Values and Personality Values and Personality Characteristics as Predictors of Characteristics as Predictors of

Ethnic IntoleranceEthnic Intolerance

Lusine GrigoryanLusine GrigoryanNational Research University – Higher School of National Research University – Higher School of

EconomicsEconomics

Starting pointStarting point

There are many different explanatory models of There are many different explanatory models of ethnic intolerance, but an integrated model, included ethnic intolerance, but an integrated model, included all predictors of ethnic intolerance, still doesn’t exist. all predictors of ethnic intolerance, still doesn’t exist. There are many “white spots” in this filed:There are many “white spots” in this filed:

– One of them is interrelations between individual values One of them is interrelations between individual values and ethnic intolerance;and ethnic intolerance;

– Another – the importance of social and personality Another – the importance of social and personality predictors. predictors.

Purpose of this study is to reveal interconnections between individual values, personal characteristics and ethnic intolerance.

Theoretical backgroundTheoretical background

The Authoritarian Personality (T. Adorno)The Authoritarian Personality (T. Adorno), , theory theory of social categorization and social identity (H. of social categorization and social identity (H. Tajfel),Tajfel), studies of J. Berry and N. Lebedeva, etc.studies of J. Berry and N. Lebedeva, etc.

Theory of basic human values (Sh. Shwartz)Theory of basic human values (Sh. Shwartz)

This theory of personality factors (R. Cattell)This theory of personality factors (R. Cattell)

Main hypothesisMain hypothesis

Individual values and personal characteristics are interrelated with ethnic intolerance.

Sub-hypothesesSub-hypotheses

1.1. Such personality Such personality factors as Emotional stability, Rule-Consciousness, Vigilance, Apprehension, Openness to change are connected with ethnic intolerance index negatively.negatively.

2.2. Such individual values as Power, Achievement, Such individual values as Power, Achievement, Hedonism, Security, Conformity and Tradition are Hedonism, Security, Conformity and Tradition are connected with ethnic intolerance positively, while connected with ethnic intolerance positively, while Stimulation, Self-direction, Universalism and Stimulation, Self-direction, Universalism and Benevolence – negatively.Benevolence – negatively.

3.3. There are significant differences in values and traits There are significant differences in values and traits between two polar groups: “tolerant” and “intolerant” between two polar groups: “tolerant” and “intolerant” respondents. respondents.

4.4. Individual values have more effect on attitude towards Individual values have more effect on attitude towards ethnic tolerance/intolerance compared with personality ethnic tolerance/intolerance compared with personality factors.factors.

MethodMethod

Survey

Questionnaire included: Schwartz’s Value Survey (SVS, 57-item)Schwartz’s Value Survey (SVS, 57-item);; Tolerance scale (J. Berry) (Cronbach's Tolerance scale (J. Berry) (Cronbach's αα = .73); = .73); 16 PF (R. Cattell)16 PF (R. Cattell)..

Theoretical backgroundTheoretical background

Universalism

Benevolence

ConformityTradition

Security

Self-Direction

Stimulation

Achievement

Power

Hedonism

SampleSample

Ethnicity N Age Percent of

womenMedian Spread

RussiansRussians 104 20 18 – 34 62

Results Results

Connections between individual values and Connections between individual values and ethnic intolerance indexethnic intolerance index

IntoleranceIntoleranceBenevolenceBenevolence - .28**- .28**UniversalismUniversalism - .2- .200*** p < 0.05* p < 0.05, , **** p < 0.01p < 0.01

IntoleranceIntoleranceSelf-transcendenceSelf-transcendence - .28**- .28**** p < 0.01** p < 0.01

ResultsResults

Interconnections between personality factors and Interconnections between personality factors and ethnic intolerance ethnic intolerance

IntoleranceIntoleranceRule-Consciousness (from low Rule-Consciousness (from low to high Super Ego Strength)to high Super Ego Strength)

--.20*.20*

Openness to change (from Openness to change (from Conservatism to Radicalism)Conservatism to Radicalism)

--.23*.23*

* p < 0.05* p < 0.05

ResultsResults

ConservationConservation

Conformity

Conformity

SecuritySecurity

Self-transcendenceSelf-transcendence

BenevolenceBenevolence

Openness to change Openness to change

Self-directionSelf-direction

Rule-Consciousness Rule-Consciousness (from low to high Low (from low to high Low Super Ego Strength)Super Ego Strength)

.36** .36** .42**.42** .36** .36** .27**.27** .29** .29**

Openness to change Openness to change (from conservatism to (from conservatism to

radicalism)radicalism)

.20*.20* .29**.29**

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01

Interconnections between individual values and personality Interconnections between individual values and personality factors factors

ResultsResults

Dependents Dependents variablevariable

Independent variablesIndependent variables RR22

Openness to changeOpenness to change

IntoleranceIntolerance - .07 **- .07 ** .06.06** ** p < 0.01p < 0.01

Regression analysis:

ResultsResults

Group 1: intolerance index > Group 1: intolerance index > 2 (22 2 (22 respondentsrespondents);); Group 2: intolerance index Group 2: intolerance index < 0.< 0.6767 (15 (15 respondentsrespondents).).

BenevolenceBenevolenceUU-test-test 76.576.5

ZZ -2.76-2.76pp .005.005

Self-Self-transcendencetranscendence

UU-test-test 9898ZZ -2.07-2.07pp .04.04

Significant differences in Significant differences in individual valuesindividual values

Significant differences in Significant differences in value typesvalue types

Correlates and predictors of Correlates and predictors of ethnic intoleranceethnic intolerance

Intolerance

Благожелательность

Универсализм

Rule-Consciousness

Openness to change

Negative correlation Negative regression

Value Personality factor

Self -transcendence

Universalism

Benevolence

ResultsResults

SourcesSources FF ppCorrected modelCorrected model 1.561.56 .05.05

TraditionTradition 2.552.55 ..0404BenevolenceBenevolence 3.653.65 .01.01UniversalismUniversalism 3.783.78 .00.00

55HedonismHedonism 2.492.49 .03.03PowerPower 2.862.86 .02.02

ANOVA model:ANOVA model:

Corrected RCorrected R22 = 0.22 = 0.22

ResultsResults

IntoleranceTradition

F = 2.55*

UniversalismF = 3.78**

HedonismF = 2.49*

PowerF = 2.86*

BenevolenceF = 3.65**

FindingsFindings Interconnections between values, Interconnections between values,

personality factors and ethnic intolerance personality factors and ethnic intolerance were revealed, so the main hypothesis of the were revealed, so the main hypothesis of the study was confirmed.study was confirmed.

Such personality factors as Rule-Such personality factors as Rule-Consciousness and Openness to change and Consciousness and Openness to change and such values as Benevolence and such values as Benevolence and Universalism (values of Self-transcendence) Universalism (values of Self-transcendence) negatively connected with ethnic negatively connected with ethnic intolerance.intolerance.

Individual values have stronger effect on Individual values have stronger effect on attitude towards ethnic tolerance/intolerance attitude towards ethnic tolerance/intolerance compared with personality characteristics.compared with personality characteristics.

Thank you for attention!Thank you for attention!