gbh tf`y stgy db tf` mabgst`ry, iaeeaw tf`dr cegss`s gbh ha tf`

prgxds, tf`y gr` sgi`. Out w` e`gv` iar `st`rb caubtrd`s ta tgl` up t`gcfdbn tf`r`.X`b mar` h`sdr` grds`s, gbh mar` wdsf`s. Sam`tdm`s tf`y mgrry gbh iaeeaw tfgt

pgtf. X`b `v`rytfdbn ds r`huc`h. Dt ds bat abey g sgcr`h pgtf, tf` pgtf mgy gesae`gh tf` wrabn wgy.9

Sdbc` tf` idrst hgys db `xde` tf` cammubdty fgs mgh` `v`ry ìiart ta prat`ct dtsgutf`btdcdty gbh dh`btdty, wfde` ghgptdbn ta g cfgbndbn `bvdrabm`bt gbh cfgbn-dbn dbieu`bc`s. Xf` gutf`btdcdty gbh dh`btdty ds egdh hawb db cabc`pts sucf gs

l``pdbn tf` t`gcfdbn pur`. Stard`s goaut atf`r cabv`bts, wf`r` bubs gr` sgdh taw`gr ar r`c`dv` k`wèe`ry, gr` o`dbn taeh wdtf `vdh`bt hdsgppravge. Mucf gtt`btdabds gesa pegc`h ab tf` igct tfgt wfgt caubts db tf` `bh ds bat tf` bumo`r ai bubsar mabls edvdbn db tf` mabgst`ry. ^fgt ha`s caubt ds tfgt tf` mabls gbh bubspr`s`bt gr` iacuss`h ab tf` rèdndaus prgxds gbh tgl` tfgt tgsl s`rdausey.

Kust gs dt ds dmpassdoe` ta cabsdh`r tf` Oab wdtfaut tgldbn dbta gccaubt tf`fdstary gbh h`vèapm`bt ai Ouhhfdsm db Xdo`t, ds dmpassdoe` ta cabsdh`r tf` Oab

wdtfaut tgldbn dbta gccaubt gbh dbt`rpr`t tf` dbieu`bc` ai tf` h`vèapm`bts db`xde`. Xf` fdstary sfaws tfgt tf` Oab ds cgpgoe` ai ghgptdbn ta cfgbndbn cdrcum-stgbc`s. @v`b tfaunf, gs tf` warhs ai Fds Faedb`ss deeustrgt`, tfds ds ait`b g hdi-

idcuet gssdnbm`bt iar tf` rèdndaus cammubdty.

?.?.7 Xf` Cammubdty ai Bubs db Haegbkd

Oudehdbn tf` _`hbg M`bedbn cabv`bt, tf` egbh ai tf` pr`cdaus m`hdcdb` wgsstgrt`h db ?::3. ^`st`rb spabsars habgt`h mast ai tf` iubhs. Sp`cdge gtt`btdab

wgs ndv`b ta tf` h`sdnb ai tf` oudehdbns, sa tfgt tf`y r`mdbh gs mucf gs passdoeài tf` Xdo`tgb trghdtdab. Dt fgh ta o` ce`gr tfgt tfds ds g Xdo`tgb Oab-mabgst`ry,qudt` hdstdbct iram tf` Fdbhu t`mpe`s db tf` vdcdbdty.

9 Dbt`rvd`w wdtf Fds Faedb`ss Eubntal X bpgd Bydmg, 7 S`pt`mo`r ?::>.

Cegssraams

Irabt raam

X`mpe`

Iar`caurt3: m

Idnur` ?.0; Crass-s`ctdab ai tf` t`mpe`


33/100

37 |

Xf` t`mpe` ds tf` c`btr` ai tf` campe`x< wdtf ab `dtf`r sdh` tf` harmdtard`sai tf` bubs. Xf` ldtcf`b gbh tf` cammubdty raam gr` eacgt`h ab tf` eìt sdh` aitf` t`mpe` (s`` deeustrgtdab ab pgn` ??). Iram tf` mgdb `btrgbc` ai tf` t`mpeàb` fgs g o`gutdiue vd`w ai tf` vgee`y, dbceuhdbn tf` M`brd t`mpe` campe`x gcrass

tf` rdv`r.Oìar` tf` cabv`bt wgs cabs`crgt`h, tf` rèdndaus cammubdty ai Haegbkd hdh

bat dbceuh` bubs. Xf`r` w`r` sam` bubs dbh``h, out tf`s` wam`b mgh` tf`drvaws gt g rdp` gn` git`r r`tdrdbn iram trghdtdabge igmdey edi`. Xf`y edv` ab tf`drawb, ar db tf` sfèt`r ai tf`dr igmdey, gs ds qudt` cammab db Xdo`t. âm`b mgytgl` tf`dr vaws gbh prgctds` g rèdndaus edi` wfde` r`mgdbdbn db tf`dr igmdey. Hgtgiram tf` Xdo`tgb nav`rbm`bt db `xde` hdsceas` g tatge ai 7?4: Ouhhfdst bubs db`xde` db Dbhdg gbh B`pge; 479 edv` db g cabv`bt gbh 3>8 stgy wdtf tf`dr igmded`s(Xsama ?::3, 389).

` mgy hdstdbnudsf ai twa hdstdbct str`gms ai rìun``s ta Dbhdg gbh B`pge.

Xf` idrst stgrt`h dmm`hdgtèy git`r tf` `v`bts ai 7404, tf` s`cabh r`gcf`h dtssummdt o`tw``b 7464 gbh 7443. Getfaunf tf`r` b`v`r wgs g sdnbdidcgbt str`gmai bubs ie``dbn iram Xdo`t, g r`c`bt dbcr`gs` db tf` bumo`r ai bubs db `xde` ds `vd-h`bt. Mast ai tf`m gr` oarb db `xde` gbh dt ds tf` prasp`ct ai naah `hucgtdab gbhtrgdbdbn tfgt gpp`grs ta o` g strabn stdmueus (Xsama ?::3, 389-38>).

Gt idrst tf`r` w`r` ba bubs db tf` Haegbkd cammubdty, out tf`r` gr` ubaiidcdgestard`s ai wam`b trgvèedbn gee tf` wgy iram Xdo`t ta cam` gbh tgl` tf`dr vawsdb Haegbkd, r`turbdbn ta Xdo`t git`rwgrhs ar `mogrldbn ab g pdenrdmgn`. FgbbgfFgvb`vdl tèes sucf g stary db Xdo`tgb Ouhhfdst bubs (Fgvb`vdl 7444, 7::).

^fde` db Haegbkd D wgbt`h ta lbaw mar` goaut tfds bub, out tf`r` wgs bat r`geey

gbyab` wfa lb`w wf`r` sf` w`bt ar wfgt sf` fgh hab` git`r tgldbn f`r vaws.Ab` ai my cabtgcts susp`cts tfgt sf` mgy fgv` hd`h.

Ab` ai tf` N`sf`s D fgv` dbt`rvd`w`h, taeh tfgt fds sdst`r fgh tgl`b f`r vawsgbh fap`s ta idbh g rèdndaus cgr``r. Sf` ha`sbt edv` db tf` cabv`bt db Haegbkd. Sf`stgys `dtf`r db Gm`rdcg, ar sf` mav`s db wdtf f`r matf`r db Lgtfmgbhu. Git`rnrghugtdbn iram ubdv`rsdty tfds yaubn wamgb iaubh aut tfgt tf` Haegbkd bub-b`ry cauehbt aii`r f`r g idttdbn prasp`ctdv`. Sf` fap`s tfgt edvdbn db Gm`rdcg wdeendv` f`r iuee cammgbh ai @bnedsf, sa tfgt db hu` tdm` sf` mgy s`t up g Oab c`bt`riar wam`b db Gm`rdcg ar @urap`.

Db sam` ai tf` dbt`rvd`ws D fgh, D f`grh goaut g Oab-mabgst`ry db Lgtfmgbhu. Dt

ds g mabgst`ry iar m`b, out tf`r` gr` sam` t`b bubs edvdbn db tf` hdr`ct vdcdbdty.

edvdbn autsdh` tf` bubb`ry

Xdo`t ?

edvdbn db tf` bubb`ry

Dbhdg, Ldbbaar ?

B`pge, Haepa 88

Xdo`t 7

Xgoe` ?.9; Zegc` ai ardndb ai tf` bubs gbh ndres db Haegbkd


34/100

3? - -

Xf` rèdndaus edi` ai g Oab bub mgy stgrt gt gb `grey gn`. Ait`b g igmdey h`cdh`sta put g v`ry yaubn ndre db cgr` ai g cabv`bt. Gt goaut 78 sucf g ndre fgs ta h`cdh`

wf`tf`r sf` r`geey wgbts ta o`cam` g bub gbh pursu` g rèdndaus cgr``r.Gt tf` tdm` ai my idèhwarl 8> wam`b gbh ndres w`r` edvdbn db _`hbg M`bedbn

cabv`bt, wfde` tf` tatge bumo`r ai p`rsabs r`ndst`r`h wgs 84.

Ba, Dv` b`v`r o``b ta scfaae. ` fgv` mgby sf``p gt fam` gbh tf`r` ds g eat aiwarl ta ha wf`b tf`y fgv` ta o` sfgv`h. gldbn cgr` ai tf` waae ds g ndres kao.rydbn ta ha ousdb`ss ds iar tf` oays. My igtf`r warls db tf` èhs gbh dt ds aurtgsl ta wgt`r tf` craps, wfde` my matf`r eaals git`r tf` f`rhs, tf` cgtte`. X` cgtte`b``h mdeldbn, gbh git`r tfgt dt ds tdm` iar mgldbn cf``s`. Dt ds g r`mat` vdeegn`,gctugeey w` gr` bamghs. Aur warl iaeeaws tf` twa s`gsabs. D cgbt r`gh ar wrdt`,out gt fam` w` sp`gl do`tgb.>

Xfds quat` ds g igdr deeustrgtdab ai tf` wgy gemast gee bubs partrgys tf` pegc`

wf`r` tf`y w`r` oarb gbh nr`w up.Fdstardcgeey Haepa oèabns ta tf` spf`r` ai dbieu`bc` ai `st`rb Xdo`t, tfgt dstf` r`ndab wf`r` tf` ldbnham ai [fgbn [fubn ds tfaunft ta fgv` o``b gbh wf`r`tf` Oab pgrtey ardndbgt`h. Ab` ai tf` idrst scfaegrey h`scrdptdabs ai Haepa ds iram tf`fgbh ai Hgvdh Sbèenrav` db Fdmgegygb Zdenrdmgn`. Sbèenrav` sl`tcf`s g r`mat` r`-

ndab, o`rìt ai mast mah`rb gm`bdtd`s. Hurdbn fds pdenrdmgn` f` vdsdts oatf Ouhhfdstgbh Oab mabgst`rd`s gbh cabceuh`s tfgt tf` Oab ds stdee strabn gbh vdvdh db Haepa.

Campgrdbn Ouhhfdst gbh Oab edt`rgtur` gbh c`r`mabd`s, Sbèenrav` idbhs auttfgt gssdmdegtdab fgs tgl`b pegc` db oatf rèdndabs (Sbèenrav` 7497). Db f`r grtdce`Mgrd`tt` Ldbh cam`s ta tf` cabceusdab tfgt Haepa db pgrtdcuegr ds ieaurdsfdbn,

gbh `sp`cdgeey wf`r` tf` mabgstdc trghdtdab ds cabc`rb`h (Ldbh 7440).Xf` cammubdty ai bubs, gs dt fgs `vaev`h sdbc` 7443 ds g v`ry yaubn cam-

mubdty. Oatf db grrgbndbn tfdbns gbh db rèdndaus giigdrs tf` cammubdty rèd`s abtf` suppart ai tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry. Xf` mabgst`ry gbh tf` cammubdty db _`hbgM`bedbn rubs g v`ry ce`gr edb` ai s`pgrgtdab db tf` iarm ai tf` rdv`r. Xfds fgs o``bg hèdo`rgt` cfadc`. f`b tf` pegbs iar g cabv`bt stgrt`h ta tgl` sfgp`, s`v`rge eatsdb Haegbkd w`r` tgl`b dbta cabsdh`rgtdab. Gmabn tf` vaws bubs gbh mabls tgl`gr` vaws ta edv` db cèdogcy. Xf` pfysdcge s`pgrgtdab `vdh`btey ds m`gbt ta gbtdcd-pgt` praoe`ms db tfgt gr`g, iar oatf m`b gbh wam`b.

?.3 Xf` S`t-up ai tf` Zrak`ct

My idèhwarl ds oy bgtur` qugedtgtdv` dbt`rpr`tgtdv` (s`` 7.0.7). Xf` ogsdc prdbcd-pe` ai tfds m`tfah ds tf` h`scrdptdab gbh tf` vgeu` gttrdout`h oy pàpe` db hgdeyedi` ta tf`dr `bvdrabm`bt. Xfds pegc`s nr`gt sdnbdidcgbc` ab tf` gcc`ss ai tf` r`-s`grcf`r ta tf` `xp`rd`bc`s ai tf` pgrtdcdpgbts gbh tf`dr h`scrdptdab ai edi` gs dtfdts ta tf`m. Db my cgs` tf` pgrtdcdpgbts w`r` tf` bubs gbh atf`r m`mo`rs ai tf`Haegbkd rèdndaus cammubdty.

> Dbt`rvd`w, Gbd Mabegm gbnma, 9 S`pt`mo`r ?::>.


35/100

33 |

Xf` pr`s`btgtdab gbh gbgeysds ai my idbhdbns iarm tf` iaubhgtdab ai tf`tfàr`tdcge cabc`pt tfgt aii`rs gb gbsw`r ta my r`s`grcf qu`stdab (s`` 7.8). Xf`mast dmpartgbt taaes ai r`s`grcf D us`h w`r` pgrtdcdpgtdbn aos`rvgtdabs gbhdbt`rvd`ws.

?.3.7 Aos`rvgtdabs

^f`b s`ttdbn up my idèhwarl D fgh dbt`bsdv` cabtgct wdtf Fds Faedb`ss, db arh`rta pr`pgr` my camdbn ta Haegbkd gs naah gs passdoe`. Dt wgs goaut l`y mgtt`rssucf gs gcc`ss ta saurc`s ai dbiarmgtdab, fausdbn gbh suppart db tf` p`rsab ai gbdbt`rpr`t`r/trgbsegtar.

^f`b hrgitdbn tf` idèhwarl D `xp`ct`h ta stgy g mabtf db tf` nu`stfaus`gbh g mabtf db tf` bubb`ry. Gs D caueh bat pr`hdct wf`r` tf` egst dbiarmgtdab

wgs ta o` caee`ct`h, D h`cdh`h bat ta cfaas` y`t o`tw``b tf` bubb`ry gbh tf`nu`stfaus`.

Xf` nu`stfaus` ds g bùtrge sdt`, geeawdbn r`gsabgoe` ir``ham ai gctdab. Edi`db tf` cabv`bt ds strdctey rue`h oy r`nuegtdabs gbh `tdqu`tt`. Db arh`r ta o` goe` tacaee`ct gs mucf dbiarmgtdab gs passdoe` gbh ta gppragcf tf` suok`ct iram hdii`r`btgbne`s, D gssum`h tgldbn gb goah` db oatf tf` nu`stfaus` gbh tf` cabv`bt waueho` tf` o`st saeutdab. Db tf` `bh D h`cdh`h ta sldp tf` cabv`bt, git`r dt turb`h auttf` edvdbn tf`r` dbvaev`h taa mgby f`getf rdsls gt tfgt mam`bt. D h`cdh`h ab gmah`rgt` iarm ai pgrtdcdpgtdbn aos`rvgtdab, o`cgus` g p`rdah ai tfr`` mabtfsturb`h aut ta o` bat eabn `baunf ta dmm`rs` campe`tèy db hgdey edi` gbh iueeymgst`r `v`ry custam.

Xf` dbtrahuctary p`rdah D sp`bh get`rbgtdbn db tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry, tf`nu`stfaus` gbh tf` bubb`ry. Xf` b`xt mabtf gbh g fgei D hgdey mgh` tf` trdp tatf` bubb`ry, ta sp`bh tf` wfae` hgy tf`r` gbh sam`tdm`s g pgrt ai tf` `v`bdbn. Dbtfgt wgy D succ``h`h db tgldbn pgrt db tf` hgdey rautdb` ai edi` db tf` bubb`ry. Mygdm wgs ta ogegbc` tf` p`rsp`ctdv`s iram tf` dbsdh` gbh tf` autsdh`, tfus gcfd`v-dbn g saubh gbh nugrgbt``h wgy ai ngtf`rdbn dbiarmgtdab.

Aos`rvgtdab Sdt`s

Oatf tf` rèdndaus gbh tf` egy cammubdty ai Haegbkd gr` rgtf`r smgee, sa tfgt tf`pr`s`bc` ai g ^`st`rb`r ds qudt` cabspdcuaus. Nu`sts, faw`v`r, gr` r`nuegrey s``b

db tf` vdeegn`. Xf`y mgy s``l spdrdtuge h`vèapm`bt< tf`y mgy fgv` cam` ab o`-fgei ai suppartdv` prak`cts, ar vdsdtdbn tf`dr b`xt ai ldb db tf` mabgst`ry ar tf`vdeegn`.Gbh tf`r` ds g r`nuegr dbieux ai vdsdtars iram gee av`r tf` wareh. Gee ai tf`midbh sfèt`r db tf` nu`stfaus`, rub oy N`sf` Sabgm wfa trd`s ta idbh gb gbsw`r tagee b``hs gbh wdsf`s ai tf`s` t`mpargry dbfgodtgbts.

Ab grrdvge tf` gooat tgl`s cgr` ai m` gt idrst, out N`sf` Sabgm nrghugeey tgl`sav`r iram fdm.

Gb ghvgbtgn` ai o`dbn dbtrahuc`h gs g nu`st oy tf` gooat ds tfgt ab` idbhsmgby ap`b haars db tf` cammubdty. Ab tf` atf`r fgbh tf` gooats gutfardty ds sanr`gt tfgt ba ab` ds edlèy ta dnbar` fds wdsf`s.


36/100

38 - -

Gs g rue` tf` t`mpe` ds aii edmdts ta egym`b, gbh dbfgodtgbts ai tf` vdeegn`wdee bat `bt`r tf`r`. Out `st`rb`rs ha gbh ab barmge hgys tfds ds mar` ar e`sscabhab`h. Faw`v`r, wf`b sp`cdge c`r`mabd`s gr` ta o` p`riarm`h, `v`b curdausnu`sts gr` bat geeaw`h ta `bt`r tf` t`mpe`.

Xf` gooat r`nuegrey stdmuegt`h m` ta vdsdt tf` t`mpe`. D prì`rr`h ta ha tf`Lar-_g*, tf` wgel graubh tf` t`mpe`, `grey db tf` marbdbn db tf` campgby aisam` wam`b iram tf` vdeegn`.

Xf` mgdb t`mpe` gbh dts hdr`ct surraubhdbns gr` tf` hamgdb ai tf` mabls. G `st`rb wamgb gttrgcts g eat ai gtt`btdab gbh f`r m`rèy o`dbn tf`r` mdnft `m-ogrrgss pàpe`. Xf` t`mpe` caurts gr` edbl`h up wdtf tf` qugrt`rs ai tf` mablsgbh tf` pegc`s wf`r` tf`y fgv` tf`dr cegss`s. Xfgt ds wfy D fgh tf` i`èdbn tfgt dt

wgs bat g pegc` wf`r` D sfaueh edbn`r.D tfaunft dt o`st ta m``t tf` p`rsabs wfa w`r` ta dbiarm m` goaut edi` db

Haegbkd gbh dts ceadst`rs db tf` aiidc` ai tf` Oab. Xfgt s``m`h g igdrey bùtrge

get`rbgtdv`. Xf` raut` iram tf` nu`stfaus` ta tf` cabv`bt pgss`s tfraunf tf` vde-egn`, pgst tf` scfaae gbh tf` m`hdcge stgtdab. Git`r sam` tdm` tf` dbfgodtgbts aitf` vdeegn` nr`w gccustam`h ta m` gbh ghhr`ss`h m` gs Gbd-Eg. Gbd* ds tf` tdte`ta ghhr`ss g bub gbh Eg ds us`h iar nr``tdbn g r`sp`ct`h p`rsab. Abc` D pgss`h tfìdrst trgdbdbn pàpe` sgdhGbd-Eg, Gbd Nampg1, m`gbdbn gr` yau nadbn ta tf` cab-v`bt, sdst`r1 I`w pàpe` db tf` vdeegn` ha sp`gl @bnedsf, sa spabtgbàus cabtgcts

w`r` rgr`. Git`r sam` tdm` D m`t wdtf Xgsfd Xsama. Sf` fèp`h m` trgbsegtdbn tf`dbt`rvd`ws gbh o`cgm` gb dmpartgbt saurc` ai dbiarmgtdab. Gesa tf` igct tfgt f`rigmdey mar` ar e`ss taal m` db, mgh` wgeldbn goaut db tf` vdeegn` mar` `gsy. Xf`smgee sfaps, tf` kudc` ogr gbh tf` r`stgurgbt gt tf` `btrgbc` ai tf` vdeegn` w`r`

pegc`s wf`r` D caueh fgbn aut hdscr``tey ta wgtcf Xdo`tgb gbh Dbhdgb vdeegn` edi`dbt`rmdbne`.

Xgeldbn wdtf fgbhs gbh i``t D mgbgn`h ta n`t oy db tf` bubb`ry. Ab` ai tf`bubs hdh sp`gl @bnedsf qudt` wèe gbh D gm negh D caueh h`p`bh ab f`r wf`b dtcgm` ta ubh`rstgbh gee sarts ai `v`bts. Xf` bubs gr` us`h ta r`c`dv` vdsdtars gbhnudh` tf`m tfraunf tf` cabv`bt, s`rvdbn t`g gbh, di passdoe`, gbsw`rdbn qu`stdabs.Db tf` o`ndbbdbn my grrdvge gbh tgldbn pgrt db tf` hgdey rautdb`s ngv` rds` ta sam`cabiusdab, o`cgus` dt dnbar`h tf` wgy tf`y ièt ab` sfaueh gccammahgt` g nu`st.Xfds i`èdbn wgs gcc`btugt`h oy tf` `xtr`m` cdrcumstgbc`s tfgt hamdbgt`h myidrst p`rdah db tf` cabv`bt. @xtr`mèy f`gvy rgdbs wgsf`h gwgy g pgrt ai tf` ragh

ta tf` cabv`bt. Xf` idrst iaur w``ls ai my stgy tf` bubs must`r`h gb dmpr`ssdv`ìiart db uboeacldbn tf` ragh gbh r`stardbn gcc`ss ta tf` cabv`bt. Iar m`, o`dbn gpgrtdcdpgtdbn aos`rv`r, tfds m`gbt kadbdbn tf` warl iarc`. D fèp`h cgrrydbn stab`s,r`mavdbn tr``s eydbn gcrass tf` ragh, r`pgdrdbn fae`s. Gb ub`xp`ct`h sdtugtdab tfgtturb`h aut ta o` g v`ry naah wgy ai `grbdbn g pegc` db tf` t`gm.

Xf` usuge hgdey rfytfm ds c`btr`h graubh m`bdge cfar`s edl` caaldbn, ce`gb-dbn, tgldbn cgr` ai tf` tahhe`rs, cgrrydbn aut rèdndaus hutd`s db tf` t`mpe` edl`prgy`rs gbh rdtuges gbh hgdey cegss`s goaut suok`cts tgl`b iram tf` Lgbkur gbhXgbkur*.

Iar mgby bubs e`grbdbn Xdo`tgb gesa ds g hgdey r`turbdbn prgctdc`. Gpgrt iram

tfgt mucf tdm` ds h`vat`h ta sèi-stuhy.


37/100

30 |

Caee`ctdbn hgtg

G smgee gbh fgbhy batòaal, gewgys r`ghy iar scrdooedbn hawb sam` bat`s wgsab` ai tf` tfdbns D gewgys cgrrd`h wdtf m`. Atf`r tfdbns w`r` g p`bcde gbh g pghta mgl` sl`tcf`s ai sdtugtdabs. D warl`h aut tf` idèhwarl bat`s ta tf` m`mas

tfgt mgl` up tf` ogcloab` ai tfds tf`sds.Db ghhdtdab ta tf` hgdey bat`s ai tf` idèhwarl D l`pt g hdgry, wfdcf dbceuh`h

p`rsabge aos`rvgtdabs gbh i`èdbns. Gesa, D idee`h db g eanoaal, l``pdbn r`carh aiwfgt D hdh hurdbn tf` hgdey gbh wfgt D dbt`bh`h ta ha tf` b`xt hgy. ^dtf tf`s`bat`s D trd`h ta suppart my m`mary.

?.3.? Dbt`rvd`ws wdtf Bubs gbh wdtf Dbiarmgbts

Hdii`r`bt ldbhs ai dbt`rvd`ws mgy o` us`h db g r`s`grcf prak`ct, iram dbt`rvd`wswdtf e`ghdbn qu`stdabs ta dbt`rvd`ws wdtf wdh` ap`b qu`stdabs. D h`cdh`h ta us`

g nudh` (Fèh`bs & _`ysaa ?::0). Psdbn g nudh` r`qudr`s saedh gbh m`tdcueauspr`pgrgtdab. Xf` qu`stdabs gr` mgh` up db ghvgbc`, v`b oìar` stgrtdbn tf` idèh-

warl. Zr`pgrgtdab ha`sbt abey dbceuh` tf` suok`cts ai qu`stdabs, out mgy gesaègoargt` ab vgrdaus gsp`cts p`r suok`ct. Xf` nudh` ds bat kust g edst ai suok`cts arqu`stdabs goaut g suok`ct< dt gesa mgy dbceuh` tf` dbtrahuctdabs ta qu`stdabs gbhsp`cdiy tf` suok`cts. @v`b wfde` dbt`rvd`wdbn tf` gbsw`rs gr` gbgeys`h, sa tfgt tf`dbt`rvd`w`r mgy h`t`rmdb` wf`tf`r g suok`ct ds huey tr`gt`h.

Gbatf`r dmpartgbt r`gsab ta cfaas` iar warldbn wdtf g nudh` ds tfgt D fgh tarèy ab gb dbt`rpr`t`r ar trgbsegtar, gs D sp`gl b`dtf`r Fdbhu bar Xdo`tgb. Xf`b gnudh` `bsur`s g idb` structur`, wfdcf aii`rs tf` passdodedty ta upfaeh tf` iacus ai

tf` dbt`rvd`w db caap`rgtdab wdtf tf` dbt`rpr`t`r. @bnedsf wgs spal`b db tf` dbt`r-vd`ws wdtf tf` pramdb`bt m`mo`rs ai tf` cammubdty.

Caee`ctdbn hgtg

Oìar` e`gvdbn iar Haegbkd D s`t up gbh warl`h aut tf` dbt`rvd`w nudh`s iar oatftf` bubs gbh tf` l`y p`rsabs. Abc` db Haegbkd D w`bt tfraunf tf` dbt`rvd`w nudhìar tf` bubs wdtf Xgsfd Xsama, db arh`r ta cf`cl wf`tf`r tf`y idtt`h db wdtf tf`dr

wareh ai gbh vacgouegry.Xfgsfds camm`bts gbh r`mgrls prampt`h m` ta r`vd`w c`rtgdb qu`stdabs,

db pgrtdcuegr tf` dbtrahuctdabs ai c`rtgdb suok`ct turb`h aut ta o` taa campe`x.Abc` w` gnr``h D trgbsegt`h tf` dbt`rvd`w dbta @bnedsf. Xf` dbt`rvd`w nudh` iartf` bubs fgs iaur ceust`rs;

Z`rsabge ogclnraubh gbh sacdge s`ttdbn db tf` caubtry ai ardndb.Dbt`rgctdab o`tw``b tf` odanrgpfy gbh `bt`rdbn tf` cabv`bt.Dbt`rgctdab o`tw``b hgdey edi` db tf` cabv`bt gbh iutur` prasp`cts._dtuge prgxds gbh dbt`nrgtdab db hgdey edi`.

Xf` iaur ceust`rs ai tf` dbt`rvd`w nudh` iar l`y p`rsabs gr`;Z`rsabge ogclnraubhFdstary ai tf` bub dbsdh` tf` Oab

Zr`s`bt sdtugtdab ai tf` bub dbsdh` tf` Oab

7.?.3.8.

7.?.

3.


38/100

39 - -

Iutur` prasp`cts ai cabv`bts dbsdh` tf` Oab gbh _`hbg M`bedbn dbpgrtdcuegr

Git`rwgrhs D mgh` trgbscrdptdabs ai tf` hdndtgeey r`carh`h dbt`rvd`ws. Hurdbn mystgy db Haegbkd D dbt`rvd`w`h 76 bubs gbh 6 pramdb`bt m`mo`rs.

?.8 Xf` nraup db _`s`grcf

^fde` pr`pgrdbn tf` idèhwarl, dt o`cgm` `vdh`bt tfgt tf` nraup D wgs goaut tar`s`grcf wgs bat nadbn ta o` r`strdct`h ta tf` bubs ai _`hbg M`bedbn. Xa ngdb db-sdnft db tf` pasdtdab ai bubs dbsdh` tf` cammubdty D gesa fgh ta dbt`rvd`w sam`pramdb`bt m`mo`rs. Xf`s` w`r` gee N`sf`s, faehdbn vgrdaus pasdtdabs gbh iubc-tdabs dbsdh` tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry.

Gt tf` tdm` ai my idèhwarl tf` bubb`ry bumo`r`h 8> dbfgodtgbts, 74 ai wfaw`r` r`clab`h ta o` wdtfdb tf` edmdts ai my r`s`grcf qu`stdab. Xf` nraup o`tw``b

8 gbh gppraxdmgtèy 79 y`grs, tfaunf edvdbn db tf` bubb`ry, na ta scfaae gbh fgv`bat tgl`b vaws. Git`r idbdsfdbn scfaae tf`s` cfdehr`b db prdbcdpe` fgv` tf` cfadc`ta apt iar g s`cuegr edi`.

Mast ai tf` cfdehr`b w`r` ndv`b dbta tf` cgr` ai tf` cabv`bt oy tf`dr pgr`btsar règtdv`s. Xfr`` èh`r bubs, gn`h o`tw``b 9: gbh 6:, dbdtdgeey fgh g s`cuegr edi`,gbh abey hdh cfaas` iar edi` db tf` cabv`bt gt g rdp` gn`. Xwa ai tf`s` wam`b haba edv` dbsdh` tf` cabv`bt. Ab` edv`s ab f`r awb, tf` atf`r edv`s wdtf f`r sab, gmabl fdmsèi, b`xt ta tf` cabv`bt. Xf` tfdrh bub, tfaunf edvdbn dbsdh` tf` cab-v`bt, ha`s bat tgl` pgrt db dts hgdey rautdb`s, sucf gs m`bdge cfar`s gbh cegss`s.

^fgt r`mgdbs ds g nraup ai 74 bubs, gn`h o`tw``b 70 gbh 8:, edvdbn p`rmg-

b`btey db tf` cabv`bt gbh igmdedgr wdtf tf` tf`m` ai my r`s`grcf.

?.8.7 Campasdtdab, Ogclnraubhs gbh Hgdey Edi`

Git`r sartdbn aut tf` h`tgdes ai tf` bubs, D gm gmgz`h ta bh aut tfgt gemastgee ai tf`m cam` iram B`pge. Bat ab` ai tf` bubs fgs g do`tgb ogclnraubh. D

i`è cabius`h. ^fgt hdh D lbaw goaut tf` Oab db B`pge, git`r gee1 Bat mucf, tao` fab`st.6

Ai tf` 74 bubs db tfds nraup 7> gr` iram tf` B`pge`s` Haepa pravdbc`. Xf` atf`rtwa w`r` oarb db Ldbbaar, Dbhdg. Gbh tf`b tf`r` ds ab` bub wfa turbs aut bat ta

o` db tf` cabv`bt gt gee. Xf` mgbgn`m`bt r`parts tfgt sf` w`bt ogcl ta B`pge taeaal git`r f`r sdcl igtf`r. Xf` atf`r bubs, faw`v`r, tèe m` tfgt sf` r`turb`h fam`gbh ds bat edlèy ta cam` ogcl.

6 Idèhbat`s, 70 Gunust ?::>.

8.

Ba hucgtdab ^`bt ta scfaae ubtde 6 y`grs ^`bt ta scfaae ubtde 7? y`grs

Nrghugt`h iram s`cabhgry

scfaae

4 7 > 7

Xgoe` ?.>; @hucgtdab


39/100

3> |

Xf` yaubn`st bub `bt`r`h tf` cabv`bt gt 78, tf` aeh`st wf`b sf` wgs 33 y`grsaeh. Gpgrt iram tf` ab` wfa nrghugt`h iram s`cabhgry scfaae gee bubs sgy tfgttf`y fgh o``b fèpdbn aut gt fam`, warldbn ab tf` idèhs (gnrdcuetur` gbh hgdryigrmdbn) ar fèpdbn db rubbdbn tf` faus`faeh. Gee fgh w`r` gssdnb`h tgsls db tf`

faus`, taal cgr` ai yaubn`r sdst`rs gbh oratf`rs ar ai g pgr`bt wfa stgy`h o`fdbhgit`r hdvarc` ar tf` h`gtf ai g pgrtb`r. Bab` ai tf` wam`b dbhdcgt`h fgvdbn fghg règtdab oìar` `bt`rdbn tf` cabv`bt.4

Xf` matf`r tabnu` ai tf` mgkardty ai tf` bubs ds Xdo`tgb ar tf` Xdo`tgb hdg-e`ct spal`b db ab` ai tf` r`ndabs ai Haepa. Gee B`pge`s` bubs stgt` tfgt tf`y gr`mar` ar e`ss ieu`bt db Fdbhd.

Db Haegbkd bubs gr` ghhr`ss`h gbh ghhr`ss `gcf atf`r gs Gbd. Xf` warh Gbdrì`rs ta gb gubt db tf` igmdey ai tf` igtf`r. Db Xdo`t, wf`r` D vdsdt`h g bub-b`ry db ?::9, tf` tdte` ai g bub ds kama, rì`rrdbn ta tf` i`mge` f`gh ai g igmdey,ar g mdstr`ss ai tf` faus`, `mpeaydbn g s`rvgbt. Xf` aiidcdge Xdo`tgb tdte` iar g

iueey arhgdb`h bub ds Nèabnmg< g wamgb arhgdb`h ta o` g bavdc` ds ghhr`ss`hgs N`tsuemg. Xdo`tgb Ouhhfdsm gesa us`s tf` tdte` Ofdlsubd, wfdcf rì`rs ta gOuhhfdst bub wfa ds arhgdb`h db Xdo`tgb Ouhhfdsm.

Xf` wam`b D fgv` dbt`rvd`w`h fgv` gee tgl`b tf` N`b`y`b* vaws, tf` `dnftogsdc vaws. Xwa ai tf`m fgh gesa tgl`b tf` ?0 Xsgbn Xsun* vaws. Gee db gee tf`r`gr` iaur hdii`r`bt ldbh ai vaws; tf` By` b` vaws - tf` prdmgry vaws gesa tgl`b oyegym`b, tf` N`b`y`b vaws tgl`b oy g mabl ar bub wf`b arhgdb`h, tf` XsgbnXsun vaws - gb `xt`bsdab ai tf` ogsdc vaws gbh g sp`cdge pegc` ds ndv`b ta tf`Hrgbn Sabn, tf` ?83 vaws mabls tgl`, gbh ta tf` 39: vaws ai tf` Nèabn, wfdcfgr` tgl`b oy bubs. Gee vaws gr` egdh hawb db tf` Ydbgyg*, tf` syst`m ai rue`s

mabls gbh bubs edv` oy. Db _`hbg M`bedbn bab` ai tf` bubs fgh (y`t) tgl`b geetf` vaws.

Zrdar ta tgldbn tf` vaws tf` f`gh ai g bub ar mabl ds sfgv`b. Gs eabn gs gwamgb stgys db tf` cabv`bt sf` wdee w`gr f`r fgdr sfart, gs ha tf` cfdehr`b wfagr` ndv`b db tf` cgr` ai tf` cabv`bt. Ab `bt`rdbn tf` cabv`bt tf` wam`b r`c`dv`tf`dr rao`, cabsdstdbn ai gb ubh`rsldrt gbh sfdrt, gbh gb av`r sfdrt gbh sldrt. G

wrgp gesa oèabns ta tf` bubs stgbhgrh gttdr`. ^f`b gtt`bhdbn scfaae, tf` cfde-

4 Sam`tdm`s tf` gn` dbhdcgt`h e`ghs ta cabiusdab, ab tf` ab` fgbh o`cgus` tf` Xdo`tgb syst`m aicaubtdbn, stgrtdbn wdtf tf` mam`bt ai cabc`ptdab dbst`gh ai tf` mam`bt ai odrtf, ab tf` atf`rfgbh o`cgus` tf` r`ndst`r`h gn` hdh bat gewgys wgs tf` igctuge gn`. Sam` bubs sgdh tf`y w`r` aeh`rtfgb tf` afficdge r`ndstrgtdab. D fgv` us`h tf` gn` ndv`b oy tf` bubs tf`msèv`s.

Xgoe` ?.6; Gn` nraups4

8: y`grs gbh mar` Iram ?3 ta 8: y`grs Iram 79 ta ?? y`grs 70 y`grs

7 ? 78 7

Oab igmdey

Mdx`h Oab/Ouhhfdst

(matf`r Oab, igtf`r Ouhhfdst)

Bydgmgpg (aeh`st Ouhhfdst

s`ct, v`ry sdmdegr ta tf` Oab)

Ouhhfdst (bat oèabndbn ta g

sp`cdc h`bamdbgtdab)

4 7 9 3

Xgoe` ?.4; _èdndaus ogclnraubh


40/100

36 - -

hr`b w`gr g ubdiarm. Autsdh` scfaae, tgldbn pgrt db s`rvdc`s db tf` t`mpe` ar wf`bcgrrydbn aut rdtuges, tf`y gr` hr`ss`h mabgstdcgeey.

Xf` mabgstdc hr`ss cah` fgs hdii`r`bt rue`s iar wdbt`r gbh summ`r. Xf` wdbt`rs`gsab iarmgeey stgrts ab 7 H`c`mo`r, out o`cgus` ai tf` `xpasur` ai tf` cabv`bt

tf` wdbt`r rao` usugeey gpp`grs db tf` gutumb. Xf` gutumb db Haegbkd ds ait`bcaeh gbh w`t.

Xf` Ydbgyg h`cr``s tfgt mabls gbh bubs sfaueh l``p tf`dr ngrm`bts ce`gbgbh tdhy gbh gr` r`spabsdoe` iar b`w ceatf`s tf`msèv`s. Xf`y usugeey `grb tf`mab`y b``h`h oy sgydbn prgy`rs gbh cgrrydbn aut rdtuges. Gs g rue` g igmdey wdeesuppart dts rèdndaus m`mo`rs, di tf`y fgv` suiidcd`bt m`gbs. Xfds ds tf` cgs` wdtfsam` ai tf` B`pge`s` bubs. Xf` Xdo`tgb nav`rbm`bt supped`s g sum ai mab`y iarmabls gbh bubs tfgt fgv` ie`h iram Xdo`t. Ab rèdndaus faey hgys gee mabls gbhbubs r`c`dv` 0: rup``s iram tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry.

Xf`s` rue`s gesa gppey ta tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry gbh abey db sp`cdge cgs`s tf`

mabgst`ry wdee e`bh suppart. Db cgs` ai tf` bubs ai _`hbg M`bedbn, faw`v`r,tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry supped`s gee tf`dr b``hs, ceatf`s dbceuh`h. Xfds ds g sp`cdgegrrgbn`m`bt.

Gbatf`r passdodedty ds tfgt g bub ds ghapt`h oy g spabsar. Dt m`gbs tfgt tf`spabsar habgt`s g mabtfey sum ta tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry. Gs g rue` tf`s` habg-tdabs gr` bat us`h iar tf` o`bìdt ai ab` p`rsab, out ta cav`r n`b`rge `xp`bs`s. Dtds up ta tf` spabsar ta cr`gt` g p`rsabge règtdabsfdp wdtf tf` bub db qu`stdab,tfraunf e`tt`rs ar oy camdbn ta m``t f`r. Oudehdbn prak`cts gbh egrn` pgym`btsusugeey idbgbc`h ar pgdh iar oy iubhs caee`ct`h goragh oy ab` ai tf` bum`rausOab Iaubhgtdabs. Hurdbn my idèhwarl oudehdbn gctdvdtd`s iar tf` bubs camprds`h

b`w se``pdbn qugrt`rs, g tfgbnlg* warlsfap gbh g s`wdbn sfap.Pbtde baw mast bubs se``p db g egrn` harmdtary, tan`tf`r wdtf tf` scfaaecfde-

hr`b. Sam` bubs fgv` smgee`r raams, wfdcf tf`y sfgr` wdtf twa ar tfr`` cfdehr`b.Xf`r` gr` i`w, di gby, pegc`s wf`r` tf`y cgb r`tdr`, o`cgus` tf` t`rrgdb surraubhdbntf` cabv`bt ds règtdvèy smgee.

Db tf` p`rdah ai my idèhwarl tf` bubs w`r` mgdbey accupd`h e`grbdbn tf`prgxds ai Cfgmmg*, tf` eavdbn matf`r, ab` ai tf` mast dmpartgbt nahh`ss-`s db tf` Oab. Sf` ds tf` matf`r ai gee `bednft`b`h o`dbns db tf` tfr`` tdm`s;pgst, pr`s`bt gbh iutur`. Cfgmmg ds gesa cgee`h Tum Cf`b Sf`rgo Cfgmmg, gbhsf` ds lbawb ta fgv` g tatge ai ?7 hdii`r`bt mgbdi`stgtdabs. Xan`tf`r tf`s` gr`

cgee`h Cfgmmg By`r Cfdn (Hglpg ?::3, 7?7). Xf` prgxds ai Cfgmmg camprds`se`grbdbn ta r`cdt` tf` t`xts gbh prgy`rs oèabndbn ta tf` ?7 mgbdi`stgtdabs aiCfgmmg. Gb dmpartgbt è`m`bt ai tf` prgxds ds e`grbdbn ta r`cdt` tf` sa-cgee`hf`grt mgbtrgs.

^f`b nrawdbn up bab` ai tf` bubs db my r`s`grcf nraup fgh r`nuegr cabtgctwdtf tf` mabgstdc trghdtdab. Xfgt ds wfy tf`dr trgdbdbn ds bat abey goaut tf` rèd-ndaus suok`cts, out gesa `xpegdbs tf` tgsls iaubh db g mabgstdc trghdtdab. Xf` tgslsta o` iueidee`h gr`;


41/100


42/100

8: - -

E`ss aiidcdge, out bat e`ss dmpartgbt gr` hutd`s edl` ap`rgtdbn tf` idrst gdh past

gbh wgtcfdbn av`r tf` m`hdcge supped`s. Xf`s` tgsls ratgt` gbh gr` tgl`b ab iar gy`gr. Xf` bub gccaubtgoe` iar g c`rtgdb tgsl ds gewgys gssdst`h oy g s`cabh p`rsab.

^fdcf tgsl g bub n`ts ds h`cdh`h oy ogeeat. Gee bubs gbh ndres av`r 78 y`grs wdeevat`, db g prac`hur` sup`rvds`h oy tf` Egmg gbh g cammdtt`` ai tfr`` wds` wam`biram tf` vdeegn`. Xf` Egmg eaals git`r tf` pranrgm ai tf` hgdey cegss`s ai tf` bubs,out Fds Faedb`ss ds r`spabsdoe` iar tf`dr rèdndaus trgdbdbn. Xf` cammdtt`` ai tf`tfr`` wds` wam`b gesa av`rs``s hgdey giigdrs db tf` cabv`bt, mar` ar e`ss gs g ldbhai sup`rvdsdbn oahy. Hurdbn tf` tdm` D stgy`h db tf` cabv`bt D hdh bat e`grb talbaw tf`m, o`cgus` ai deeb`ss ar o`cgus` tf`y stgy`h autsdh` Haegbkd.

Bubs wfa ha bat fgv` g sp`cdge tgsl, tgl` turbs wf`b dt cam`s ta hgdey rau-

tdb`s, sucf gs pr`pgrdbn tf` m`ges ai mgldbn t`g. Xf` iaah ds supped`h oy M`brdMabgst`ry< gs g rue` tf` m`ges gr` sao`r gbh v`n`tgrdgb. Ir`sf mdel ds `v`ry hgygvgdegoe` ab tf` igrm, b`xt ta tf` mabgst`ry. Xf` igrm, rub oy twa Dbhdgb igmd-ed`s, gesa supped`s v`n`tgoe`s.

Xfr`` bubs gr` trgdb`h gt tf` mabgst`ry ta o`cam` Xfgbnlg pgdbt`rs. Xfgbnlgsgr` pgdbt`h r`pr`s`btgtdabs ai sgdbts iram tf` Oab pgbtfàb. Db tf` mabtfs D edv`hdb Haegbkd mucf ìiart wgs put db tf` cabstructdab ai g oudehdbn tfgt `v`btugeeyds ta o`cam` tf` warlsfap iar Xfgbnlg pgdbtdbn.

Idnur` ?.7?; Pmts` e`gh`r ai prgy`rs


43/100

87 |

Ab` ai tf` èh`r bubs eaals git`r tf` smgee cfdehr`b gbh wècam`s tf` nu`sts.Xfr`` bubs fgv` fgh idrst gdh trgdbdbn gbh gr` qugedid`h ta tr`gt mdbar dbkurd`sgbh f`getf praoe`ms.

Xfds ds g n`b`rge pdctur` ai g rèdndaus cammubdty db `xde`. Db tf` o`ndbbdbn

tf` cammubdty hdh bat gccammahgt` bubs. Abey g i`w y`grs gna praidedbn gmabgstdc trghdtdab iar wam`b stgrt`h ta r`c`dv` gtt`btdab iar tf` idrst tdm`. ^fyha wam`b prai`ss, faw ha tf`y `xp`rd`bc` hgdey edi` db g bubb`ry1 ^fgt caeaurstf`s` règtdabs gbh faw gbh db wfgt wgy ha tf`y dbieu`bc` `gcf atf`r1 Xf`s` suo-

k`cts D wdee tr`gt `xt`bsdvèy db tf` cfgpt`rs ta cam`.


44/100


45/100

83 |

Cfgpt`r 3

_`gsabs ta prai`ss | ^fgt mgl`s g

yaubn wamgb o`cam` g bub1

3.7 Dbtrahuctdab

Xf` cabtdbudbn edb` db tf` dbt`rvd`ws wdtf tf` bubs ds mgh` up ai tfr`` suok`cts;p`rsabge edi` stary

matdv`s ta `bt`r tf` cabv`bt`xp`ctgtdabs

Cfgpt`r 3 iacus`s ab wfgt mgl`s g yaubn wamgb h`cdh` ta prai`ss, gbh wfgt sf``xp`cts iram g edi` gs g bub. Cfgpt`r 8 fdnfednfts edi` db g cammubdty ai bubs, gbhtf` dbt`rgctdabs o`tw``b tf` bubb`ry gbh tf` M`brd Mabgst`ry gbh wdtf tf` egycammubdty. Out tf` gtt`btdab gesa taucf`s ab tf` iutur` `xp`ctgtdabs ai tf` bubsgbh faw tf`s` `xp`ctgtdabs rìe`ct tf` `xde`h Oab cammubdty gbh tf` règtdabs aitf` bubs wdtf tf` wareh graubh tf`m.

^fde` pr`pgrdbn iar my idèhwarl my vd`ws w`r` strabney dbieu`bc`h oy wfgtD lb`w gbh fgh r`gh sa igr goaut wam`b db gbh iram Xdo`t. Gee stard`s goaut

wam`b è`vgt`h wgy goav` gbh o`yabh hgdey edi`; faey wam`b. Xf`y gr` ubdquò`cgus` ai tf` edi` tf`y fgv` e`h ar o`cgus` ai tf`dr xtrgar

van de belt 2010 - ani-la. the nuns from redna menling

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