vamc/st louis university slums john e morley geriatrics saint louis university grecc st louis vamc
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VAMC/ST LOUIS UNIVERSITYSLUMS
John E MorleyGeriatrics
Saint Louis UniversityGRECC
St Louis VAMC
“Memory is a passionno less powerful or pervasive
than love.”
Elie Wiesel “All Rivers Run to the Sea”
“Memory is a passionno less powerful or pervasive
than love.”
Elie Wiesel “All Rivers Run to the Sea”
Dementia PrevalenceDementia Prevalence
8% over 65 years + 8% MCI
47% at 85 years
8% over 65 years + 8% MCI
47% at 85 years
The Economics of DementiaThe Economics of Dementia
Total Costs = $100 BILLION annually
Individual excess lifetime costs = $170,000
Patients in nursing homes with Alzheimer’s disease are more expensive to look after than those not afflicted .
Total Costs = $100 BILLION annually
Individual excess lifetime costs = $170,000
Patients in nursing homes with Alzheimer’s disease are more expensive to look after than those not afflicted .
Mild Cognitive Impairment Complaints and objective evidence of
memory problems
No defects in ADLs
Abnormal memory for age
Not demented
Not depressed
Mild Cognitive Impairment Complaints and objective evidence of
memory problems
No defects in ADLs
Abnormal memory for age
Not demented
Not depressed
(Winblad et al; J Int Med. 2004)(Winblad et al; J Int Med. 2004)
Mild Cognitive Impairment
OUTCOMES
Mild Cognitive Impairment
OUTCOMES
o Poor functional recovery from major event
o 30% dead within 5 years
o 30% develop Alzheimer’s disease within 5 years
o Poor functional recovery from major event
o 30% dead within 5 years
o 30% develop Alzheimer’s disease within 5 years
Mild Cognitive Impairment
is NOT BENIGN
Mild Cognitive Impairment
is NOT BENIGN
Mild Cognitive ImpairmentWHO PROGRESSES?
Mild Cognitive ImpairmentWHO PROGRESSES?
• Small hippocampal volumes
• Decreased blood flow to posterior cingulate gyrus
• Increased CSF tau protein and decreased beta- amyloid (1-42)
• Small hippocampal volumes
• Decreased blood flow to posterior cingulate gyrus
• Increased CSF tau protein and decreased beta- amyloid (1-42)
Families and physicians fail to recognize dementia.
50% of persons with mild to moderate dementia have not been diagnosed
Mini-Mental Status ExaminationFolstein et al. 1975
1. Educationally dependent
2. Both false positives and false negatives
3. Minimal testing of visuospatial system
Mini-Mental Status ExaminationFolstein et al. 1975
1. Educationally dependent
2. Both false positives and false negatives
3. Minimal testing of visuospatial system
How clouds are transformed into fried How clouds are transformed into fried eggseggs
Maurer K, Froehlich L. How clouds are transformed into fried eggs. Alzheimer Insights, 2000, 6: 4-7
Carolus Horn
William Untermohlen - self-William Untermohlen - self-portraitsportraits
22 22
22 21
13 17
Crutch SJ, Isaacs R, Rossor MN. Some workmen can blame their tool: artistic changes in an individual with Alzheimer disease. Lancet, 2001, 357:2129
METHODSMETHODS
705 veterans705 veterans
Age 60 or olderAge 60 or older
DSM IV for mild neurocognitive disorderDSM IV for mild neurocognitive disorder
or dementiaor dementia
MMSE and SLUMS MMSE and SLUMS
Descriptive Data by Education and Descriptive Data by Education and Cognitive Status (DSM-IV)Cognitive Status (DSM-IV)Less Than High SchoolLess Than High School High School or MoreHigh School or More
Normal Normal (n=137)(n=137)
MNCD MNCD (n=50)(n=50)
DementiDementia (n=27)a (n=27)
Normal Normal (n=303)(n=303)
MNCD MNCD (n=130)(n=130)
DementiDementia (n=55)a (n=55)
Age, Age, mean mean (SD)(SD)
74.6 74.6 (5.2)(5.2)
77.8 77.8 (6.0)(6.0)
79.1 79.1 (6.7)(6.7)
74.2 74.2 (5.0)(5.0)
75.6 75.6 (5.6)(5.6)
77.8 77.8 (5.1)(5.1)
SLUMS, SLUMS, mean mean (SD)(SD)
25.7 25.7 (2.8)(2.8)
20.2 20.2 (2.4)(2.4)
11.3 11.3 (5.1)(5.1)
26.9 26.9 (2.0)(2.0)
22.3 22.3 (2.1)(2.1)
14.9 14.9 (5.2)(5.2)
MMSE, MMSE, mean mean (SD)(SD)
28.6 28.6 (1.7)(1.7)
27.3 27.3 (2.4)(2.4)
21.0 21.0 (7.4)(7.4)
29.0 29.0 (1.3)(1.3)
28.2 28.2 (1.7)(1.7)
23.0 23.0 (5.0)(5.0)
SLUMSSLUMStooktook
7 minutes 7 minutes toto
completecomplete
Cut-Off Score for Mild Neurocognitive Impairment Cut-Off Score for Mild Neurocognitive Impairment (MNCD) in Patients with Less Than High School (MNCD) in Patients with Less Than High School
EducationEducationCut-OffCut-Off
Test/Test/CategoryCategory
Score (Score (≤)≤) SensitivitSensitivityy
SpecificitSpecificityy
PPV*PPV* NPV*NPV*
SLUMS/MNCDSLUMS/MNCD 19.519.5 .040.040 0.980.98 0.910.91 0.820.82
20.520.5 0.560.56 0.960.96 0.820.82 0.860.86
21.521.5 0.700.70 0.910.91 0.740.74 0.890.89
22.522.5 0.780.78 0.860.86 0.670.67 0.910.91
23.523.5 0.920.92 0.810.81 0.640.64 0.970.97
24.524.5 0.960.96 0.740.74 0.570.57 0.980.98
25.525.5 1.001.00 0.550.55 0.450.45 1.001.00
26.526.5 1.001.00 0.400.40 0.380.38 1.001.00
27.527.5 1.001.00 0.290.29 0.340.34 1.001.00
MMSE/MNCDMMSE/MNCD 21.021.0 0.020.02 1.001.00 1.01.0 0.740.74
22.522.5 0.040.04 1.001.00 1.01.0 0.740.74
23.523.5 0.040.04 0.990.99 0.750.75 0.740.74
24.524.5 0.200.20 0.960.96 0.620.62 0.770.77
25.525.5 0.240.24 0.920.92 0.520.52 0.770.77
26.526.5 0.300.30 0.870.87 0.450.45 0.770.77
27.527.5 0.460.46 0.790.79 0.440.44 0.800.80
28.528.5 0.600.60 0.650.65 0.380.38 0.820.82
29.529.5 0.820.82 0.390.39 0.330.33 0.860.86
*PPV= positive predictive value; NPV= negative predictive value
ROC FOR MNCD FOR LESS THAN HIGH SCHOOL
Cut-Off Scores for Dementia in Patients with Less Cut-Off Scores for Dementia in Patients with Less Than High School EducationThan High School Education
Cut-OffCut-Off
Test/Test/CategoryCategory
Score (Score (≤)≤) SensitivitSensitivityy
SpecificitSpecificityy
PPV*PPV* NPV*NPV*
SLUMS/MNCDSLUMS/MNCD 15.015.0 0.740.74 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.950.95
16.516.5 0.850.85 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.970.97
17.517.5 0.890.89 0.980.98 0.920.92 0.980.98
18.518.5 0.930.93 0.980.98 0.930.93 0.980.98
19.519.5 1.001.00 0.980.98 0.930.93 1.001.00
20.520.5 1.001.00 0.960.96 0.820.82 1.001.00
21.521.5 1.001.00 0.910.91 0.690.69 1.001.00
22.522.5 1.001.00 0.860.86 0.590.59 1.001.00
23.523.5 1.001.00 0.810.81 0.510.51 1.001.00
MMSE/MNCDMMSE/MNCD 21.521.5 0.370.37 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.890.89
22.522.5 0.410.41 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.900.90
23.523.5 0.560.56 0.990.99 0.940.94 0.920.92
24.524.5 0.630.63 0.960.96 0.740.74 0.930.93
25.525.5 0.780.78 0.920.92 0.660.66 0.950.95
26.526.5 0.810.81 0.870.87 0.550.55 0.960.96
27.527.5 0.850.85 0.790.79 0.440.44 0.960.96
28.528.5 0.890.89 0.650.65 0.330.33 0.970.97
29.529.5 1.001.00 0.390.39 0.250.25 1.001.00*PPV= positive predictive value; NPV= negative predictive value
ROC FOR DEMENTIA WITH LESS THAN HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION
Cut-Off Score for Mild Neurocognitive Impairment Cut-Off Score for Mild Neurocognitive Impairment (MNCD) in Patients with High School Education or (MNCD) in Patients with High School Education or
MoreMoreCut-OffCut-Off
Test/Test/CategoryCategory
Score (Score (≤)≤) SensitivitSensitivityy
SpecificitSpecificityy
PPV*PPV* NPV*NPV*
SLUMS/MNCDSLUMS/MNCD 21.521.5 038038 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.750.75
22.522.5 0.550.55 0.990.99 1.001.00 0.790.79
23.523.5 0.680.68 0.950.95 0.960.96 0.840.84
24.524.5 0.850.85 0.870.87 0.850.85 0.870.87
25.525.5 0.950.95 0.760.76 0.740.74 0.930.93
26.526.5 0.980.98 0.610.61 0.630.63 0.990.99
27.527.5 0.990.99 0.420.42 0.520.52 0.990.99
28.528.5 1.001.00 0.220.22 0.420.42 0.990.99
29.529.5 1.001.00 0.120.12 0.350.35 1.001.00
MMSE/MNCDMMSE/MNCD 23.523.5 0.030.03 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.710.71
24.524.5 0.050.05 0.990.99 0.640.64 0.710.71
25.525.5 0.080.08 0.980.98 0.650.65 0.710.71
26.526.5 0.140.14 0.930.93 0.470.47 0.720.72
27.527.5 0.270.27 0.860.86 0.450.45 0.730.73
28.528.5 0.450.45 0.760.76 0.430.43 0.760.76
29.529.5 0.750.75 0.480.48 0.380.38 0.820.82
*PPV= positive predictive value; NPV= negative predictive value
ROC FOR MNCD AND HIGH SCHOOL
Cut-Off Score for Dementia in Patients with High Cut-Off Score for Dementia in Patients with High School Education or MoreSchool Education or More
Cut-OffCut-Off
Test/Test/CategoryCategory
Score (Score (≤)≤) SensitivitSensitivityy
SpecificitSpecificityy
PPV*PPV* NPV*NPV*
SLUMS/MNCDSLUMS/MNCD 17.517.5 0.580.58 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.930.93
18.518.5 0.780.78 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.960.96
19.519.5 0.930.93 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.990.99
20.520.5 0.960.96 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.990.99
21.521.5 0.980.98 1.001.00 1.001.00 1.001.00
22.522.5 0.980.98 0.990.99 0.950.95 1.001.00
23.523.5 0.980.98 0.950.95 0.770.77 1.001.00
24.524.5 0.980.98 0.870.87 0.580.58 1.001.00
25.525.5 0.980.98 0.760.76 0.420.42 1.001.00
MMSE/MNCDMMSE/MNCD 21.521.5 0.270.27 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.880.88
22.522.5 0.380.38 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.900.90
23.523.5 0.450.45 1.001.00 1.001.00 0.910.91
24.524.5 0.530.53 0.990.99 0.880.88 0.920.92
25.525.5 0.670.67 0.980.98 0.860.86 0.940.94
26.526.5 0.760.76 0.930.93 0.680.68 0.960.96
27.527.5 0.890.89 0.860.86 0.530.53 0.980.98
28.528.5 0.940.94 0.750.75 0.400.40 0.990.99
29.529.5 0.960.96 0.480.48 0.250.25 0.990.99*PPV= positive predictive value; NPV= negative predictive value
ROC FOR DEMENTIA WITH HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION
SLUMS Item Discrimination as a Function of Education and Cognitive Status SLUMS Item Discrimination as a Function of Education and Cognitive Status (DSM-IV(DSM-IV))
Less Than High SchoolLess Than High School High School or MoreHigh School or More
MNCDMNCD DementiaDementia MNCDMNCD DementiaDementia
SLUMS ItemsSLUMS Items Area under Area under Curve (95% Curve (95% CI)*CI)*
PP Area under Area under Curve (95% Curve (95% CI)*CI)*
PP Area under Area under Curve (95% Curve (95% CI)*CI)*
PP Area under Area under Curve (95% Curve (95% CI)*CI)*
PP
Day of the weekDay of the week 0.51 (0.42-0.51 (0.42-0.61)0.61)
0.830.83 0.65 (0.52-0.65 (0.52-0.780.78
<.05<.05 0.51 (0.45-0.57)0.51 (0.45-0.57) 0.740.74 0.61 (0.52-0.70)0.61 (0.52-0.70) <.05<.05
YearYear 0.52 (0.42-0.52 (0.42-0.620.62
0.680.68 0.59 (0.46-0.59 (0.46-0.72)0.72)
0.130.13 0.51 (0.45-0.57)0.51 (0.45-0.57) 0.840.84 0.57 (0.48-0.66)0.57 (0.48-0.66) 0.090.09
StateState 0.50 (0.41-0.50 (0.41-0.59)0.59)
1.001.00 0.56 (0.43-0.56 (0.43-0.68)0.68)
0.360.36 0.50 (0.44-0.56)0.50 (0.44-0.56) 1.001.00 0.54 (0.46-0.63)0.54 (0.46-0.63) 0.280.28
Calculation Story problem Calculation Story problem money spentmoney spent
0.52 (0.42-0.52 (0.42-0.61)0.61)
0.690.69 0.67 (0.55-0.67 (0.55-0.80)0.80)
<.01<.01 0.53 (0.47-0.59)0.53 (0.47-0.59) 0.360.36 0.62 )(0.52-0.62 )(0.52-0.71)0.71)
<.01<.01
Money LeftMoney Left 0.57 *0.47-0.57 *0.47-0.66)0.66)
0.160.16 0.78 (0.67-0.78 (0.67-0.89)0.89)
<.00<.0011
0.57 (0.51-0.63)0.57 (0.51-0.63) <.05<.05 0.71 (0.62-0.79)0.71 (0.62-0.79) <.00<.0011
Animal namingAnimal naming 0.62 (0.53-0.62 (0.53-0.71)0.71)
<.01<.01 0.85 (0.77-0.85 (0.77-0.94)0.94)
<.00<.0011
0.66 (0.60-0.72)0.66 (0.60-0.72) <.00<.0011
0.84 (0.77-0.91)0.84 (0.77-0.91) <.00<.0011
Delayed recall -5 objectsDelayed recall -5 objects 0.74 (0.66-0.74 (0.66-0.82)0.82)
<.001<.001 0.91 (0.86-0.91 (0.86-0.96)0.96)
<.00<.0011
0.75 (0.70-0.80)0.75 (0.70-0.80) <.00<.0011
0.92 (0.87-0.96)0.92 (0.87-0.96) <.00<.0011
Digit SpanDigit Span 0.65 (0.56-0.65 (0.56-0.74)0.74)
<.01<.01 0.72 (061-0.72 (061-0.84)0.84)
<.00<.0011
0.63 (0.57-0.69)0.63 (0.57-0.69) <.00<.0011
0.80 (0.736-0.80 (0.736-0.87)0.87)
<.00<.0011
Clock drawing- NumbersClock drawing- Numbers 0.54 (0.45-0.54 (0.45-0.64)0.64)
0.350.35 0.81 (0.72-0.81 (0.72-0.91)0.91)
<.00<.0011
0.56 (0.50-0.62)0.56 (0.50-0.62) <.05<.05 0.70(0.62-0.78)0.70(0.62-0.78) <.00<.0011
TimeTime 0.61 (0.52-0.61 (0.52-0.71)0.71)
<.05<.05 0.85 (0.72-0.85 (0.72-0.91)0.91)
<.00<.0011
<0.56 (0.50-<0.56 (0.50-0.62)0.62)
<.01<.01 0.82 (0.75-0.89)0.82 (0.75-0.89) <.00<.0011
Identification –triangleIdentification –triangle 0.53 (0.44-0.53 (0.44-0.63)0.63)
0.490.49 0.55 (0.42-0.55 (0.42-0.67)0.67)
0.430.43 0.51 (0.45-0.57)0.51 (0.45-0.57) 0.770.77 0.55 (0.46-0.64)0.55 (0.46-0.64) 0.260.26
Differentiation – Figure sizeDifferentiation – Figure size 0.50 (0.41-0.50 (0.41-0.59)0.59)
0.980.98 0.56 (0.44-0.56 (0.44-0.69)0.69)
0.300.30 0.50 (0.44-0.56)0.50 (0.44-0.56) 0.930.93 0.52 (0.44-0.61)0.52 (0.44-0.61) 0.630.63
Immediate paragraph recall Immediate paragraph recall Who (Name)Who (Name)
.061 (0.52-.061 (0.52-0.71)0.71)
<.05<.05 0.78 (0.66-0.78 (0.66-0.89)0.89)
<.00<.0011
0.57 (0.51-0.63)0.57 (0.51-0.63) <.05<.05 0.68 (0.59-0.77)0.68 (0.59-0.77) <.00<.0011
What (Work/Job)What (Work/Job) 0.62 (0.52-0.62 (0.52-0.71)0.71)
<.05<.05 0.84 (0.75-0.84 (0.75-0.93)0.93)
<.00<.0011
0.58 (0.52-0.64)0.58 (0.52-0.64) <.01<.01 0.72 (6.64-0.81)0.72 (6.64-0.81) <.00<.0011
When (returned to work)When (returned to work) 0.72 (0.63-0.72 (0.63-0.81)0.81)
<.001<.001 0.81 (0.71-0.81 (0.71-0.91)0.91)
<.00<.0011
0.61 (0.55-0.67)0.61 (0.55-0.67) <.00<.0011
0.78 (0.70-0.86)0.78 (0.70-0.86) <.00<.0011
Where (State Lived in)Where (State Lived in) 0.68 (0.58-0.68 (0.58-0.77)0.77)
<.001<.001 0.83 (0.73-0.83 (0.73-0.92)0.92)
<.00<.0011
0.69 (0.63-0.75)0.69 (0.63-0.75) <.00<.0011
0.76 (0.68-0.84)0.76 (0.68-0.84) <.00<.0011
*Based on receiver operator curve (ROC) plots of sensitivity and I-Specificity. Area under the curve (AUC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the non-parametric approach.
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
The SLUMS is an acceptable alternative to the MMSE
It also identifies MNCD
Copyright belongs to the US Government as it was developed by St Louis GRECC Clinicians
The SLUMS is an acceptable alternative to the MMSE
It also identifies MNCD
Copyright belongs to the US Government as it was developed by St Louis GRECC Clinicians