vaid's ics julye magazine 2019- hindi - copy · 2019. 9. 18. · on)n on)n mn7 nvwxnynd vgv...

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JULY - 2019

Table of contents

1- jk”Vªh;-----------------------------------------------------------------3 1-1 dsjy ds vkink çca/ku ds u, çksVksd‚y 1-2 d‚ysft;e O;oLFkk (COLLEGIUM SYSTEM) 1-3 NksVs 'kgjksa esa çoklu 1-4 SPARROW-CBIC ifj;kstuk 1-5 lw[kk fu;a=d ifj;kstuk 1-6 jk"Vªh; vkS"kf/k ewY; fu/kkZj.k çkf/kdj.k

1-7 PM ds 'kiFk xzg.k esa 'kkfey gksaxs fcElVsd çeq[k 1-8 *dkosjh ty çca/ku çkf/kdj.k dk dukZVd dks funsZ'k* 1-9 lkekftd ,oa Jfed laxe dk;ZØe 1-10 Mªk¶V d‚ihjkbV ¼la'kks/ku fu;e½] 2019 1-11 jktdks"kh; çn'kZu lwpdkad 1-12 jk"Vªh; ijh{k.k ,tsalh 1-13 ,D;wV ¼rhoz½ balsQsykbfVl flaMªkse

2- varjkZ”Vªh;---------------------------------------------------------------25 2-1 csly laf/k 2-2 CTBTO esa Hkkjr 2-3 WTO dh cSBd 2-4 lsok O;kikj çfrca/k lwpdkad 2-5 jk"VªeaMy U;k;kf/kdj.k (Commonwealth Tribunal) 2-6 la;qä jk"Vª] jkT; ugha 2-7 rsy rFkk xSl ds vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk de djus dh flQkfj'k 2-8 jk"Vªh; bZ&fo/kku vkosnu ¼NEVA½ ifj;kstuk 2-9 ^ØkbLVppZ d‚y* ls tqM+k Hkkjr 2-10 fczVsu vkSj e‚jh'kl ds chp Chagos }hi 2-11 vesfjdh ohtk çfØ;k esa cM+k cnyko 2-12 vesfjdk us okil fy;s Hkkjr ds GSP ykHk

3- vFkZO;oLFkk---------------------------------------------------------------41 3-1 [kk| eqækLQhfr 3-2 Hkkjr dk fu;kZr nksxquk djus dh flQkfj'k 3-3 eq[; tksf[ke vf/kdkjh (CRO)


3-4 djsalh psLV 3-5 Hkkjr esa eqækLQhfr

4- foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh---------------------------------------------48 4-1 —f=e thou 4-2 cfFkuSyfl;u (Bathynllaceans) 4-3 vkVsZfel vfHk;ku 4-4 AKASH MISSILE 4-5 eysfj;k ds mipkj gsrq ubZ [kkst 4-6 thu ,fMfVax vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; fookn 4-7 Hkkjr dk igyk varfj{k ;q) vH;kl 4-8 Hkkjr dk çFke ch,l&VI çek.k i= tkjh

5- i;kZoj.k ,oa tSo fofo/krk-------------------------------------------------60 5-1 i‚yh MkbdsVksusekbu ;k PDK IykfLVd 5-2 fo'o çoklh i{kh fnol 5-3 bysDVª‚fud ,oa IykfLVd dpjk ,d vfHk'kki 5-4 RISAT-2B 5-5 ^isxkll* 5-6 ,aFkzksikslhu dk;Zdkjh lewg 5-7 fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol 5-8 oSf'od dkcZu mRltZu esa 2 izfr’kr dh of)

6- izhfyEl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ rF;--------------------------------------------------------73 6-1 ywuj ySaMj Cyw ewu 6-2 f=’kwj iwje mRlo 6-3 ABHYAS dk lQy ijh{k.k 6-4 Hkkjrh; xSaMksa gsrw Mh,u, MsVkcsl 6-5 fe’ku vkVsZfel 6-6 Barn Owls 6-7 lldkok iqjLdkj 2019 6-8 rkboku esa leySafxd fookg dks eatwjh 6-9 SIBEX 2019 6-10 Hkkjr esa miyC/k xzsQkbV HkaMkj 6-11 vksaxksy uLy dh xk; 6-12 osLV uhy ok;jl 6-13 varjkZ”Vªh; tSo&fofo/krk fnol 6-14 vkfl;ku++ $ 3 6-15 Indo-Myanmar coordinated patrol (IMCOR) 6-16 Mexico’s Highest Civilian award 6-17 New species of wasp from Goa 6-18 xaxk DosLV iqjLdkj] 2019 6-19 49 MA 6-20 lkbDyksu ^ok;q

7. Important facts for UPPCS (Pre – 2019)…….81


djsaV vQs;lZ

JULY - 2019

1- jk”Vªh;

1-1 dsjy ds vkink çca/ku ds u, çksVksd‚y %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ *pØokr vks[kh* vkSj o"kZ 2018 esa vkbZ ck<+ ls lcd ysrs gq, dsjy jkT; vkink çca/ku çkf/kdj.k (Kerala State Disaster Management Authority-KSDMA) us ekud lapkyu çfØ;k (Standard Operating Procedures-SOP), vkink çca/ku dh v‚jsat cqd vkSj vkikrdkyhu lgk;rk dk;Z ;kstuk dks viMsV fd;k gSA dsjy jkT; esa vkink çca/ku ds fy;s u, çksVksd‚y **ekulwu dh rS;kjh vkSj vkikrdkyhu çfrfØ;k ;kstuk** dks viuk;k x;k gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

v‚jsat cqd esa ck<+] pØokr] lqukeh] mPp ygjksa ¼çQqfYyr ygjsa] rwQkuh egksfeZ] **dYyk dny**½] isVªksdsfedy nq?kZVukvksa vkSj ;gk¡ rd dh varfj{k eycs ds dkj.k gksus okyh nq?kZVukvksa gsrq ekud lapkyu çfØ;k dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA v‚jsat cqd esa jkT; Hkj esa miyC/k vkikrdkyhu çfrfØ;k ifjlaifÙk;ksa ls lacaf/kr lwpuk,¡ fufgr gSaA

*ekulwu dh rS;kjh vkSj vkikrdkyhu çfrfØ;k ;kstuk* ekSle&fof'k"V ;kstuk gS vkSj nf{k.k&if'pe rFkk mÙkj&iwohZ ekulwu ds ekSle ¼twu ls fnlacj½ ds nkSjku bldk l[rh ls vuqikyu fd;k tkrk gSA


jkT; vkink çca/ku vk;ksx%

vkink çca/ku vf/kfu;e] 2005 dh /kkjk 23 esa ;g çko/kku gS fd çR;sd jkT; ds fy;s ,d vkink çca/ku ;kstuk cukbZ tk,xhA ;g /kkjk bl ckr dks js[kkafdr djrh gS fd ;kstuk ds O;kid dojst ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; ;kstukvksa ds lanHkZ esa rS;kjh gsrq ijke'kZ dh vko';drk ij Hkh /;ku fn;k tk,xkA

;g jkT; ;kstuk dh okf"kZd leh{kk ,oa mUgsa v|ru fd;s tkus dk Hkh çko/kku djrk gSA

lkFk gh blds varxZr jkT; dh ;kstukvksa dks foÙkiks"k.k çnku fd;s tkus dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA

;g jkT; ljdkj ds foHkkxksa dks viuh&viuh ;kstuk,¡ rS;kj djus dh Hkh lqfo/kk çnku djrk gSA

ftyk vkink çca/ku ;kstuk%

vkink çca/ku vf/kfu;e] 2005 ds [kaM 31 ds vuqlkj] ns'k ds çR;sd ftys dk vkink çca/ku foHkkx ftyk vkink çca/ku ;kstuk rS;kj djsxk ] ftls jkT; vkink çca/ku ;kstuk }kjk vuqeksfnr fd;k tk,xkA

bl ;kstuk dh leh{kk rFkk viMs'ku dk dk;Z çfro"kZ fd;k tk,xkA ftyk vkink çca/ku ;kstuk esa fdlh vkink ds ?kVus dh fLFkfr esa ekspu ;kstuk,¡ rFkk çfØ;k,¡ Hkh

'kkfey gksaxh ] ftlesa ftyk Lrj ij ljdkjh foHkkxksa vkSj ftys esa LFkkuh; çkf/kdkfj;ksa dks mÙkjnkf;Ùo dk vkoaVu, vkink ds çfr 'kh?kz ekspu rFkk mlls lacaf/kr jkgrA

jk"Vªh; vkink çca/ku çkf/kdj.k ¼,u-Mh-,e-,-½%

;g Hkkjr esa vkink çca/ku ds fy;s ,d loksZPp fudk; gS] ftldk xBu ^vkink çca/ku vf/kfu;e] 2005* ds rgr fd;k x;k FkkA

;g vkink çca/ku ds fy;s uhfr;ksa] ;kstukvksa ,oa fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy;s ftEesnkj laLFkk gS] tks vkinkvksa ds oä le; ij ,oa çHkkoh çfrfØ;k lqfuf'pr djrk gSA

Hkkjr ds ç/kkuea=h }kjk bl çkf/kdj.k dh v/;{krk dh tkrh gSA

mís';%

bl laLFkk dk mís'; ,d lexz] çks&,fDVo] çkS|ksfxdh lapkfyr fVdkÅ fodkl j.kuhfr ds ek/;e ls lqjf{kr vkSj fMtkLVj jsflfy,aV Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k djuk gS] ftlesa lHkh fgr/kkjdksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ;g vkink dh jksdFkke] rS;kjh ,oa 'keu dh laL—fr dks c<+kok nsrk gSA


vkink çca/ku esa NDRF dh Hkwfedk%

ekuoh; vkSj çk—frd vkink ds nkSjku fo'ks"kK çfrfØ;k miyC/k djkuk] ftlls cpko ,oa jkgr dk;Z dk çHkkoh fu"iknu laHko gks ldsA

jk"Vªh; vkink ekspu cy vkinkvksa ds nkSjku pyk, tkus okys jkgr dk;ksaZ esa vf/kdkfj;ksa dh enn esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

jk"Vªh; vkink ekspu cy dh rSukrh laHkkfor vkinkvksa ds nkSjku Hkh dh tkrh gSA

vkinkvksa esa cpko ;k jkgr dk;Z ds nkSjku vU; layXu ,tsafl;ksa ds lkFk leUo; dj ;g cy cpko ;k jkgr dk;Z dks laiw.kZrk çnku djrk gSA

NDRF dh lHkh cVkfy;u rduhdh n{krk ls ;qä gSa vkSj fofHkUu çdkj dh fo'ks"kK ;ksX;rkvksa ls lqlfTtr gSaA

çk—frd vkinkvksa ls fuiVus ds lkFk&lkFk ;g cy viuh pkj VqdfM+;ksa ds ek/;e ls jsfM;ksy‚ftdy] tSfod] ukfHkdh; vkSj jklk;fud vkinkvksa ls fuiVus esa Hkh l{ke gSA

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1-2 d‚ysft;e O;oLFkk (COLLEGIUM SYSTEM) :

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ Hkkjrh; eq[; U;k;k/kh'k jatu xksxksbZ dh v/;{krk okys loksZPp U;k;ky; d‚ysft;e us gky gh esa nks ttksa ds uke dh laLrqfr dh gS vkSj ljdkj }kjk fn, x;s nks ttksa dh inksUufr ls lEcaf/kr çLrko dks [kkfjt dj fn;k gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

ljdkj us d‚ysft;e dks ;g lq>ko fn;k Fkk fd >kj[kaM mPp U;k;ky; vkSj xqokgkVh mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k vfu#) cksl vkSj ,-,l- cksiUuk dks loksZPp U;k;ky; dk tt cukus ls lEcaf/kr d‚ysft;e ds çLrko ij fQj ls fopkj fd;k tk,A

fdUrq d‚ysft;e us ljdkj dk ;g lq>ko ugha ekukA d‚ysft;e dk dguk Fkk fd mlus bu nksuksa ttksa ds uke cgqr lksp&fopkj ds Hksts FksA bu nksuksa ttksa ds vkpj.k] {kerk vFkok bZekunkjh ds fo"k; esa dksbZ çfrdwy lwpuk ugha gSA

d‚ysft;e O;oLFkk D;k gS\

mPp U;k;ky;ksa vkSj loksZPp U;k;ky;ksa esa ttksa dh fu;qfä dh çfØ;k ds lEcU/k esa lafo/kku esa dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha nh xbZ gSA

vr% ;g dk;Z 'kq: esa ljdkj }kjk gh vius foosd ls fd;k tk;k djrk FkkA


ijUrq 1990 ds n'kd esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us bl ekeys esa gLr{ksi djuk 'kq: fd;k vkSj ,d ds ckn ,d dkuwuh O;oLFkk,¡ nhaA bu O;oLFkkvksa ds vkyksd esa /khjs&/khjs fu;qfä dh ,d ubZ O;oLFkk mHkj ds lkeus vkbZ- blds varxZr ttksa dh fu;qfä ds fy, d‚ysft;e dh vo/kkj.kk lkeus vkbZA

loksZPp U;k;ky; esa Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk ofj"Bre U;k;k/kh'k d‚ysft;e ds lnL; gksrs gSaA ;s d‚ysft;e gh mPp U;k;ky; vkSj loksZPp U;k;ky; ds ttksa dh fu;qfä ds fy, uke pqurh gS

vkSj fQj viuh vuq'kalk ljdkj dks Hkstrh gSA ljdkj bu ukeksa ls gh U;k;k/kh'k dh fu;qfä ds fy, dkjZokbZ djrh gSA d‚ysft;e dh vuq'kalk jk"Vªifr ds fy, ck/;dkjh ugha gSA ;fn jk"Vªifr fdlh vuq'kalk dks fujLr djrs gSa rks og okil d‚ysft;e ds ikl ykSV tkrh gSA

ijUrq ;fn d‚ysft;e viuh vuq'kalk dks nqgjkrs gq, mls fQj ls jk"Vªifr dks Hkst nsrh gS rks jk"Vªifr dks ml vuq'kalk dks ekuuk iM+rk gSA

d‚ysft;e O;oLFkk dSls dke djrh gS\

d‚ysft;e viuh vksj ls odhyksa vkSj ttksa ds ukeksa dh dsUæh; ljdkj dks vuq'kalk Hkstrk gS- blh çdkj dsaæ ljdkj Hkh viuh vksj ls d‚ysft;e dks dqN uke çLrkfor djrh gSA

d‚ysft;e }kjk Hksts x;s ukeksa dh dsaæ ljdkj rF;kRed tk¡p djrh gS vkSj fQj lEcaf/kr Qkby dks d‚ysft;e dks ykSVk nsrh gSA

rRi'pkr~ d‚ysft;e dsaæ ljdkj }kjk Hksts x;s uke vkSj lq>koksa ij fopkj djrk gS vkSj fQj Qkby dks vafre vuqeksnu ds fy, ljdkj dks fQj ls Hkst nsrk gSA tc d‚ysft;e fQj ls mlh uke dks nqckjk Hkstrk gS rks ljdkj dks ml uke ij vuqeksnu nsuk iM+rk gSA fdUrq ljdkj dc vc viuk vuqeksnu nsxh blds fy, dksbZ le;&lhek ugha gS- ;gh dkj.k gS fd ttksa dh fu;qfä esa yEck le; yx tkrk gSA

d‚ysft;e O;oLFkk dks cnyus ds ç;kl%

d‚ysft;e O;oLFkk dbZ dkj.kksa ls vkykspuk dk dsaæ jgh gSA blfy, ljdkj pkgrh gS fd bls gVkdj ,d ,slh ç.kkyh cukbZ tk, ftlesa d‚ysft;e O;oLFkk dh rjg fujadq'krk vkSj vikjnf'kZrk u gksA

laln us 2014 esa jk"Vªh; U;kf;d fu;qfä vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk ls lEcaf/kr ,d dkuwu ikfjr fd;k Fkk ijUrq 16 vDVwcj] 2015 dks loksZPp U;k;ky; us cgqer bl çLrko dks fujLr djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd ;g vlaoS/kkfud gS vkSj ;g U;k;ikfydk dh LorU=rk dks pksV igq¡psxhA U;k;ky; dk dguk Fkk fd çLrkfor la'kks/kuksa ds dkj.k U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk dks {kfr igq¡psxh rFkk U;kf;d fu;qfä;ksa dks dk;Zikfydk ds fu;a=.k ls nwj j[kuk pkfg,A


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1-3 NksVs 'kgjksa esa çoklu %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa fo'o vkfFkZd eap (World Economic Forum) }kjk ,d fjiksVZ çdkf'kr dh xbZ ftldk 'kh"kZd ^çokl ,oa 'kgjksa ij mlds çHkko* (Migration and its impacts on cities) FkkA blesa dgk x;k fd varjkZT;h; çokl esa rsth ls o`f) dk dkj.k ;g gS fd yksx vc cM+s 'kgjksa ds LFkku ij NksVs 'kgjksa esa clus dks çkFkfedrk ns jgs gSaA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

vkd"kZd osru] jkstxkj ds c<+rs voljksa ,oa thfodk pykus gsrq de [kpZ tSls eqíksa us çokfl;ksa dk /;ku NksVs 'kgjksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k gS ,oa ;g NksVs 'kgj egkuxjksa esa ifjofrZr gks jgs gSaA

fo'o vkfFkZd eap dh bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj NksVs 'kgjksa dk rsth ls foLrkj gks jgk gSA ysfdu blds lkFk gh c<+rh cqfu;knh <k¡ps dh ekax ls fuiVus ds fy;s bUgsa la?k"kZ djuk iM+ jgk gS D;ksafd jktLo çkfIr ds lalk/ku ?kV jgs gSaA

eujsxk çHkko (MNREGA Effect) &

Qjojh 2019 esa xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; us jkT;lHkk esa crk;k fd jk"Vªh; uewuk losZ{k.k dk;kZy; (National Sample Survey Office –NSSO) us 2014&15] 2015&16 vkSj 2017&18 ds nkSjku çokl dks ysdj losZ{k.k ugha fd;k FkkA blfy;s ea=ky; ds ikl rktk vk¡dM+s miyC/k ugha gSaA ysfdu blds lkFk gh ;g nkok Hkh fd;k fd ljdkj us xzkeh.k yksxksa ds iyk;u dks jksdus ds fy;s cgqr lh ;kstuk,¡ pyk j[kh gSa ftuds varxZr xk¡oksa esa cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds fuekZ.k ls ysdj xzkeh.kksa ds thou Lrj dks lq/kkjus ds ç;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA

ljdkj us dgk fd Hkkjr tSlh cktkjoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa csgrj vkfFkZd voljksa dh ryk'k esa 'kkfey yksxksa dh vkoktkgh cgqr vf/kd gS] blfy;s ljdkj egkRek xka/kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme-MNREGA) tSls dk;ZØeksa ls bl rjg ds çokl dks de djus esa lQy jgh gSA

iq.ks esa eqacbZ dh rqyuk esa f'k{kk] fpfdRlk vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa esa lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k gksus ds lkFk gh jkstxkj ds Hkh csgrj volj gSaAvr% ;g –f"Vdks.k mu lHkh Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ij ykxw gksrk gS tks ukSdjh ,oa f'k{kk dh ryk'k esa çokl djrs gSaA

vkfFkZd losZ{k.k 2016&17 esa ik;k x;k fd ,slk dsoy iq.ks ds ekeys esa gh ugha gS cfYd ;g çfrLinZ~/kk xqtjkr vkSj egkjk"Vª ds e/; Hkh ns[kus dks feyrh gS tgk¡ lwjr o eqacbZ ds çfrLinZ~/kh 'kgj ds :i esa lkeus vk;k gS ,oa mlus eqacbZ ds lkFk gh mlds vklikl ds ftyksa ds çokfl;ksa dk /;ku viuh vksj [khapk gSA ;gh fLFkfr t;iqj vkSj paMhx<+ ¼fnYyh esa½ esa Hkh ns[kus dks fey jgh gSA


'kgjksa esa çokfl;ksa dh c<+rh la[;k (Urban Agglomeration):

lwjr] Qjhnkckn] vkSj yqf/k;kuk esa yxHkx 55 izfr’kr çoklh yksx gSa ] tcfd t;iqj miuxj ds :i esa foLrkj ds lkFk gh 'kgjh lewg ds :i esa c<+ jgk gSA

o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] esVªks flVht ¼ftudh tula[;k 1 yk[k ls Åij gS½ esa çokfl;ksa dh la[;k c<+ jgh gSA o"kZ 2001 esa esVªks flVht dh la[;k 441 FkhA ftudh dqy vkcknh esa 62-29 izfr’kr 'kgjh vkcknh FkhA

tcfd o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] esVªks flVht dh la[;k c<+dj 468 gks xbZ] bldh dqy tula[;k esa 'kgjh vkcknh c<+dj 70-24 izfr’kr gks xbZA ;s vk¡dM+s pfdr djus okys ugha gSa] ,slk blfy;s gqvk gS D;ksafd tks dk;Z&cy —f"k ds {ks= esa yxk Fkk mlesa fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZ gSA o"kZ 2001 esa —f"k {ks= esa dk;Zjr yksxksa dh la[;k 58-2 izfr’kr Fkh tks 2011 vkrs&vkrs ?kVdj 54-6 izfr’kr jg xbZA

lalk/kuksa dh deh (Resource Crunch):

uxjikfydk {ks= dk dqy jktLo ns'k ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk dsoy 0-75 çfr'kr gS] tcfd nf{k.k vÝhdk dk 6 çfr'kr] czkthy dk 5 çfr'kr vkSj iksySaM dk 4-5 çfr'kr gSA

gekjs ns'k esa vHkh Hkh 'kgjhdj.k dh ;kstuk cukus vkSj ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u dh vi;kZIr le> gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds fuokfl;ksa dks csgrj thou Lrj çnku djus vkSj ,d csgrj fuos'k ekgkSy fodflr djus ,oa m|fe;ksa vkSj uoksUes"kdksa dks vkdf"kZr ugha dj ldk gSaA

jk"Vªh; uewuk losZ{k.k dk;kZy; (National Sample Survey Office-NSSO):

jk"Vªh; çfrn'kZ losZ{k.k dk;kZy; ¼,u,l,lvks½ dk çeq[k ,d egkfuns'kd gksrk gSA

tks vf[ky Hkkjrh; vk/kkj ij fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa O;kid Lrj ij çfrn'kZ losZ{k.k djus ds fy;s ftEesnkj gksrk gSaA

çkjafHkd vk¡dM+s fofHkUu lkekftd&vkfFkZd fo"k;ksa dks ysdj jk"VªO;kih Lrj ij ?kjksa dk losZ{k.k] okf"kZd vkS|ksfxd losZ{k.k ¼,,lvkbZ½ vkfn djds ,d= fd;s tkrs gSaA

bu losZ{k.kksa ds vykok] ,u,l,lvks xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjksa ls lacaf/kr MsVk ,d= djrk gSA

eujsxk D;k gS\

xzkeh.k Hkkjr dks ^Je dh xfjek* ls ifjfpr djkus okyk ^eujsxk* jkstxkj dh dkuwuh xkjaVh nsus okyk fo'o dk lcls cM+k lkekftd dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØe gS]

tks çR;sd ifjokj ds vdq'ky Je djus ds bPNqd o;Ld lnL;ksa ds fy;s 100 fnuks ds xkjaVh;qä jkstxkj]

nSfud csjkstxkjh HkÙkk vkSj ifjogu HkÙkk ¼5 fdeh- ls vf/kd nwjh dh n'kk esa½ dk çko/kku djrk gSA lw[kkxzLr {ks= vkSj tutkrh; bykdksa esa eujsxk ds rgr 150 fnuksa ds jkstxkj dk çko/kku gSA


eujsxk ,d jk"VªO;kih dk;ZØe gSA orZeku esa bl dk;ZØe ds nk;js ls dqN ,sls pan ftys gh ckgj gSa tks iw.kZ:i ls 'kgjksa dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA blds varxZr feyus okyh etnwjh ds fu/kkZj.k dk vf/kdkj dsaæ ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa ds ikl gSA

tuojh 2009 ls dsaæ ljdkj lHkh jkT;ksa ds fy;s vf/klwfpr eujsxk etnwjh njksa dks çfro"kZ la'kksf/kr djrh gSA

çko/kku ds eqrkfcd] eujsxk ykHkkfFkZ;ksa esa ,d&frgkbZ efgykvksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA lkFk gh fodykax ,oa vdsyh efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kus dk çko/kku fd;k x;k gSA

gky ds eujsxk vk¡dM+ks ds vuqlkj 13 djksM+ ifjokjksa ds yxHkx 28 djksM + dkexkjksa ds ikl t‚c dkMZ miyC/k gSaA us'kuy dkmafly v‚Q ,IykbM bdksu‚fed fjlpZ (NCAER) dh fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd] eujsxk 'kq: gksus ls igys 42 izfr’kr xzkeh.k tula[;k xjhch js[kk ds uhps FkhA

eujsxk dh 'kq#vkr ds ckn blesa xzkeh.k xjhc tula[;k ds 30 izfr’kr dh Hkkxhnkjh jgh gSA fjiksVZ dh ekusa rks xjhc o lkekftd :i ls detksj oxksaZ] tSls&et de djus esa eujsxk dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA nwj] vkfnoklh] nfyr ,oa NksVs lhekar —"kdksa ds chp xjhch

eujsxk ds pyrs xzkeh.k Je cktkj esa etnwjh esa of) gqbZ gS rFkk Jfedksa dh eksyHkko djus dh {kerk (Bargaining power) Hkh c<+h gSA eujsxk ls tqM+s yksxksa }kjk laxfBr {ks= ls _.k ysus dh nj esa btkQk gqvk gS ftlls lkgwdkjksa ij fuHkZjrk dkQh ?kVh gSA

fo'o vkfFkZd eap (World Economic Forum):

fo'o vkfFkZd eap lkoZtfud&futh lg;ksx gsrq ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk gS] ftldk mís'; fo'o ds çeq[k O;kolkf;d] varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr] f'k{kkfonksa] cqf)thfo;ksa rFkk vU; çeq[k {ks=ksa ds vxz.kh yksxksa ds fy;s ,d eap ds :i esa dke djuk gSA

;g fLoV~tjySaM esa fLFkr ,d xSj&ykHkdkjh laLFkk gS vkSj bldk eq[;ky; ftusok esa gSA bl Qksje dh LFkkiuk 1971 esa ;wjksfi;u çca/ku ds uke ls ftusok fo'ofo|ky; esa dk;Zjr çksQslj Dy‚l ,e- 'okc us dh FkhA

bl laLFkk dh lnL;rk vusd Lrjksa ij çnku dh tkrh gS vkSj ;s Lrj laLFkk ds dke esa mudh lgHkkfxrk ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA

blds ek/;e ls fo'o ds le{k ekStwn egÙoiw.kZ vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd eqíksa ij ifjppkZ dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA

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1-4 SPARROW-CBIC ifj;kstuk %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ vkbZvkj,l vf/kdkfj;ks¼lh vkSj lhbZ½ dh okf"kZd çn'kZu fjiksVZ vkuy‚bu fy[kus ds fy, LiSjks dk 'kqHkkjaHk o"kZ 2016&17 esa fd;k x;kA


dsaæh; çR;{k dj ,oa lhek 'kqYd cksMZ ¼lhchvkbZlh½ }kjk csgrj ekuo lalk/ku çca/ku gsrq fujarj ç;klks ds :i esa ns'k esa rSukr lewg ch vkSj lewg lh ds 46 gtkj ls vf/kd vf/kdkfj;ks dh okf"kZd çn'kZu fjiksVZ vkuy‚bu fy[kus ds fy, LiSjks dh 'kq:vkr dh xbZ gSA

SPARROW-CBIC ifj;kstuk D;k gS\

LiSjks&lhchvkbZlh dsaæ ljdkj ds foHkkxks ds lanHkZ esa viuh çdkj dh ,d vuwBh ifj;kstuk gSA ;g lhchvkbZlh esa lewg ch vkSj lh ds vf/kdkfj;ks vkSj deZpkfj;ks dh cMh la[;k esa ,ih,vkj çca/ku

esa ifjorZu djsxh ftlls csgrj ekuo lalk/ku çca/ku laHko gks ldsxkA ;g ifj;kstuk dsaæh; th,lVh vkSj lhchvkbZlh dh lhek 'kqYd 'kk[kk esa vk/kqfud çkS|ksfxdh dk

ç;ksx dj cM+h la[;k esa dk;Zjr vf/kdkfj;ks vkSj deZpkfj;ks dh laiw.kZ n{krk esa c<ksÙkjh djus vkSj mudk eukscy c<kus esa dkjxkj fl) gksxhA

blds lkFk gh ;g ifj;kstuk fMthVkbZts'ku vkSj dkxt jfgr dk;Z djus dh fn'kk esa ehy dk iRFkj cusxhA

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1-5 lw[kk fu;a=d ifj;kstuk %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa vkbZ ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] fiNys dqN o"kksaZ ls ns'k ds dbZ jkT;ksa esa egkRek xk¡/kh jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstuk (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme-MGNREG) ds varxZr lapkfyr ty lap;u vkSj lw{e flapkbZ ls lacaf/kr cgqr lh lw[kk&fu;a=d ifj;kstuk,¡ (Anti-Drought Projects) ;k rks v/kwjh gSa ;k mudk fuekZ.k dk;Z #d x;k gSaA


vy&uhuks (EL-Nino) vkSj Hkkjrh; ekulwu %

vy&uhuks ,d tfVy ekSle ra= gS] tks gj ik¡p ;k nl lky ckn çdV gksrk jgrk gSA bl dkj.k lalkj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa lw[kk] ck<+ vkSj ekSle esa rsth ls ifjorZu gksrs gSaA

bl ra= esa egklkxjh; vkSj ok;qeaMyh; ifj?kVuk,¡ 'kkfey gksrh gSaA iwohZ ç'kkar egklkxj esa] ;g is: ds rV ds fudV m".k leqæh /kkjk ds :i esa çdV gksrk gSA blls Hkkjr lfgr vusd LFkkuksa dk ekSle çHkkfor gksrk gSA

vy&uhuks Hkwe/;js[kh; m".k leqæh /kkjk dk foLrkj ek= gS] tks vLFkkbZ :i ls BaMh is#fo;u gEcksYV /kkjk ij çfrLFkkfir gks tkrh gSA ;g /kkjk is: rV ds ty dk rkieku 10 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd c<+k nsrh gSA blds fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke gksrs gSaA

vy&uhuks dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ^ckyd bZlk* gS D;ksafd ;g /kkjk fnlacj ds eghus esa fØlel ds vklikl utj vkrh gSA is: ¼nf{k.kh xksyknZ~/k ½ esa fnlacj xehZ dk eghuk gksrk gSA

Hkkjr esa ekulwu dh yEch vof/k ds iwokZuqeku ds fy;s vy&uhuks dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF; %

gky gh esa Hkkjr ekSle foKku foHkkx (India Meteorological Department) us ekpZ vkSj ebZ ds chp gksus okyh ekulwu&iwoZ o"kkZ esa 22 izfr’kr dh deh dh Hkfo";ok.kh dh FkhA

;g n'kkZrk gS fd e/;] iwoZ vkSj çk;}hih; Hkkjr ds dbZ ftyksa esa vR;f/kd 'kq"d ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fo|eku gSa ftl dkj.k ls bl fjiksVZ dk egÙo vkSj vf/kd c<+ tkrk gSA bruk gh ugha twu&flracj ds chp nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu ij Hkh ,d vy uhuks dk çHkko fn[kus dh vk'kadk trkbZ xbZ gSA

iwjs ns'k esa lapkfyr yxHkx 7]90]000 lw[kk&fu;a=d dk;Z ftudh ifj;kstuk ykxr 417 djksM+ :i, ds vklikl gS ;k rks v/kwjs iM+s gSa ;k fQj mudk dk;Z vo#) gSaA xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky; ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj] vHkh rd dqy 27000 dk;Z gh iw.kZ gks ik, gSaA ;g ea=ky; eujsxk ds dk;kZUo;u dh fuxjkuh Hkh djrk gSA

dqN ,sls gh gkykr vU; lw[kkxzflr jkT;ksa esa Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s dukZVd esa dsoy lw[kk&xzLr ;kstuk ds varxZr dsoy 371 dk;Z gh iw.kZ gks ik, gS tcfd 19]965 dk;Z vHkh Hkh viw.kZ gSA egkjk"Vª esa 20 ebZ 2019 rd dsoy 2038 dk;Z gh iw.kZ gks ik, gSa tcfd 79]788 dk;Z vHkh Hkh v/kwjs gSaA

blds foijhr ;gk¡ O;fäxr Hkwfe ij U;wure 2]117 dk;Z iwjs gks x, gSa vkSj 17] 983 viw.kZ gSaA

fu"d"kZ %

fiNys dqN o"kksaZ esa lkeqnkf;d Hkwfe ij cM+s Lrj ij cgqr de dke gq, gSaA bldh rqyuk esa O;fäxr ;k futh Hkwfe ij cgqr vf/kd vk/kkfjr lajpuk fodkl dk;Z gq, gSaA eujsxk tSlh jkstxkj xkjaVh ;kstukvksa ds fy;s foÙk ds vi;kZIr vkoaVu rFkk bu ;kstukvksa ds rgr nh tkus okyh de etnwjh


dks lkeqnkf;d Lrj ds dk;ksaZ ij vf/kd /;ku ugha fn;s tkus vkSj dbZ ifj;kstukvksa ds iwjk u gksus ds dkj.kksa esa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA Li"V :i ls bl lEcU/k esa vf/kd /;ku fn, tkus dh vko';drk gS rkfd ns'k dh vkfFkZd laof) dks c<+kok nsus ds lkFk&lkFk cqfu;knh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dks Hkh lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsaA

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1-6 jk"Vªh; vkS"kf/k ewY; fu/kkZj.k çkf/kdj.k %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ jk"Vªh; vkS"kf/k ewY; fu/kkZj.k çkf/kdj.k (National Pharmaceutical

Pricing Authority – NPPA) us gky gh esa 9 xSj&vuqlwphc) dSalj dh nokvksa ds nke 87 izfr’kr rd ?kVk fn, gSa vkSj mlds O;kikj ekftZu ds fy, 30 izfr’kr dh mPpre lhek fu/kkZfjr dj nh gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

;g çkf/kdj.k vkS"kf/k ¼ewY; fu;a=.k½ vkns'k & DPCO dh vuqlwph 1 ds varxZr of.kZr vko';d nokvksa dh jk"Vªh; lwph esa vkus okyh nokvksa ds nke r; djrk gSA vHkh rd mlus 1]000 nokvksa ds vf/kdre ewY; fu/kkZfjr fd;s gSaA

DPCO D;k gS\

vkS"kf/k ¼ewY; fu;a=.k½ vkns'k] 1995 Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vko';d oLrq vf/kfu;e] 1955 (Essential Commodities Act] 1955 ½ ds vuqHkkx 3 ds varxZr fuxZr ,d vkns'k gS ftldk mís'; nokvksa ds nkeksa dks fu;af=r djuk gS-

bl vkns'k esa vkSj Hkh dqN çko/kku gSa] tSls & fu;af=r ewY; okyh nokvksa dh lwph] nokvksa ds ewY;&fu/kkZj.k dh çfØ;k] ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr ewY;ksa dks ykxw djus dh i)fr] çko/kkuksa ds mYya?ku ds fy, fofgr naM bR;kfnA

DPCO ds çko/kkuksa dks ykxw djus dh 'kfä Hkkjr ljdkj us NPPA esa fufgr dh gSA dkykarj esa 2013 esa DPCO dh vf/klwpuk fuxZr gqbZA

DPCO vko';d oLrq vf/kfu;e ds v/khu D;ksa\

fdlh lekt ds LokLF; ds fy, nok,¡ vR;ko';d gksrh gSaA blfy, bUgsa vR;ko';d Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gS vkSj rnuqlkj mUgsa vko';d oLrq vf/kfu;e ds v/khu j[kk tkrk gSA


NPPA D;k gS vkSj bldh Hkwfedk %

jk"Vªh; vkS"kf/k ewY; fu/kkZj.k çkf/kdj.k dh LFkkiuk 29 vxLr] 1997 dks fo'ks"kKksa ds ,d Lora= fudk; ds :i esa gqbZ Fkh ftlds fy, ,d dSfcusV lfefr us vkS"kf/k uhfr dh leh{kk djrs le; flrEcj] 1994 esa fu.kZ; fy;k FkkA

bl çkf/kdj.k dks dqN vU; dke Hkh lkSais x;s gSa] tSls & nokvksa ds nke fu/kkZfjr vFkok la'kksf/kr djuk] vkS"kf/k ¼ewY; fu;a=.k½ vkns'k ds çko/kkuksa dks ykxw djuk rFkk fu;af=r ,oa fu;a=.k ls eqä nokvksa ds nke ij utj j[kukA

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1-7 PM ds 'kiFk xzg.k esa 'kkfey gksaxs fcElVsd çeq[k %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ Hkkjr us 30 ebZ dks ç/kkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh vkSj muds eaf=ifj"kn ds vk;ksftr gksus okys 'kiFk xzg.k lekjksg esa fcElVsd (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi&Sectoral

Technical and Economic Cooperation-BIMSTEC) vkSj 'ka?kkbZ lg;ksx laxBu ¼Shanghai Cooperation Organisation-SCO) ds lnL; ns'kksa ds çeq[kksa dks vkeaf=r fd;k gSA o"kZ 2014 esa vk;ksftr ç/kkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh ds 'kiFk xzg.k lekjksg esa ikfdLrku lfgr n{ksl ns'kksa ds usrkvksa dks vkeaf=r fd;k x;k FkkA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

fcElVsd ns'kksa ds usrkvksa ds vykok Hkkjr us fdfxZLrku ds jk"Vªifr lksjksuck; tsuscdkso vkSj e‚jh'kl ds ç/kkuea=h çkfoUn txUukFk dks Hkh 'kiFk xzg.k lekjksg esa vkeaf=r fd;k gS] ;s nksuksa bl o"kZ *çoklh Hkkjrh; fnol* ij eq[; vfrfFk Hkh FksA e‚jh'kl ds ç/kkuea=h dks o"kZ 2014 ds 'kiFk xzg.k lekjksg esa Hkh vkeaf=r fd;k x;k FkkA

orZeku esa fdfxZLrku SCO dk v/;{k gS ] tks vxys eghus fc'dsd (Bishkek½ esa vk;ksftr gksus okys f'k[kj lEesyu dh estckuh Hkh djsxkA ç/kkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh Hkh bl lEesyu dk fgLlk gksaxsA

Hkkjr }kjk 'kiFk xzg.k lekjksg esa fcElVsd ds lnL; ns'kksa ds usrkvksa dks vkeaf=r fd;k tkuk ljdkj dh *iM+ksl igys@uscjgqM QLVZ uhfr* (Neighbourhood first policy) ds vuq:i gSA

nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=h; lg;ksx la?k (SAARC):

n{ksl@lkdZ (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation-SAARC) nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds vkB ns'kksa dk vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd laxBu gSA lkdZ dh LFkkiuk 8 fnlacj] 1985


dks gqbZ Fkh vkSj bldk eq[;ky; dkBekaMw ¼usiky½ esa gSA lkdZ dk çFke lEesyu <kdk esa fnlacj 1985 esa gqvk FkkA

bl lewg esa vQxkfuLrku] ckaXykns'k] HkwVku] Hkkjr] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku vkSj Jhyadk 'kkfey gSaA o"kZ 2007 ls igys lkdZ ds lkr lnL; Fks] vçSy 2007 esa lkdZ ds 14osa f'k[kj lEesyu esa vQxkfuLrku bldk vkBok¡ lnL; cu x;k FkkA

çR;sd o"kZ 8 fnlacj dks lkdZ fnol euk;k tkrk gSA bldk lapkyu laxBu ds egklfpo }kjk dh tkrh gS] ftldh fu;qfä rhu lky ds fy;s ns'kksa ds o.kZekyk Øe ds vuqlkj dh tkrh gSA

mEehnksa ij [kjk ugha mrj jgk lkdZ&

fiNys 30 lkyksa ls lkdZ dh tks fLFkfr gS] mlls yxrk gS fd ;g laxBu ek= vkSipkfjd cudj jg x;k gSA

ikfdLrku ds vlg;ksx vkSj jktuhfrd foHkktu dh otg ls ,slk ugha gks ik jgk gSA

lnL; ns'kksa esa dbZ ckj vkradokn ds f[kykQ tax dks ysdj Hkh lgefr cuh gS ysfdu vkradokn ds eqís ij lkdZ ds lnL; ns'k vkSj Hkkjr ds iM+kslh ns'k ikfdLrku us dHkh lkFk ugha fuHkk;k vkSj ;gh lkdZ dh foQyrk dh ,d cM+h otg cu x;kA

fiNys dqN lkyksa ls n{ksl yxHkx fuf"Ø; gks x;k gSA laHkor% ;gh dkj.k jgk fd Hkkjr lfgr dbZ lnL; ns'kksa us o"kZ 2016 esa ikfdLrku ds bLykekckn esa gksus okys n{ksl lEesyu esa fgLlk ysus ls budkj dj fn;k FkkA

tuojh 2016 esa iBkudksV ,;jcsl vkSj flracj esa mM+h esa gq, vkradh geys esa 19 Hkkjrh; tokuksa ds 'kghn gksus ds ckn Hkkjr us ikfdLrku ls vius {ks= esa gksus okyh vkradh xfrfof/k;ksa ds laca/k esa dBksj dk;Zokgh djus dk ncko cuk;kA blds ckn dbZ n{ksl lnL;ksa us Hkh Hkkjr ds #[k dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj n{ksl lEesyu dk cfg"dkj djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA

uoacj 2014 esa dkBekaMw esa vk;ksftr n{ksl lEesyu ds ckn vHkh rd bldk dksbZ lEesyu vk;ksftr ugha gqvk gSA n{ksl ds yxHkx fuf"d; gksus ds ckn gh Hkkjr us fcElVsd lewg dks etcwr cukus ij cy fn;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd flracj 2016 esa xksok esa vk;ksftr fczDl&fcElVsd lEesyu esa fcElVsd ds usrkvksa dks vkeaf=r fd;k x;k FkkA


lkdZ dh vlQyrk ds dkj.k %

Hkkjr&ikfdLrku laca/kksa dk csgrj u gks ikuk

Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds chp dwVuhfrd lgefr dk vHkko vkSj lSU; la?k"kZ ds dkj.k nf{k.k&iwoZ {ks=h; lg;ksx detksj gqvk gSA

fofnr gks fd mM+h vkradoknh geys ds ckn Hkkjr us ikfdLrku esa gksus okys 19osa lkdZ f'k[kj lEesyu dk cfg"dkj fd;k FkkA

ckaXykns'k] vQxkfuLrku vkSj HkwVku us Hkh Hkkjr ds i{k esa viuh lgefr trkbZ vkSj varr% lEeysu fujLr gks x;k FkkA

{ks=h; O;kikj dh fparktud fLFkfr&

lkdZ ns'kksa ds chp {ks=h; O;kikj esa u ds cjkcj çxfr gqbZ gSA fofnr gks fd lnL; ns'kksa ds chp vkilh O;kikj muds dqy O;kikj dk 3-5 izfr’kr gh jgk gSA

nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ eqä O;kikj la?k (South Asian Free Trade Association) ds rgr dh xbZ igysa vius mís';ksa dks çkIr djus esa vlQy jgh gSaA

csgrj dusfDVfoVh dk vHkko

bl {ks= esa O;kikj ds ekspsZ ij ;fn çxfr ugha gqbZ gS rks bldk ,d cM+k dkj.k dusfDVfoVh dk csgrj u gks ikuk gSA

chchvkbZ,u eksVj okgu le>kSrk (BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement) tSlh mi&{ks=h; igysa #dh gqbZ gSaA

lkdZ dh ohtk çkfIr esa jkgr ;kstuk (SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme) dk ykHk dsoy dqN x.kekU; O;fä;ksa dks gh çkIr gSA

lkdZ ns'kksa esa cqfu;knh <k¡ps dh [kLrk gkyr ds dkj.k Hkh csgrj dusfDVfoVh lqfuf'pr ugha gks ikbZ gSA

fcElVsd %

fcElVsd nf{k.k ,f'k;k vkSj nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dk ,d varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu gS ftldh LFkkiuk 6 twu] 1997 dks cSadkd ?kks"k.kki= (Bangkok Declaration) ls gqbZ FkhA

vkfFkZd vkSj rduhdh lg;ksx ds fy;s cuk, x, bl laxBu esa Hkkjr lesr usiky] HkwVku] Jhyadk] ckaXykns'k] E;k¡ekj vkSj FkkbZySaM 'kkfey gSaA fcElVsd dk eq[;ky; <kdk esa cuk;k x;k gSA


fcElVsd Hkkjr ds fy;s egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa gS\

fcElVsd ds 7 ns'k caxky dh [kkM+h ds vklikl fLFkr gSa tks ,dleku {ks=h; ,drk dks n'kkZrs gSaA Hkkjr us 'kq: ls gh bl laxBu dks vkxs c<+kus esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

fcElVsd nf{k.k ,f'k;k vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds chp ,d lsrq dh rjg dke djrk gSA bl lewg esa nks ns'k nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k ds gSaA E;k¡ekj vkSj FkkbZySaM Hkkjr dks nf{k.k&iwohZ bykdksa ls tksM+us ds fygkt ls csgn vge gSaA

fcElVsd ns'kksa ds chp etcwr laca/k Hkkjr ds iwoksZÙkj {ks= ds fodkl dks xfr çnku dj ldrk gSA blls Hkkjr&E;k¡ekj ds chp ifjogu ifj;kstuk vkSj Hkkjr&E;k¡ekj&FkkbZySaM jktekxZ ifj;kstuk ds fodkl esa Hkh rsth vk,xhA

nwljh rjQ] usiky vkSj HkwVku ds fy;s fcElVsd caxky dh [kkM+h ls tqM+us vkSj viuh Hkwfexr HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ls cpus dh mEehn dks vkxs c<+krk gSA

ogha E;k¡ekj vkSj FkkbZySaM dks blds tfj;s caxky dh [kkM+h ls tqM+us vkSj Hkkjr ds lkFk O;kikj djus ds u, volj feysaxsA fcElVsd ds tfj;s nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k esa phu ds cM+s iSekus ij ?kqliSB dks Hkh jksdus dh dksf'k'k dh tk ldrh gSA

fcElVsd u dsoy nf{k.k o nf{k.k&iwohZ ,f'k;k dks tksM+rk gS cfYd fgeky; vkSj caxky dh [kkM+h dh ikfjfLFkfrdh dks Hkh 'kkfey djrk gSA ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s lk>k ewY;ksa] bfrgklksa vkSj thou ds rjhdksa ds pyrs fcElVsd 'kkafr vkSj fodkl ds fy;s ,d leku fLFkfr dk çfrfuf/kÙo djrk gSA

Hkkjr ds fy;s fcElVsd ^iM+kslh lcls igys vkSj iwoZ dh vkSj ns[kks* dh gekjh fons'k uhfr dh çkFkfedrkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s ,d LokHkkfod eap gSA

D;k fcElVsd lkdZ dk fodYi cudj mHkjk gS\

fcElVsd nf{k.k vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k ds chp ,d iqy dh rjg dke djrk gSA blds lkr esa ls ik¡p ns'k lkdZ ds lnL; gSa] tcfd nks vkfl;ku ds lnL; gSaA ,sls esa ;g lkdZ vkSj vkfl;ku ns'kksa ds chp varj {ks=h; lg;ksx dk Hkh ,d eap gSA

fiNys o"kksaZ esa fcElVsd vius ,tsaMk dk etcwrh ls foLrkj dj jgk gSA bl lewg us çkFkfedrk ds 14 {ks=ksa dh igpku dh gS ftuesa ls 4 Qksdl {ks=ksa esa Hkkjr yhM daVªh gS] blesa ifjogu vkSj lapkj] i;ZVu] i;kZoj.k vkSj vkink çca/ku ds lkFk vkradokn ds f[kykQ j.kuhfr 'kkfey gSA

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1-8 *dkosjh ty çca/ku çkf/kdj.k dk dukZVd dks funsZ'k* %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa dkosjh ty çca/ku çkf/kdj.k (Cauvery Water Management

Authority-CWMA) us twu ekg ds fy;s dukZVd dks fcfyxqaMyw tyk'k; (Biligundlu Reservoir) ls rfeyukMq ds fy;s ty NksM+us dk vkns'k fn;k gSA


egRoiw.kZ rF; %

çkf/kdj.k dh cSBd esa ,d er ls ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA

twu 2018 esa dkosjh ty çca/ku çkf/kdj.k ds xBu ds ckn ;g rhljh cSBd FkhA bl çkf/kdj.k dh igyh cSBd 2 tqykbZ 2018 dks gqbZ Fkh ftlesa dukZVd ls tqykbZ ekg esa 31-24 tmcft ¼gtkj fefy;u ?ku QhV½ ty NksM+us dks dgk x;k FkkA

gkfy;k vkns'k esa çkf/kdj.k us dukZVd ls 9-19 gtkj fefy;u D;wfcd QhV (Thousand

Million Cubic Feet-TMCF) ty NksM+us ds fy;s dgk x;k gSA

NksM+s tkus okys ty dh ek=k 16 Qjojh] 2018 dks loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s x, vkns'k ds vuq:i gSA

loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s x, QSlys esa dukZVd dks 284-75 tmcft] rfeyukMq dks 404-25 tmcft rFkk dsjy vkSj iqíqpsjh dks Øe'k% 30 vkSj 7 tmcft ty miyC/k djkus dk funsZ'k fn;k x;k FkkA

dkosjh ty çca/ku çkf/kdj.k ¼Cauvery Water Management Authority-CWMA½ %

rfeyukMq] dukZVd] dsjy ,oa iqíqpsjh ds chp ty ds c¡Vokjs laca/kh fookn dks fuiVkus gsrq 1 twu] 2018 dks dsaæ ljdkj us dkosjh ty çca/ku çkf/kdj.k (CWMA) dk xBu fd;kA

bl çkf/kdj.k ds xBu dk funsZ'k loksZPp U;k;ky; us 16 Qjojh] 2018 dks fn;k FkkA loksZPp U;k;ky; ds QSlys ds vuqlkj] dsaæ ljdkj dks 6 lIrkg ds Hkhrj bl çkf/kdj.k dk xBu djuk FkkA

çkf/kdj.k dh lajpuk%

bl çkf/kdj.k esa ,d v/;{k rFkk 8 lnL;ksa ds vykok ,d lfpo 'kkfey gSA 8 lnL;ksa esa ls nks iw.kZdkfyd vkSj Ng va'kdkfyd lnL; gSaA v/;{k dh fu;qfä dsaæ ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSA orZeku esa blds v/;{k ,l- elwn gqlSu gSaA çkf/kdj.k ds v/;{k dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ ;k vk;q ds 65 o"kZ iwjs gksus rd fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA vU;

lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky rhu o"kZ fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS vkSj bls ik¡p o"kZ rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

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1-9 lkekftd ,oa Jfed laxe dk;ZØe %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ Hkkjr esa 'kh?kz gh lkekftd ,oa Jfed laxe dk;ZØe (Social and Labor

Convergence Programme – SLCP) vkjEHk fd;k tk jgk gS ftldk mís'; diM+k ,oa ifj/kku m|ksx ds lEcU/k esa ,d çkekf.kd ,oa fu"i{k ewY;kadu ds fy, <k¡pk rS;kj djuk gSA


dk;ZØe ds eq[; rF; %

SLCP dksbZ vkpkj lafgrk vFkok vuqikyu dk;ZØe ugha gSA

SLCP }kjk fufeZr <k¡pk ewY;kadu dk ,d cgqfo/k lk/ku gS tks fcuk fdlh iwokZxzg vFkok vadfo/kku ds MkVk eqgS;k djrk gSA

ijUrq] ;g <k¡pk orZeku vads{k.k ç.kkfy;ksa vkSj vkpkj lafgrkvksa ls esy [kkrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd ,d gh MkVk dks dbZ çdkj ds fgr/kkjd ç;ksx esa yk ldrs gSaA blls ckj&ckj ,d gh lqfo/kk ds fy, vads{k.k djus dh vko';drk fuewZy gks tkrh gSA

bl igy esa fo'o ds vxz.kh fuekZrk] czkaM] [kqnjk foØsrk] vkS|ksfxd lewg] xSj&ljdkjh laxBu vkSj lsok çnkrk c<+&p<+dj Hkkx ysrs gSaA

bl igy dk mís'; diM+k çfr"Bkuksa esa dke&dkt dh n'kkvksa esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, mu çfr"Bkuksa ds }kjk] tks ÅtkZ vads{k.k ds vuqikyu esa yxkbZ tkrh jgh gS] ml ÅtkZ dks ogk¡ ls gVk dj çfr"Bku dh lkekftd ,oa Jfed n'kkvksa esa lq/kkj ykus dh vksj eksM+ nsuk gSA

SLCP ,d LoSfPNd mik; gS ftldks viukus vFkok ugha viukus ds fy, diM+k vkSj ifj/kku fuekZrk Lora= gSaA

egRoiw.kZ %

SLCP fu;kZr djus okys çfr"Bkuksa dks lkekftd vads{k.kksa dh la[;k de djus esa enn djrk gS vkSj jkstxkj ls lEcaf/kr çpyuksa dks ekius dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSSA

bl çdkj dkedkt dh n'kk ds lkFk&lkFk dfeZ;ksa ds lkFk fj'rs Hkh lq/kjrs gSaA ;g lalk/kuksa dks lq/kkjkRed xfrfof/k;ksa esa yxkus esa lgk;rk djrk gS vkSj vkiwfrZ 'ka[kyk ds

Hkkxhnkjksa ds chp vkilh lg;ksx dks c<+kok Hkh nsrk gSA

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1-10 Mªk¶V d‚ihjkbV ¼la'kks/ku fu;e½] 2019

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa m|ksx vkSj vkarfjd O;kikj laonZ~/ku foHkkx (Department for

Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade- DPIIT) us Mªk¶V d‚ihjkbV ¼la'kks/ku fu;e½] 2019 tkjh fd;kA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

fMftVy ;qx esa VsDuksy‚th dh çxfr dks ns[krs gq, d‚ihjkbV vf/kfu;e dk lgt vkSj nks"kjfgr ifjikyu lqfuf'pr djus vkSj dkuwu dks çklafxd fo/kkuksa ds led{k ykus ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj ds m|ksx rFkk vkrafjd O;kikj laonZ~/ku foHkkx us d‚ihjkbV la'kks/ku fu;e] 2019 dks ykxw djus dk çLrko fd;k gSA


Hkkjr esa d‚ihjkbV 'kklu] d‚ihjkbV vf/kfu;e] 1957 vkSj d‚ihjkbV fu;e] 2013 }kjk 'kkflr gSA

d‚ihjkbV fu;e] 2013 dks fiNyh ckj o"kZ 2016 esa d‚ihjkbV fu;e] 2016 ds ek/;e ls la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k FkkA

Mªk¶V fu;eksa esa çLrko %

d‚ihjkbV cksMZ (Copyright Board) dks cnyus ds fy;s ,d vihyh; cksMZ (Appellate Board) dk xBu fd;k tk,xkA

cksMZ ds v/;{k vkSj vU; lnL;ksa dh fu;qfä VªsM ekdZ vf/kfu;e] 1999 (Trade Marks Act, 1999) ds çko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj dh tk,xhA

;g mu rjhdksa dks Hkh la'kksf/kr djus dk çLrko djrk gS ftldh lgk;rk ls d‚ihjkbV lkslk;Vh (Copyright Societies) viuh VSfjQ ;kstukvksa (Tariff Schemes) dks lqfuf'pr djrh gSaA

d‚ihjkbV lkslk;Vh ,d dkuwuh fudk; gS tks okf.kfT;d çca/ku ds jpukRed ys[kdksa dks muds fgrksa dh lqj{kk dk vk'oklu gSA

;s lkslkbVh ykblsal tkjh djrh gSa vkSj VSfjQ Ldhe ds vuqlkj j‚;YVh tek djrh gSaA DPIIT us la'kks/kuksa esa çLrko fn;k gS fd d‚ihjkbV lkslk;Vh VSfjQ dk fu/kkZj.k djrs le;

ÞØ‚l&lsD'kuy VSfjQ rqyuk*] vkfFkZd vuqla/kku] ys[ku ds mi;ksx dh ç—fr vkSj foLrkj] mi;ksx laca/kh vf/kdkjksa dk O;kolkf;d ewY; ,oa ykblsal /kkfj;ksa dks ykHk" vkfn igyqvksa ij fopkj dj ldrh gSA

çLrkfor la'kks/kuksa vuqlkj] d‚ihjkbV lkslk;Vh }kjk viuh osclkbV ij çR;sd foÙkh; o"kZ ds fy;s ^okf"kZd ikjnf'kZrk fjiksVZ* (The Annual Transparency) çdk'ku vfuok;Z fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

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1-11 jktdks"kh; çn'kZu lwpdkad %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ Hkkjrh; m|ksx ifjla?k ¼Confederation of Indian Industry-CII½ us dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk çLrqr ctV dh xq.koÙkk dk vkdyu djus ds fy;s ,d jktdks"kh; çn'kZu lwpdkad Fiscal Performance Index½ is'k fd;k gSA

CII ds dk;Z %

CII ,d xSj&ljdkjh] ykHk&jfgr] m|ksx&vk/kkfjr vkSj m|ksx&çcaf/kr laxBu gSA

lhvkbZvkbZ uhfrxr eqíksa ij ljdkj ds lkFk dke djrk gS A

lhvkbZvkbZ Hkkjrh; m|ksx vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj leqnk; ds fy, ,d lanHkZ fcanq ds :i esa dk;Z

djrk gSA


lwpdkad ds ?kVd%

jktLo O;; ds xq.kkRed ewY;kadu iwathxr O;; jktLo jktdks"kh; foosd ¼ çwMsal ½ vkSj lkoZtfud _.k dk LrjA

eq[; fu"d"kZ %

CII us 2004&05 ls 2016&17 rd jkT; vkSj dsaæh; ctV dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, bl lwpdkad dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA

FY13 vkSj FY18 ds chp jktdks"kh; ?kkVs esa deh ds ckotwn ctV dk lexz çn'kZu dsoy FY16 vkSj FY17 esa lq/kkj ds lkFk fLFkj jgk gSA

;g dkQh gn rd jktLo] iwathxr O;; vkSj 'kq) dj jktLo lwpdkadksa esa e‚Mjs'ku ds dkj.k gSA

jktLo vkSj iwathxr O;; lwpdkadksa esa lq/kkj ds dkj.k jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dh la[;k esa fxjkoV ds ckotwn lHkh jkT; ctVksa ds la;kstu esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA

xqtjkr] gfj;k.kk vkSj egkjk"Vª lfgr vfo'oluh; :i ls mPp vk; okys jkT; tks fd jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks de djus ds fy, thMhih vuqikr ds dkj.k vPNk jktdks"kh; LokLF; gksus dk vuqeku yxkrs gSa] vU; jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa [kjkc O;; vkSj jktLo xq.koÙkk ds dkj.k lexz ,QihvkbZ ij vPNk çn'kZu ugha djrs gSaA

jktLo vkSj iwathxr O;; lwpdkadksa esa vPNs çn'kZu ds dkj.k e/; çns'k] vka/kz çns'k] mÙkj çns'k vkSj fcgkj lfgr vU; jkT;ksa us ,QihvkbZ ij vPNk çn'kZu fd;k gSA

FPI dh vko';drk %

,dy ekunaM tSls fd jktdks"kh; ?kkVk thMhih vuqikr ds fy, *gesa ctV dh xq.koÙkk ds ckjs esa dqN ugha crkrk gSA

blfy,] ljdkj dks ,dy ladsrd ds ctk; dsaæ vkSj jkT; Lrj ij ctV dh xq.koÙkk dks ekius ds fy, dbZ ladsrdksa dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A

vkxs dk jkLrk& lhvkbZvkbZ dh flQkfj'ksa %

ljdkj dks dj vk/kkj dks O;kid cukus] f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; lsokvksa esa fuos'k c<+kus ds lkFk&lkFk ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds j[kj[kko vkSj lkFk gh cqfu;knh <kaps] fdQk;rh vkokl esa fuos'k c<+kus vkSj lkoZtfud {ks= ds miØeksa dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, Hkh ljdkj dks ykHkka'k lhfer djds iwathxr O;; c<+kus ds fy, ç;kl djuk pkfg,A

jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ctV çca/ku ¼Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management-FRBM½ vf/kfu;e] tks jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks de djus gsrq ljdkjksa ds fy;s y{; fu/kkZfjr djrk gS] dks dsoy ,d ?kVd ij /;ku dsafær ugha djuk pkfg;sA


blds ctk; bl vf/kfu;e ds varxZr lHkh laLFkkvksa ds lexz çn'kZu ij O;; xq.koÙkk] jktLo çkfIr;ksa dh xq.koÙkk] vkSj jktdks"kh; le>nkjh (Fiscal Prudence) ds –f"Vdks.k ls vkdyu fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

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1-12 jk"Vªh; ijh{k.k ,tsalh %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa jk"Vªh; ijh{k.k ,tsalh ¼National Testing Agency-NTA½ us jk"Vªh; ik=rk lg ços'k ijh{kk dk ifj.kke ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA ;g ,tsalh uhV ¼National Eligibility

Cum Entrance Test-NEET)] tsbZbZ] dSV ;wthlh usV] th&iSV tSlh çfr;ksxh ijh{kk,¡ laiUu djkrh gSA

LFkkiuk %

jk"Vªh; ijh{k.k ,tsalh ¼NTA½ dh LFkkiuk Hkkjrh; laLFkk iathdj.k vf/kfu;e& 1860 ds rgr dh xbZ FkhA

;g ,d Lok;Ùk laLFkk gS tks ns'k ds mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa ços'k ,oa Nk=ofÙk gsrq ços'k ijh{kk,¡ vk;ksftr djkrh gSA

mís'; %

bl ,tsalh dk mís'; ços'k vkSj HkrhZ gsrq mEehnokjksa dh ;ksX;rk dk vkdyu djus ds fy;s dq'ky] ikjn'khZ vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ekudksa ds vk/kkj ij ijh{k.k djuk gSA

dk;Z %

;g v‚uykbu ek/;e esa ijh{kk vk;ksftr djokrk gS ftlds fy;s bls ,sls fo|ky;ksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk p;u djuk gksrk gS tgk¡ ij lHkh cqfu;knh lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k gksa vkSj ijh{kk ds vk;kstu ls muds 'kS{kf.kd fnup;kZ ij dksbZ çHkko u iM+sA

vR;k/kqfud rduhdh dh lgk;rk ls lHkh fo"k;ksa dk ç'u&i= cukukA ,d etcwr vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl dh laL—fr ds lkFk&lkFk ijh{k.k gsrq fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa dk ,d iSuy

rS;kj djukA Hkkjrh; 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa esa le;≤ ij çf'k{k.k çnku djuk vkSj lykgdkj lsok,¡ miyC/k

djkukA ,tqds'kuy VsfLVax lfoZlst ¼Educational Testing Services½ tSlh varjkZ"Vªh;

laLFkkvksa ds lkFk feydj dk;Z djukA fofHkUu ea=ky;ksa ,oa dsaæ ljdkj ds foHkkxksa rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk fdlh ijh{kk ds vk;kstu dk

nkf;Ro lkSais tkus fd fLFkfr esa mldk lapkyu djukA


Ldwyksa] cksMZ rFkk vU; fudk;ksa esa çf'k{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk lq/kkj lqfuf'pr djuk ,oa ços'k ijh{kkvksa ds ijh{k.k laca/kh ekudksa dh le;≤ ij tk¡p djukA

ç'kklu %

NTA dk v/;{k ,d ç[;kr f'k{kkfon~ gksrk gS ,oa bldh fu;qfä ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; }kjk dh tkrh gSA

bldk eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh ¼Chief Executive Officer-CEO) ,d egkfuns'kd gksrk gS ftldh fu;qfä dsaæ ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSA

blesa ,d cksMZ v‚Q xouZj gksxk ftlesa ijh{kk vk;ksftr djokus okys laLFkkuksa ds lnL; Hkh 'kkfey gksaxsA

egÙo %

NTA tSlh fof'k"V ijh{k.k ,tsalh dh LFkkiuk ls dsaæh; ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ ¼Central Board of

Secondary Education-CBSE)] vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼All India For

Technical Education-AICTE) tSlh laLFkkvksa ls ijh{kk vk;ksftr djkus dk cks> de gqvk gSA

NTA çR;sd o"kZ v‚uykbu ek/;e ls de&ls&de nks ckj ijh{kkvksa dk vk;kstu djrk gS ftlls çfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa dh rS;kjh dj jgs vH;fFkZ;ksa ds fy;s ços'k ds volj c<+ tkrs gSaA

NTA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa igq¡p c<+kus ds fy;s rFkk vH;fFkZ;ksa dh lqfo/kk gsrq ftyk Lrj ,oa mi&ftyk Lrj ij vius dsaæ LFkkfir dj jgk gSA

jk"Vªh; ijh{k.k ,tsalh us ,d eksckby ,i çkjaHk djus ds lkFk gh vH;kl ijh{k.k dsaæksa dh LFkkiuk dh gS ftldh lgk;rk ls vH;FkhZ vius LekVZQksu ij Hkh e‚d VsLV ¼Mock Test½ nsdj viuk ijh{kk iwoZ ewY;kadu dj ldrs gSaA

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1-13 ,D;wV ¼rhoz½ balsQsykbfVl flaMªkse % lekpkj esa D;ksa\ mÙkjh fcgkj ds eqt¶Qjiqj ftys esa ,D;wV balsQsykbfVl flaMªkse ¼Acute Encephalitis Syndrome-AES½ ds dkj.k dbZ cPpksa dh ekSr gks xbZ] ftls LFkkuh; Lrj ij pEdh cq[kkj ¼fnekxh cq[kkj½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA


egRoiw.kZ rF;%

vf/kdrj vçSy ls twu ds chp eqt¶Qjiqj] fcgkj vkSj vklikl ds yhph mRiknd ftyksa esa AES

ds ekeys ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA

xehZ ds ekSle ds nkSjku mPp rkieku vkSj vknZzrk ds dkj.k AES ds QSyus ds nj cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA eqt¶Qjiqj esa cPpksa esa ,D;wV balsQsykbfVl ds QSyus vkSj yhph ds miHkksx ds chp laca/k dks us'kuy lsaVj Q‚j fMtht daVªksy] fnYyh ¼National Centre for Disease Control½ }kjk fMtht daVªksy] ;w-,l- ds lkFk feydj Li"V fd;k x;kA

vk/kh idh gqbZ yhph esa V‚fDlUl gkbiksXykblhu ¼Toxins Hypoglycin½ A ¼;g LokHkkfod :i ls ,ehuks ,flM gksrk gS½ vkSj feFkkbyhulkbDyksçksikby&Xykbflu ¼Methylene Cyclopropyl-Glycine: MCPG½ gksrs gSa] vf/kd ek=k esa ,slh yhph dk lsou mfYV;ksa ¼Vomiting½ dk dkj.k curk gSA

D;k gS ;g flaMªkse\ AES ePNjksa }kjk çsf"kr balsQsykbfVl dh ,d xaHkhj fLFkfr gS] bldh eq[; fo'ks"krk rhoz cq[kkj

vkSj efLr"d esa lwtu vkuk gSA fo'o LokLF; laxBu (World Health Organisation-WHO) us o"kZ 2006 esa AES 'kCn

dks ,d ,sls jksx lewg ds :i esa n'kkZ;k] tks ,sls gh ,d vU; jksx ds leku çrhr gksrk gS] ysfdu blds çlkj ds vO;ofLFkr okrkoj.k ds dkj.k buesa varj djuk eqf'dy gSA

;g chekjh fo'ks"k :i ls cPpksa vkSj ;qok o;Ldksa dks lcls vf/kd çHkkfor djrh gSA dkjd % AES ds çlkj esa ok;jl eq[; çsjd ,tsaV ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] gkyk¡fd fiNys dqN

n'kdksa esa vU; lzksr tSls fd cSDVhfj;k] dod] ijthoh] LikbjksdsV~l (spirochetes½] jlk;u] fo"kkä inkFkZ vkSj xSj&laØked ,tsaV ds dkj.k Hkh blds çlkj dh ?kVuk,¡ lkeus vkbZ gSaA ;g oSDlhu&fuokjd jksx ugha gSA

JEV Hkkjr esa bldk çeq[k dkj.k gS ¼5 izfr’kr &35 izfr’kr ls ysdj½A gihZl flEIysDl ok;jl ¼Herpes simplex virus½] fuikg ok;jl ¼Nipah virus½] thdk

ok;jl (Zika virus½] bU¶yq,atk , ok;jl ¼Influenza A virus½] osLV ukby ok;jl (West Nile virus½] paMhiqjk ok;jl ¼Chandipura virus½] eEIl (mumps), [kljk ¼measles½] Msaxw ¼dengue)] LØc VkbQl (scrub typhus), ,l- U;weksfu;k (S-

Pneumoniae) Hkh AES ds fy;s çsjd ,tsaV ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA y{k.k% Hkze] HkVdko] dksek ;k ckr djus esa vleFkZrk] rhoz cq[kkj] mYVh vkSj csgks'kh vkfn blds

y{k.kksa esa 'kkfey gSaA


balsQykbfVl D;k gS\

balsQykbfVl dks çk;: tkikuh cq[kkj Hkh dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g tkikuh balsQykbfVl ¼tsbZ½ uked ok;jl ds dkj.k gksrk gSA

;g ,d çk.k?kkrd laØked chekjh gS] tks ¶ySfook;jl (Flavivirus) ds laØe.k ls gksrh gSA ;g eq[; :i ls cPpksa dks çHkkfor djrh gS] ftudh çfrj{kk ç.kkyh o;Ldksa dh rqyuk esa dkQh detksj gksrh gSA

D;wysDl ePNj bl chekjh dk okgd gksrk gSA lwvj rFkk taxyh i{kh efLr"d Toj ds fo"kk.kq ds lzksr gksrs gSaA dsaæh; lapkjh jksx fu;a=.k dk;ZØe ¼National Vector Borne Disease Control

Programme-NVBDCP½ funs'kky; ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj mÙkj çns'k] if'pe caxky] vle vkSj fcgkj lesr 14 jkT;ksa esa balsQykbfVl dk çHkko gS] ysfdu if'pe caxky] vle] fcgkj rFkk mÙkj çns'k ds iwokaZpy esa bl chekjh dk çdksi dkQh vf/kd gSA

ljdkj dh igy %

JE/AES ds dkj.k cPpksa esa gksus okyh #X.krk] e`R;q nj vkSj fodykaxrk dks de djus ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj us lacaf/kr ea=ky;ksa ds lg;ksx ls tkikuh balsQsykbfVl ¼Japanese

Encephalitis-JE½@,D;wV balsQsykbfVl flaMªkse dh jksdFkke vkSj fu;a=.k ds fy;s jk"Vªh; dk;ZØe [National Programme for Prevention and Control of Japanese

Encephalitis(JE)@ Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (NPPCJA)] ds rgr ,d cgq&vk;keh j.kuhfr rS;kj dh gSA

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2- varjkZ”Vªh;

2-1 csly laf/k %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ csly laf/k (COP-14) ds i{kdkjksa dk 14ok¡ lEesyu fLoV~tjySaM ds tsusok 'kgj esa gks jgk gSA

Basel- laf/k D;k gS\

bl laf/k dks 22 ekpZ 1989 dks gLrk{kj ds fy, j[kk x;k FkkA

bl ij dqy feykdj 187 ns'kksa us gLrk{kj fd;s gSaA

gSrh vkSj vesfjdk us laf/k ij gLrk{kj dj fn, gSa ijUrq Loh—r ugha fd;k gSA

;g laf/k 5 ebZ] 1992 ls ykxw gSA

;g ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laf/k gS ftldk mís'; [krjukd dpjs dks ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k ys tkus dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks ?kVkuk gSA blesa blij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k gS fd fodflr ns'kksa ls vYi&fodflr ns'kksa rd ;s [krjukd dpjs ugha igq¡psA

ftu dpjksa dks ;g laf/k jksdrh gS muesa jsfM;ks/kehZ dpjs dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gSA

laf/k dk mís'; mRikfnr dpjs dh ek=k vkSj fo"kkärk dks de ls de djuk gS ftlls fd mudk çca/ku i;kZoj.k dh –f"V ls lqjf{kr gksA

csly laf/k [krjukd dpjs ds lqpk: çca/ku ds fy, vYifodflr ns'kksa dks lgk;rk nsus dk çko/kku Hkh djrh gSA

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2-2 CTBTO esa Hkkjr %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa O;kid ijek.kq ijh{k.k çfrca/k laf/k laxBu (Comprehensive

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization- CTBTO) us Hkkjr dks CTBTO esa i;Zos{kd lnL; cuus ds fy;s vkeaf=r fd;k gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

O;kid ijek.kq ijh{k.k çfrca/k laf/k laxBu (CTBTO) ds dk;Zdkjh lfpo us dgk fd CTBTO Hkkjr ls O;kid ijek.kq ijh{k.k çfrca/k laf/k (Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- CTBT) dks vuqeksfnr djus dh mEehn ugha dj jgk ysfdu Hkkjr dks i;Zos{kd ds :i esa 'kkfey gksus dk volj nsuk ,d vPNh 'kq#vkr gks ldrh gSA

,d i;Zos{kd gksus ds ukrs Hkkjr dks varjkZ"Vªh; fuxjkuh ç.kkyh (International Monitoring System) ds MsVk rd igq¡p çkIr gksxhA

,d i;Zos{kd gksus ds ukrs CTBT ds laca/k esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr ugha cnysxh cfYd vyx&vyx çdkj ds vk¡dM+sa ,oa lwpuk,¡ çkIr gksaxhA

varjkZ"Vªh; fuxjkuh ç.kkyh%

varjkZ"Vªh; fuxjkuh ç.kkyh ,d usVodZ gS tks fQygky viw.kZ gS fdarq iw.kZ gks tkus ij 89 ns'kksa esa fLFkr 337 lqfo/kkvksa ¼321 fuxjkuh LVs'ku vkSj 16 jsfM;ksU;wDykbM ySc½ ls ;qä gksxkA

;g ç.kkyh Hkwdaih; foKku] gkbMªks,d‚fLVDl] bUÝklkmaM vkSj jsfM;ksU;wDykbM rduhd dk mi;ksx djds NksVs ijek.kq foLQksVksa dk Hkh irk yxk ldrh gSA

tkfgj gS fd Hkwdai dh fuxjkuh gsrq vkSj jsfM;ks vkblksVksi ds QSyko ds ckn MsVk ds bl Lrj dh miyC/krk vko';d gSA

phu us varjkZ"Vªh; fuxjkuh ç.kkyh dks MsVk Hkstuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA

CTBTO: ;g CTBT dks lapkfyr djus okyh laLFkk gSA

CTBT D;k gS\ O;kid ijek.kq ijh{k.k çfrca/k laf/k (CTBT) fdlh ds Hkh }kjk fdlh Hkh txg ¼iFoh dh lrg ij] ok;qeaMy esa] ikuh ds uhps vkSj Hkwfexr½ ij ijek.kq foLQksVksa ij jksd yxkrh gSA

ijek.kq vçlkj laf/k (Non-Proliferation Treaty- NPT):

ijek.kq vçlkj laf/k ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dk foLrkj jksdus vkSj ijek.kq VsDuksy‚th ds 'kkafriw.kZ <ax ls bLrseky dks c<+kok nsus ds varjkZ"Vªh; ç;klksa dk ,d fgLlk gSA bl laf/k dh ?kks"k.kk 1970 esa dh xbZ FkhA


vc rd la;qä jk"Vª la?k ds 191 lnL; ns'k blds i{k esa gSaA bl ij gLrk{kj djus okys ns'k Hkfo"; esa ijek.kq gfFk;kj fodflr ugha dj ldrsA

gkyk¡fd] os 'kkafriw.kZ mís';ksa ds fy;s ijek.kq ÅtkZ dk bLrseky dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu bldh fuxjkuh varjkZ"Vªh; ijek.kq ÅtkZ ,tsalh (International Atomic Energy Agency-IAEA) ds i;Zos{kd djsaxsA

NPT: ijek.kq fu%'kL=hdj.k dh fn'kk esa ijek.kq vçlkj laf/k (Non-Proliferation Treaty) ,d egRoiw.kZ nLrkost ekuk tkrk gS] ysfdu Hkkjr bl vçlkj laf/k ij gLrk{kj djus ls budkj djrk jgk gSA

blds fy;s Hkkjr ds fuEufyf[kr nks rdZ gSa&

bl laf/k esa bl ckr dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha dh xbZ gS fd phu dh ijek.kq 'kfä ls Hkkjr dh lqj{kk fdl çdkj lqfuf'pr gks ldsxhA

bl laf/k ij gLrk{kj djus dk vFkZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr vius fodflr ijek.kq vuqla/kku ds vk/kkj ij ijek.kq 'kfä dk 'kkafriw.kZ mi;ksx ugha dj ldrkA

;g laf/k 18 ebZ] 1974 dks rc lkeus vkbZ] tc Hkkjr us 'kkafriw.kZ mís';ksa ds fy;s viuk igyk Hkwfexr ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;kA

Hkkjr ekurk gS fd 1 tqykbZ] 1968 dks gLrk{kfjr rFkk 5 ekpZ] 1970 ls ykxw ijek.kq vçlkj laf/k HksnHkkoiw.kZ gS] ;g vlekurk ij vk/kkfjr] ,di{kh; vkSj viw.kZ gSA

Hkkjr ds vuqlkj os dkj.k vkt Hkh cus gq, gSa ftudh otg ls Hkkjr us vc rd bl laf/k ij gLrk{kj ugha fd;s gSaA

************

2-3 WTO dh cSBd %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ Hkkjr us ubZ fnYyh esa vk;ksftr fo'o O;kikj laxBu (World Trade

Organization- WTO) esa 'kkfey fodkl'khy ns'kks dh vukSipkfjd cSBd dh estckuh dhA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

vkeaf=r 24 ns'kksa esa ls 22 ns'kksa us bl cSBd esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj 17 ns'kksa us cSBd ds ckn tkjh la;qä ?kks"k.kk i= ij gLrk{kj fd;sA

;g cSBd o"kZ 2020 esa dtk[kLrku esa vk;ksftr gksus okys fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds 12osa eaf=Lrjh; lEesyu ls igys vk;ksftr ,d egÙoiw.kZ cSBd gSA

bl cSBd esa fuEufyf[kr eqíksa ij ckr dh xbZ&

1- fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh vihyh; fudk; ds ckjs esa A


vihyh; fudk; esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k lkr ls ?kVdj rhu jg xbZ gSA&

1- bl dkj.ko'k orZeku esa vihyh; fudk; esa fdlh vihy ij lquokbZ djus esa ,d o"kZ dk le; yx jgk gS] tcfd vihyksa ds fuiVku ds fy;s fu/kkZfjr le; 90 fnu gSA

2- fQygky ekStwn rhu U;k;k/kh'kksa esa ls nks U;k;k/kh'k 10 fnlacj dks lsokfuoÙk gksus okys gSa] blls vihyh; fudk; dh dk;Z{kerk çHkkfor gksxhA

3- la;qä jkT; vesfjdk us fiNys lky ls vihyh; fudk; esa U;k;k/kh'kksa dh fu;qfä ij jksd yxk nh gSA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fo'ks"k vkSj fHkUu mik; (Special but

Differentiated Treatment) dk çko/kku dqN vU; ns'kksa ds fy;s fpark dk fo"k; cuk gqvk gSA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu

fo'o O;kikj laxBu (World Trade Organization) fo'o esa O;kikj laca/kh vojks/kksa dks nwj dj oSf'od O;kikj dks c<+kok nsus okyk ,d varj&ljdkjh laxBu gS] ftldh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1995 esa gqbZ FkhA

bldk eq[;ky; ftusok ¼fLoV~tjySaM½ esa gSA orZeku esa fo'o ds 164 ns'k blds lnL; gSaA 29 tqykbZ] 2016 dks vQxkfuLrku bldk 164ok¡ lnL; cukA lnL; ns'kksa dk eaf=Lrjh; lEeysu blds fu.kZ;ksa ds fy;s loksZPp fudk; gS] ftldh cSBd çR;sd nks

o"kksaZ esa vk;ksftr dh tkrh gSA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu dk vihyh; fudk;%

fo'o O;kij la?k ds vihyh; fudk; dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1995 esa vaMjLVSafMax v‚Q :Yl v‚Q fMflfIyu (DSU) ds fu;eksa vkSj çfØ;kvksa ij vuqPNsn 17 ds rgr dh xbZ FkhA

;g lkr O;fä;ksa dk ,d LFkkbZ fudk; gS tks WTO ds lnL;ksa }kjk yk, x, fooknksa ij iSuyksa }kjk tkjh fjiksVksaZ ds vk/kkj ij vihy dh lquokbZ djrk gSA

vihyh; fudk; ,d iSuy ds dkuwuh fu"d"kksaZ esa ifjorZu ldrk gS] la'kks/ku dj ldrk gS ;k mUgsa ;Fkkor cuk;s j[k ldrk gSA

fo'ks"k vkSj fHkUu mik; laca/kh çko/kku%

fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds le>kSrs esa dqN [kkl çko/kku 'kkfey gSa tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks dqN fo'ks"k vf/kdkj nsrs gSa ftUgsa fo'ks"k vkSj fHkUu mik; (Special and Differential Treatment)

ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSaA ;s çko/kku fodflr ns'kksa dks fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds vU; lnL;ksa dh rqyuk esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds lkFk vf/kd vuqdwy O;ogkj dh laHkkouk çnku djrs gSaA


fo'ks"k çko/kkuksa esa fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa&

1- le>kSrksa vkSj çfrc)rkvksa dks ykxw djus gsrq yack le; 2- fodkl'khy ns'kksa gsrq O;kikj ds voljksa dks c<+kus laca/kh mik; 3- fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds O;kikj fgrksa dh lqj{kk ds fy;s lHkh WTO lnL;ksa gsrq vko';d çko/kkuA 4- - fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks WTO ds dke dks iwjk djus] fooknksa dks gy djus vkSj rduhdh ekudksa dks

ykxw djus esa enn djus gsrq lgk;rkA 5- lcls de fodflr ns'k (Least-Developed Country- LDC) ds lnL;ksa ls lacaf/kr

çko/kkuA

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2-4 lsok O;kikj çfrca/k lwpdkad %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ Hkkjrh; okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=ky; }kjk djk, x, ,d v/;;u esa ik;k x;k gS fd vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu }kjk ns'kksa dks mudh lsok O;kikj dh uhfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij çnku dh tkus okyh jSafdax i{kikriw.kZ gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

gky gh esa vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu (Organisation for Economic

Cooperation and Development- OECD) us lsok O;kikj çfrca/k lwpdkad (Services Trade Restrictiveness Index- STRI) ]2018 çLrqr fd;k gSA

OECD }kjk tkjh bl baMsDl esa cM+h la[;k esa leL;k,¡ gSa] ftlesa dqN egRoiw.kZ leL;k,¡ blds çk:i ls lacaf/kr gSa ftlds dkj.k ;g mi;ksx gsrq vO;kogkfjd gks tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ;g lwpdkad Hkkjrh; lsok {ks= dks lcls vf/kd çfrca/kkRed {ks=ksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa fn[kkrk gS fo'ks"k :i ls fon'kh fuos'k esa] tcfd 1991 ds ckn ls Hkkjr esa lcls vf/kd mnkjhdj.k blh {ks= esa gqvk gSA

MsVk euekus rjhds ls pquk x;k gS vkSj ;g fodflr ns'kksa ds iwokZxzg dks n'kkZrk gSA

vkfFkZd lg;ksx ,oa fodkl laxBu (OECD):

LFkkiuk& 1961 eq[;ky;& isfjl ¼Ýk¡l½ lnL; ns'kksa dh la[;k& 36

;g ,d varj&ljdkjh vkfFkZd laxBu gS bldh LFkkiuk vkfFkZd çxfr vkSj fo'o O;kikj dks çksRlkfgr djus gsrq dh xbZ FkhA

vf/kdka'k OECD lnL; mPp vk; oxZ dh vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ gSa] ftudk ekuo fodkl lwpdkad cgqr mPp gS] vkSj ;s fodflr ns'kksa ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA


lsok O;kikj çfrca/k lwpdkad%

(Services Trade Restrictiveness Index- STRI):

bldh 'kq#vkr 2014 esa vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl laxBu }kjk dh xbZ FkhA

blesa lk/kkj.kr% 45 ns'kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa 36 OECD ns'k ,oa ckdh xSj&vksbZlhMh ns'k 'kkfey gSaA

;g 22 {ks=ksa ¼tSls& daI;wVj lsok] gokbZ ifjogu] dkuwuh lsok] fuekZ.k½ esa lsok O;kikj dks çHkkfor djus okys fu;eksa dh tkudkjh çnku djrk gSA

;g lwpdkad fons'kh fuos'k] fons'kksa ls yksxksa dh vkoktkgh ij çfrca/k] çfrLinZ~/kk esa ck/kk,¡] fu;eu esa ikjnf'kZrk dks ysdj vkSj vU; HksnHkkoiw.kZ uhfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij x.kuk djrk gSaA

STRI lwpdkad esa 'kwU; vkSj ,d ds chp vad çnku fd;k tkrk gSA

^'kwU;* lsok O;kikj esa lcls de çfrca/k] tcfd ^,d* lcls vf/kd çfrca/k dks lwfpr djrk gSA

STRI uhfr fuekZrkvksa dk /;ku uhfr;ksa esa lq/kkj djus dh rjQ vk—"V dj ldrk gSa ,oa oSf'od Lrj ij loksZÙke vH;kl ds fy;s ekunaM miyC/k dj ldrs gSa vkSj muds laHkkfor çHkkoksa dk vkdyu dj ldrs gSaA

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2-5 jk"VªeaMy U;k;kf/kdj.k (Commonwealth Tribunal) :

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ loksZPp U;k;ky; ds HkwriwoZ U;k;k/kh'k ds-,l- jk/kk—".ku dks yUnu fLFkr jk"VªeaMy lfpoky; e/;LFkrk U;k;kf/kdj.k (Commonwealth Secretariat Arbitral Tribunal) dk ,d lnL; pquk x;k gS- os bl in ij twu 1] 2019 ls ebZ 31] 2023 rd vFkkZr~ pkj o"kksaZ rd jgsaxsA

jk"VªeaMy lfpoky; e/;LFkrk U;k;kf/kdj.k %

gky gh esa tfLVl ,ds lhdjh us ljdkj ds ml çLr ko dks Bqdjk fn;k ftlds rgr mUgsa yanu fLFkr jk"VªeaMy lfpoky; e/;LFkrk U;k;kf/kdj.k (CSAT) esa ukfer fd;k tkuk FkkA

jk"VªeaMy lfpoky; jk"VªeaMy dh eq[; varj ljdkjh ,tsalh vkSj dsaæh; laLFkku gSA

;g lfpoky; yanu] ;wukbVsM fdaxMe esa fLFkr gSA

lnL; ds in ij ml O;fä dh fu;qfä dh tkrh gS ftldk uSfrd pfj= Å¡pk jgk gks vkSj ftlus fdlh jk"VªeaMyh; ns'k esa mPpLFk U;kf;d in ij dke fd;k gks vFkok dj jgk gksA


de ls de 10 o"kksaZ dk vuqHko j[kus okyk fof/k ijke'khZ dks Hkh bl in ij fu;qä fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bldh LFkkiuk 1965 esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj ;g vius 53 lnL; ns'kksa ds chp fookn dh fLFkfr esa ,d e/;LFk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

jk"VªeaMy lfpoky; e/;LFkrk U;k;kf/kdj.k (CSAT) esa v/;{k lfgr dqy vkB lnL; gksrs gSaA

bl lfpoky; ds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky pkj o"kZ dk gksrk gSA

;g U;k;kf/kdj.k jk"VªeaMyh; lfpoky; vFkok mlds fdlh dehZ vFkok bl lfpoky; ls lafonk ds ek/;e ls tqM+s O;fä }kjk fn, x;s vkosnuksa dh lquokbZ djrk gSA

;g U;k;kf/kdj.k mUgha ekeyksa dks gkFk esa ysrk gS ftuesa lEcaf/kr laxBu bl ckr ds fy, rS;kj gksrs gSa fd os U;k;kf/kdj.k ds fu.kZ; dks ekusaxsA

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2-6 la;qä jk"Vª] jkT; ugha %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; us ,d ;kfpdk ij QSlyk nsrs gq, dgk fd la;qä jk"Vª Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 12 (Article 12) ds rgr ,d jkT; ugha gS vkSj lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 226 (Article 226) ds rgr vius vf/kdkj {ks= ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

la;qä jk"Vª(United Nations-UN) ds ,d iwoZ deZpkjh lat; cgy dks ,d vesfjdh la?kh; U;k;ky; (US Federal Court) us dnkpkj dk nks"kh ik;k FkkA çekf.kr nks"k ds vk/kkj ij lat; cgy dks 97 eghus dh dSn vkSj nks lky dh vkns'kkRed utjcanh dh ltk lqukbZ xbZ FkhA

blds ckn cgy dks ebZ 2014 esa dSn ls fjgkbZ nsdj Hkkjr fuokZflr dj fn;k x;k FkkA

fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; esa nk;j viuh ;kfpdk esa lat; cgy us nkok fd;k Fkk fd muds ekeys esa fu/kkZfjr çfØ;k dk ikyu ugha fd;k x;kA

1908 dh /kkjk 86 ds rgr la;qä jk"Vª laxBu (United Nation Organization-UNO) ds f[kykQ dkuwuh dkjZokbZ 'kq: djus dh vuqefr nsus dh ekax dh xbZ FkhA

1908 dh /kkjk ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd ,d fons'kh jkT; ds f[kykQ dsaæ ljdkj dh lgefr ls fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; esa eqdnek nk;j fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ml i= ds tokc esa fons'k ea=ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd la;qä jk"Vª dks lEeu tkjh djus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj dh Loh—fr vko';d ugha gS D;ksafd ;g ,d fons'kh jkT; ugha] dsoy ,d vkarfjd laxBu gSA

gkyk¡fd la;qä jk"Vª ¼fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ,oa çfrj{kk½ vf/kfu;e 1947 ds varxZr la;qä jk"Vª vkSj blds vf/kdkjh dks dkuwuh çfØ;k ls çfrj{kk (Immunity) dk vf/kdkj gSA


1947 dh vuqlwph ds vuqPNsn&2 dh /kkjk 2] la;qä jk"Vª dks lHkh çdkj dh dkuwuh çfØ;kvksa ls çfrj{kk dk vf/kdkj nsrh gS] c'krsZ fdlh fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa la;qä jk"Vª LosPNk ls çfrj{kk dk ykHk ysus ls budkj u dj nsA

1908 leku çfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 86 %

1908 dh leku çfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 86 fons'kh 'kkldksa] jktnwrksa] jktuf;dksa] çfrfuf/k;ksa ds f[kykQ eqdnek pykus dk vf/kdkj nsrh gSA

1908 dh ;g /kkjk lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd ,d fons'kh jkT; ds f[kykQ dsaæ ljdkj dh lgefr ls fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; esa eqdnek nk;j fd;k tk ldrk gSA

la;qä jk"Vª ¼fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ,oa çfrj{kk½ vf/kfu;e] 1947

;g vf/kfu;e la;qä jk"Vª dks] lHkh çdkj dh dkuwuh dk;Zokfg;ksa ls çfrj{kk ;k cpko dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA

ijarq çfrj{kk dk ;g vf/kdkj rc rd gh cuk jgsxk tc rd fd fdlh vlk/kkj.k ;k fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa la;qä jk"Vª LosPNk ls çfrj{kk dk ykHk ysus ls budkj u dj nsA

fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; us mä QSlys esa 1947 dh vuqlwph ds vuqPNsn II dh /kkjk 2 dk mYys[k djrs gq, ;g Li"V fd;k fd bl ekeys esa la;qä jk"Vª dks çfrj{kk dk vf/kdkj çkIr gSA

la;qä jk"Vª la?k D;k gS\

f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds ckn gqbZ ;kYVk cSBd (Yalta Conference) ds fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj 25 vçSy ls 26 twu 1945 rd lSu ÝkaflLdks esa la;qä jk"Vªksa (allied countries½ dk lEeysu vk;ksftr gqvkA

lEeysu us teZuh ds vkReleiZ.k ls igys ls gh la;qä jk"Vª ?kks"k.kk i= ij fopkj djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA tkiku ds vkReleiZ.k ds igys 26 twu dks 51 ns'kksa us] ftlesa Hkkjr Hkh 'kkfey Fkk] ,d ?kks"k.kki= ij gLrk{kj fd;sA

;g ?kks"k.kk i= 24 vDVwcj 1945 ls çHkkoh gks x;kA bl ?kks"k.kk i= esa la;qä jk"Vª la?k ds mís'; rFkk xBu dh ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS- la;qä jk"Vª la?k (United Nations – UN) ds fuekZ.k dk mís'; fo'o esa fo|eku la?k"kksaZ dk 'kkafriw.kZ lek/kku djuk FkkA

fo'o jktuhfr dk l¥~pkyu cy vkSj fgalk dks ijs j[kdj lg;ksx vkSj lg&vfLrRo ds vk/kkj ij gksuk pkfg,] ,slk ?kks"k.kk i= esa mfYyf[kr gSA ;g varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; ds fy, vifjgk;Z gS vkSj ;g cgqi{kokn dk vk/kkj gSA ;g ekuo ds fuEurj fodkl ls mPprj fodkl dk |ksrd gSA

ekuo ds bl mPprj fodkl esa 'kkafriw.kZ lg&vfLrRo] Lora=rk lekurk vkSj ekuokf/kdkj tSls ewY; çeq[k gSaA la;qä jk"Vª la?k dk ewy vk/kkj varjkZ"Vªh; fof/k ij fVdk gS ftlds vuqlkj lHkh jkT; leku lEçHkqrk laiUu gSaA


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2-7 rsy rFkk xSl ds vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk de djus dh flQkfj'k %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ lkoZtfud {ks= ds rsy vkSj xSl miØeksa ds chp lkeatL; iSnk djus ds fy;s dk;Z;kstuk rS;kj djus ls tqM+s eqíksa dh tk¡p djusA dj ekeyksa rFkk lkoZtfud {ks= ds rsy vkSj xSl miØeksa }kjk oLrq ,oa lsok dj (Goods And Services Tax-GST) ls ykHk çkIr djus ds rjhdksa ds laca/k esa ljdkj }kjk xfBr mPp Lrjh; lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ lkSaihA

lfefr us lkoZtfud {ks= ds rsy vkSj xSl miØeksa rFkk la;qä m|eksa ds foy;] vf/kxzg.k ,oa ,dhdj.k; rsy lsok,¡ çnku djus okyh ubZ daiuh ds xBu; vkSj nqfu;k Hkj esa rsy rFkk xSl {ks= ds fy;s l{ke ekuo'kfä miyC/k djkus dh vko';drk ,oa laHkkouk dk v/;;u fd;kA

Hkkjr ds fy;s ÅtkZ laj{k.k dk egÙo %

Hkkjr esa ÅtkZ lqj{kk ,d çeq[k j.kuhfrd çkFkfedrk gSA o"kZ 2018 ds nkSjku Hkkjr us 204-92 MMT(Million Metric Tons) isVªksfy;e mRiknksa rFkk 58-64 BCM (Billion Cubic Meters) çk—frd xSl dk miHkksx fd;k tcfd dPps rsy vkSj çk—frd xSl dk ?kjsyw mRiknu fLFkj jgkA

bl nkSjku dPps rsy vkSj rjyh—r çk—frd xSl (Liquified Natural Gas-LNG) ds vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk Øe'k% 82-59 çfr'kr vkSj 45-89 çfr'kr Fkh ftlesa vkus okys fnuksa esa of) dh laHkkouk gSA

rjyh—r çk—frd xSl ¼Liquified Natural Gas-LNG½ %

LNG çk—frd xSl dk rjy #i gS ftls vkerkSj ij tgktksa ds ek/;e ls cM+h ek=k esa mu ns'kksa dks Hkstk tkrk gS tgk¡ ikbi ykbu dk foLrkj laHko ugha gSA

çk—frd xSl dks 160 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd BaMk djds rjy voLFkk esa yk;k tkrk gSA çk—frd xSl ls rjyh—r çk—frd xSl cukus dh çfØ;k ds nkSjku cgqr lh v'kqf);ksa dks i`Fkd fd;k tkrk gSA blfy;s LNG dks çk—frd xSl dk 'kq)re #i dgk tkrk gSA

o"kZ 2018 ds nkSjku isVªksfy;e dk vk;kr ¼7028-37 vjc #i,½ ns'k ds dqy ldy vk;kr ¼30010-2 vjc #i,½ dk 23-42 çfr'kr FkkA

Hkkjr dh rsy dh ekax esa o"kZ 2016&2030 ds nkSjku pkj çfr'kr pØo`f) okf"kZd o`f) nj (Compound Annual Growth Rate-CAGR) dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gS tcfd fo'o dk vkSlr dsoy ,d çfr'kr gSA gkyk¡fd Hkkjr }kjk rsy dh vuqekfur ekax vesfjdk vkSj phu ds eqdkcys dkQh de gksxhA

vr% Hkkjr dkQh ladViw.kZ fLFkfr esa gSA Hkkjr dks viuh ÅtkZ vko'drkvksa dh fujarj iwfrZ ds fy;s yhd ls gVdj lek/kku fudkyus dh vko';drk gSA vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl bl çfØ;k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,axsA


lfefr dh flQkfj'k %

mPpLrjh; ny us rsy vkSj xSl ds fofHkUu lkoZtfud {ks= ds miØeksa ds vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl rFkk çf'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dk nkSjk fd;k vkSj varr% viuh flQkfj'ksa çLrqr dh ftu ij isVªksfy;e vkSj çk—frd xSl ea=ky; (Ministry of Petroleum - Natural Gas) }kjk uhfr;k¡ rS;kj djrs le; fopkj fd;k tk,xkA lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa ds vuqlkj rsy ,oa xSl ds vk;kr ij ns'k dh fuHkZjrk dks de djus ds fy;s vYikof/k] e/;e vof/k vkSj nh?kZ vof/k dh j.kuhfr;k¡ rS;kj djus dh vko';drk gSA

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2-8 jk"Vªh; bZ&fo/kku vkosnu ¼NEVA½ ifj;kstuk %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ dsjy fo/kkulHkk dk;kZy; us ?kks"k.kk dh gS fd og viuh bZ&fo/kku uked ifj;kstuk ds varxZr fo/kkulHkk ds lHkh vfHkys[kksa vkSj dk;Zokfg;ksa dk fMftVhdj.k djsxkA bl ifj;kstuk ds iwjk gksus ij fo/kkulHkk dh lHkh dk;Zokfg;k¡] tSls & fo/kk;d }kjk nh xbZ lwpuk] ç'uksÙkj ,oa vU; lHkh i=kpkj ,oa dkjksckj dkxtjfgr gks tk,¡xsA

bZ&fo/kku ifj;kstuk %

e-Vidhan ,d fe'ku eksM okyh ifj;kstuk gS ftldk dk;Z fo/kku lHkkvksa ds dkjksckj dks fMftVkbt djuk vkSj mls dkxt&jfgr cukuk gSA

;g ,si fMftVy bafM;k dk;ZØe ds vUnj vkrk gSA

bl ,si dk ç;ksx fo/kkulHkkvksa ds vfrfjä ljdkjh foHkkx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

bl fe'ku dks ns'k ds lHkh jkT;ksa vkSj la?kh; {ks=ksa ds fo/kkueaMyksa esa ykxw fd;k tk,xkA

Hkkjr ljdkj dk lalnh; ekeyksa dk ea=ky; (MoPA) bldk uksMy ea=ky; gksxkA

bZ&fo/kku ds fy, /kujkf'k lalnh; ekeyksa dk ea=ky; gh nsxka

blds fy, rduhdh lg;ksx Hkkjr ljdkj ds bysDVª‚fuDl ,oa lwpuk rduhd ea=ky; }kjk eqgS;k fd;k tk,xkA

;g dk;ZØe ,d dsUæh; lEiksf"kr ;kstuk gS ftlds fy, fuf/k dk caVokjk Øe'k% dsaæ vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp fuEu çdkj ls gksxk &

lkekU; jkT;ksa esa % 60%40

iwoksZÙkj vkSj igkM+h jkT;ksa esa % 90%10

la?kh; {ks=ksa ds fy, % 100 izfr’kr


egRo%

NeVA ,d fMftVy a app gS tks fMftVy eap ij fo/kku lHkkvksa esa fnu&çfrfnu gksus okys dk;ksaZ ds lEcU/k esa fo/kkulHkk lnL;ksa dks lwpuk eqgS;k djkrh gSA

blesa çR;sd fo/kkulHkk lnL; ds fy, ,d lqjf{kr ist gksrk gS ftlds ek/;e ls og ç'u vFkok vU; lwpuk,¡ çfrosfnr dj ldrk gSA ;g app dk;Z&çokg ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj ;g DykmM ¼es?kjkt½ ij lajf{kr gksrk gSA

blds dkj.k fo/kku lHkk ds v/;{k dks lnu dh dk;Zokgh dks lqpk: :i ls pykus rFkk lnL;ksa dks viuk drZO; l{kerk ls lEikfnr djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

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2-9 ^ØkbLVppZ d‚y* ls tqM+k Hkkjr %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa Hkkjr ^ØkbLVppZ d‚y* (Christchurch Call) igy ls tqM+ x;k gSA ^ØkbLVppZ d‚y* dk mís'; baVjusV ls vkradokn vkSj pjeiaFk ls lacaf/kr fgalkRed lkefxz;ksa dks gVkuk gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

U;wthySaM dh ç/kkuea=h] tSfdaMk vMZuZ (New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda

Ardern) vkSj Ýk¡lhlh jk"Vªifr] beSuq,y eSØksu (French President Emmanuel

Macron) us rduhdh {ks= ds çeq[kksa vkSj nqfu;k Hkj dh ljdkjksa dk ^ØkbLVppZ d‚y* viukus gsrq vkºoku fd;k FkkA

^ØkbLVppZ d‚y* dks viukrs gq, nqfu;k Hkj dh dbZ ljdkjksa vkSj lkFk gh cM+h rduhdh daifu;ksa us feydj vkradokn vkSj pjeiaFk ls lacaf/kr fgalkRed lkefxz;ksa ds f[kykQ dM+s dne mBkus dh çfrc)rk trkbZA

bl lEeysu esa fczVsu] Ýk¡l] dukMk] vk;jySaM] lsusxy] baMksusf'k;k]tksMZu ,oa ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u ds usrkvksa ds lkFk gh cM+h rduhdh daifu;k¡ tSls& fV~oVj] xwxy] ekbØksl‚¶V vkfn 'kkfey gq,A

Hkkjr dh rjQ ls bysDVª‚fuDl vkSj lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ea=ky; ¼Ministry of Electronics

and Information Technology) ds lfpo vt; çdk'k lkguh us bl lEeysu esa Hkkx fy;kA

^ØkbLVppZ d‚y* nLrkost esa 'kkfey çfrc)rk,¡ %

ljdkjksa ls visf{kr çfrc)rk,¡ %

f'k{kk ,oa vU; egÙoiw.kZ ek/;eksa dh lgk;rk ls vkradokn vkSj fgald mxzokn ds dkjdksa ls fuiVukA


mi;qä dkuwuksa dk çHkkoh çorZu lqfuf'pr djukA uSfrd ekudksa dks ykxw djus gsrq ehfM;k vkmVysV dks çksRlkfgr djukA mfpr dkjZokbZ ij fopkj djuk bR;kfnA

v‚uykbu lsok çnkrkvksa ls visf{kr çfrc)rk,¡ %

lkeqnkf;d ekudksa ;k lsok dh 'krksaZ (Community Standards or Terms of

Service) dks ykxw djus gsrq vf/kd ikjnf'kZrk lqfuf'pr djukA ^fj;y Vkbe leh{kk gsrq fgald lkexzh dh igpku* djukA ykboLVªhfeax ds ek/;e ls vkradokn vkSj pjeiaFk ls lacaf/kr fgalkRed lkexzh dks çlkfjr djus ls

mRiUu fof'k"V tksf[ke dks de djus ds fy;s rRdky çHkkoh mik;ksa dks ykxw djukA fu;fer vkSj ikjn'khZ lkoZtfud fjiksfVaZx O;oLFkk ykxw djukA ,Yxksfjne vkSj vU; çfØ;kvksa ds lapkyu dh leh{kk djuk tks mi;ksxdrZ~rkvksa dk /;ku vkradokn

vkSj pjeiaFk ls lacaf/kr fgalkRed lkexzh dh vksj ys tkrs gSaA Ø‚l&baMLVªh ç;klksa dks lefUor vkSj etcwr cukus gsrq ,d lkFk dke djukA

fu"d"kZ%

^ØkbLVppZ d‚y* bl /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ,d eqä] ikjn'khZ vkSj lqjf{kr baVjusV lekt dks vlk/kkj.k ykHk çnku djrk gSA

vfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk ,d ekSfyd vf/kdkj gS fdarq fdlh dks Hkh vkradokn vkSj pjeiaFk ls lacaf/kr fgalkRed lkexzh cukus vkSj mls v‚uykbu lk>k djus dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA

okLro esa] ØkbLVppZ d‚y Q‚j ,D'ku ,d nqyZHk mnkgj.k gS ftl ij ljdkjksa vkSj futh {ks= us ,dleku çfrKk yh gSA

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2-10 fczVsu vkSj e‚jh'kl ds chp Chagos }hi %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ la;qä jk"Vª egklHkk (United Nation General Assembly – UNGA) us gky gh esa ,d vck/;dkjh ladYi (a non-binding resolution) ikfjr fd;k gS ftlesa baXySaM dks dgk x;k gS fd og fgUn egklkxj esa fLFkr pkxksl }hilewg dks e‚fj'kl dks ykSVk nsA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

fofnr gks fd ;g ekeyk varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; esa x;k FkkA ogk¡ Hkh dgk x;k Fkk fd baXySaM dks pkfg, fd og pkxksl }hiksa ij viuk fu;a=.k ;Fkk'kh?kz lekIr dj ns D;ksafd ;s }hi baXySaM ds iqjkus e‚fj'kl mifuos'k ls fof/klEer :i ls vyx ugha gq, gSaA


fookn D;k gS\ %

e‚fj'kl ds Lora= gksus ds rhu o"kZ igys fczVsu us pkxksl }hiksa dks 1965 esa e‚fj'kl ls vyx dj fn;k FkkA 1967 ls 1973 rd bu }hiksa ds 1]500 fuokfl;ksa dks /khjs&/khjs viuk ?kj NksM+us ds fy, foo'k dj fn;k x;k Fkk ftlls fd buesa lcls cM+s }hi fM,xks xkflZ;k dks vesfjdk dks lkefjd gokbZ vìk cukus ds fy, yht ij fn;k tk lds- fofnr gks fd vkt fM,xks xkflZ;k vesfjdk dk ,d çeq[k lSU; vìk gSA

2016 esa dbZ eqdneksa ds ckn fM,xks xkflZ;k dh yht dks 2036 rd c<+k fn;k vkSj ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd tks }hioklh ckgj dj fn, x;s gSa] mudks okil ugha vkus fn;k tk,xkA 2017 esa e‚fj'kl us la;qä jk"Vª dks çkFkZuk i= nsdj bl ckr esa lQyrk ikbZ fd e‚fj'kl ls pkxksl }hiksa dks vyx djus ds dk;Z dh oS/krk ij varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ eUrO; ek¡xk tk,A

e‚fj'kl dk nkok gS fd fczVsu us pkxksl }hiksa dks NksM+us ds fy, mls bl 'krZ ij foo'k fd;k Fkk fd og e‚fj'kl dks Lora=rk ns nsxkA

e‚fj'kl ds nkos dk vk/kkj %

e‚fj'kl dk pkxksl }hiksa ij nkok ewyr% vkRe fu/kkZj.k ds vf/kdkj ls lEcaf/kr gSA mlus U;k;ky; dks Li"V dgk gS fd bu }hiksa dk iFkDdj.k 1960 esa ikfjr la;qä jk"Vª ladYi la[;k 1514 ¼vkSifuos'kd ?kks"k.kk½ dk lh/kk mYya?ku gS D;ksafd blesa dgk x;k gS fd vkSifuosf'kd yksxksa dks vkRe&fu/kkZj.k dk vf/kdkj gS vkSj fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa Lora=rk nsus ds igys fdlh mifuos'k dks ck¡Vk ugha tk ldrk gSA

fu.kZ; dk fufgrkFkZ %

;g lp gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky; ds }kjk fn, x;s ijke'kZ earO; ck/;dkjh ugha gksrs gSa] ijUrq ,sls eUrO; ds dbZ ek;us Hkh gksrs gSaA bl eUrO; ls Hkfo"; esa gksus okys le>kSrksa ds le; e‚fj'kl dh fLFkfr l'kä gksxh vkSj lkFk gh fczVsu ij pkxksl }hiksa dks NksM+us dk varjkZ"Vªh; ncko cusxkA

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2-11 vesfjdh ohtk çfØ;k esa cM+k cnyko %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ la;qä jkT; vesfjdk ds fons'k ea=ky; us vius ohtk fu;eksa esa cM+k cnyko djrs gq, ohtk vkosnu gsrq yksxksa dks vius fooj.k esa lks'ky ehfM;k dk fooj.k nsus dk çko/kku fd;k gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

u, fu;eksa ds rgr vc vkosndksa dks vius lks'ky ehfM;k vdkmaV dk uke vkSj mlds ik¡p lkyksa ds fjd‚MZ dh tkudkjh tek djokuh gksxhA lkFk gh mls viuk bZesy vMªsl vkSj Qksu uacj Hkh nsuk


gksxkA vesfjdh xzg ea=ky; }kjk bu fu;eksa dks ykus dk eq[; mís'; vkradokfn;ksa vkSj vU; [krjukd yksxksa ds vesfjdk esa ços'k ij çfrca/k yxkuk gSA

vesfjdk esa i<+kbZ djus vkSj ukSdjh ds fy;s ohtk dk vkosnu djus okys yksxksa dks u, fu;eksa ds rgr ;s lHkh lkjh tkudkjh eqgS;k djkuh gksxhA gkyk¡fd vkf/kdkfjd vkSj jktuf;d ohtk ds fy;s fd;s tkus vkosnuksa dks bu fu;eksa esa 'kkfey ughaa fd;k tk,xkA

lks'ky ehfM;k dk bLrseky ugha djus okys vkosndksa ds ikl ;g fodYi miyC/k gksxk] ftlesa os ;g crk ldsa fd os bldk bLrseky ugha djrs gSaA

bu fu;eksa ds rgr vLFkk;h vkxarqdksa lesr lHkh ohtk vkosndksa dks vU; tkudkfj;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ,d Mª‚i Mkmu esuw (Drop-Down Menu) esa vius lks'ky ehfM;k igpkudrZ~rkvksa dks Hkh lwphc) djuk gksxkA vHkh rd bl Mªki Mkmu esuw esa dsoy cM+h lks'ky ehfM;k osclkbVksa dh tkudkjh 'kkfey Fkh] ysfdu vc blesa vkosndksa }kjk bLrseky dh tkus okyh lHkh osclkbVksa dh tkudkjh nsus dh lqfo/kk nh tk,xhA

gkyk¡fd xyr tkudkjh fn;s tkus ds laca/k esa xaHkhj vkoztu ifj.kke (Serious Immigration

Consequences) Hkh Hkqxrus iM+ ldrs gSA

bu u, fu;eksa ds vuqikyu ls lkykuk djhc 15 fefy;u yksxksa ds çHkkfor gksus dh vk'kadk gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd blls igys ;g fu;e dsoy mu yksxksa ij ykxw gksrk Fkk tks vkradoknh laxBuksa ls çHkkfor {ks=ksa ls vesfjdk tkuk pkgrs FksA

tSlk dh ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd vkradoknh fopkjksa vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa ds çpkj&çlkj ds fy;s lks'ky ehfM;k ,d çHkkoh lk/ku gSA ,sls esa vesfjdk dk ;g dne lqj{kk ds –f"Vdks.k ls egÙoiw.kZ lkfcr gksxkA

mís'; %

bl ifjorZu dk eq[; mís'; vesfjdk esa ços'k djus dh ekax djus okys yksxksa dh fuxjkuh dks c<+kuk gS] lqj{kk –f"Vdks.k ls ;g fu.kZ; fy;k x;k gSA

i"BHkwfe %

o"kZ 2016 esa jk"Vªifr pquko çpkj ds nkSjku vesfjdh jk"Vªifr MksukYM Vªai us vkçoklu (Immigration) ds eqís dks xaHkhjrk ls ysrs gq, pquko thrus ds ckn voS/k çokfl;ksa dks 'kj.k ughaa nsus dh ckr dgh FkhA

lkFk gh vkradh xfrfof/k;ksa esa 'kkfey yksxksa ij fuxjkuh O;oLFkk dks vkSj vf/kd l[r cukus ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k FkkA Li"V :i ls lks'ky ehfM;k ds fooj.k dh ekax blh dk ifj.kke gSA

Hkkjr ij çHkko %

çR;sd o"kZ Hkkjr ls cM+h la[;k esa yksx f'k{kk ,oa ukSdjh dh ryk'k esa vesfjdk tkrs gSa] u, fu;eksa ls yxHkx 10 ls 12 yk[k Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ds çHkkfor gksus dh laHkkouk gSaA


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2-12 vesfjdk us okil fy;s Hkkjr ds GSP ykHk %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa vesfjdk us lkekU; çkFkfedrk ç.kkyh (Generalized System

of Preferences- GSP) ds rgr Hkkjrh; mRiknksa dks 'kqYd esa feyus okyh NwV vkxs vkSj tkjh u j[kus dk ,yku fd;k gSA ;g NwV 5 twu] 2019 ls lekIr gks tk,xhA

Hkkjr dk #[k %

okf.kT; ,oa m|ksx ea=ky; (Ministry of Commerce and Industry) ds vuqlkj] fo'ks"k :i ls vkfFkZd laca/kksa ds {ks= esa ;s ,sls eqís gSa ftUgsa le;≤ ij vkil esa gh gy dj fy;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr bl eqís dks fu;fer çfØ;k ds ,d fgLls ds :i esa gh ns[krk gS vkSj og vesfjdk ds lkFk vkfFkZd rFkk tulaca/k nksuksa gh {ks=ksa esa etcwr laca/k cukus dk ç;kl Hkh tkjh j[ksxkA

D;k gS GSP \

GSP fodflr ns'kksa ¼çkFkfedrk nsus okys ;k nkrk ns'k½ }kjk fodkl'khy ns'kksa ¼çkFkfedrk çkIrdrZ~rk ;k ykHkkFkhZ ns'k½ ds fy;s foLrkfjr ,d vf/kekU; ç.kkyh gSA

o"kZ 1974 ds VªsM ,DV (Trade Act) ds rgr o"kZ 1976 esa 'kq: dh xbZ GSP O;oLFkk ds varxZr fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vesfjdk dks fu;kZr dh xbZ dqN lwphc) oLrqvksa ij djksa ls NwV feyrh gSA

GSP vesfjdk dh lcls cM+h vkSj lcls iqjkuh O;kikj rjthgh (Business preferential) ;kstuk gS] ftldk mís'; gtkjksa mRiknksa dks vk;kr 'kqYd esa NwV nsdj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd fodkl esa enn djuk gSA

bl ç.kkyh ds rgr fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fodflr ns'kksa ds cktkj esa dqN 'krksaZ ds lkFk U;wure 'kqYd ;k 'kqYd eqä ços'k feyrk gSA

fodflr ns'k blds tfj;s fodkl'khy ns'kksa vkSj vYi fodflr ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA

ukfer ykHkkFkhZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds yxHkx 30&40 çfr'kr mRiknksa ds fy;s ojh;rk 'kqYd eqä O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gSA Hkkjr Hkh ,d ykHkkFkhZ fodkl'khy ns'k gSA

v‚LVªsfy;k] csyk:l] dukMk] ;wjksih; la?k] vkblySaM] tkiku] dtk[kLrku] U;wthySaM] u‚osZ] :lh la?k] fLoV~tjySaM] rqdhZ vkSj vesfjdk GSP dks çkFkfedrk nsus okys ns'kksa esa çeq[k gSaA

GSP dks 1 tuojh] 1976 dks vesfjdk ds VªsM ,DV&1974 ds rgr 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA bl dk;ZØe dk mís'; nqfu;kHkj ds fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds cktkjksa dks lgkjk nsuk FkkA bl dk;ZØe esa 'kkfey ns'kksa dks vesfjdk esa vius mRikn cspus ij fdlh rjg dk vk;kr 'kqYd ugha nsuk gksrk gSA bl dk;ZØe esa Hkkjr lfgr 121 ns'kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA


ljy 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks vesfjdk dqN ns'kksa ls vk;kr gksus okyh oLrqvksa ij MîwVh ugha yxkrk gS vFkkZr~ ftu ns'kksa dks GSP dh lqfo/kk feyrh gS] os fcuk fdlh 'kqYd ds viuh dqN oLrq,¡ vesfjdh cktkj esa igq¡pk ldrs gSaA bls O;kikj dh Hkk"kk esa dgsa rks varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj esa tc dksbZ ns'k fdlh vU; ns'k dks dqN lkeku csprk gS rks mls MîwVh vnk djuh iM+rh gSA ,sls esa lkeku dh dher c<+ tkrh gS vkSj tc MîwVh ugha yxrh rks dher de jgrh gS ,oa og oLrq vf/kd fcdrh gSA blls equkQk rks c<+rk gh gS] O;kikj esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gSA

Hkkjr vkSj GSP

Hkkjr GSP dk lcls cM+k ykHkkFkhZ gS] ftls o"kZ 2017&18 esa 19 djksM+ M‚yj dk Qk;nk gqvk FkkA

GSP ds rgr Hkkjr us 5-6 vjc M‚yj dk fu;kZr fd;k Fkk] tks dqy fu;kZr dk 11% gSA

GSP ds rgr 3700 mRiknksa dks NwV feyh gqbZ gS] ijarq Hkkjr dsoy 1900 mRiknksa dk fu;kZr djrk gSA

vesfjdk dh fpark,¡ %

Hkkjr dks gksus okys GSP ykHkksa ds rgr vesfjdk çfro"kZ 190 fefy;u M‚yj dh dj NwV ns jgk FkkA ysfdu Hkkjr dks vius ;gk¡ ls fu;kZr gksus okys LVsaV tSls dqN esfMdy midj.kksa dks ysdj og le;≤ ij fpark,¡ tkfgj djrk jgk gSA Hkkjr lS)kafrd :i ls esfMdy midj.kksa ds ckjs esa vesfjdk dh fparkvksa dks gy djus ds fy;s rS;kj FkkA

blh çdkj nqX/k mRiknksa dh cktkj igq¡p ls tqM+s eqíksa ij Hkkjr us Li"V fd;k fd buds fy;s ;g çekf.kr gksuk vko';d gS fd lzksr i'kq/ku dks vU; i'kq/ku ls çkIr jDrkgkj dHkh ugha fn;k x;k gSA ;g Hkkjr dh lkaL—frd vkSj /kkfeZd Hkkoukvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gS vkSj blds ckjs esa dksbZ okrkZ laHko ugha gSA

vYQkQk] pkSjh vkSj iksdZ tSls mRiknksa ds ckjs esa vesfjdh cktkj igq¡p ds vuqjks/kksa dh Lohdk;Zrk ls voxr djk;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr us Li"Vr% vesfjdk ds fgrksa ls tqM+h fo'ks"k oLrqvksa ij dj esa fj;k;r nsus dh bPNk ls voxr djk;kA

rsy vkSj çk—frd xSl rFkk dks;yk tSls lkekuksa dh [kjhn c<+us ls Hkkjr ds lkFk vesfjdh O;kikj ?kkVs esa o"kZ 2017 vkSj o"kZ 2018 esa dkQh deh gqbZ gSA o"kZ 2018 esa 4 fcfy;u M‚yj ls vf/kd deh dk vuqeku gSA

Hkkjr esa ÅtkZ vkSj foekuksa dh c<+rh ekax tSls ?kVdksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkfo"; esa blesa vkSj Hkh deh gksus dk vuqeku gSA vjcksa M‚yzj ds jktLo okyh vesfjdh lsokvksa vestu] mcj] xwxy rFkk Qslcqd vkfn tSlh bZ&d‚elZ daifu;ksa ds fy;s Hkh Hkkjr ,d egÙoiw.kZ cktkj gSA

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3- vFkZO;oLFkk

3-1 [kk| eqækLQhfr %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ fiNys dqN eghuksa ds nkSjku —f"k oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa dkQh mrkj&p<+ko ns[kus dks feykA bldh otg if'pe vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr ds fgLlksa esa lw[ks dh ekj vkSj le;iwoZ xzh"edkyhu ifjfLFkfr;k¡ jgh gSaA

çHkko%

[kk| eqækLQhfr ls fdlkuksa dks ykHk gks ldrk gS D;ksafd mUgsa mit ds cnys vPNh dhersa çkIr gksaxh] tcfd miHkksäkvksa dks uqdlku mBkuk iM+sxk D;ksafd fiNys lky dh rqyuk esa mPp dherksa dk Hkqxrku djuk gksxkA

[kk| eqækLQhfr%

[kk| vkSj bZa/ku eqækLQhfr Hkkjr esa gsMykbu eqækLQhfr ds ?kVdksa esa ls ,d gSA gsMykbu bU¶ys'ku] tSlk fd uke ls gh irk pyrk gS ] fdlh fof'k"V vof/k ds fy;s dqy eqækLQhfr

gksrh gS] ftlesa dbZ oLrq,¡ 'kkfey gksrh gSaA dksj eqækLQhfr esa vfLFkj oLrq,¡ 'kkfey ugha gksrh gSaA bu vfLFkj oLrqvksa esa eq[; :i ls [kk| vkSj

is; inkFkZ ¼lfCt;k¡ lfgr½ rFkk bZa/ku ,oa fctyh ¼dPps rsy½ 'kkfey gksrs gSaA dksj eqækLQhfr¾ gsMykbu eqækLQhfr& [kk| rFkk bZa/ku eqækLQhfr

eqækLQhfr fu;a=.k ds mik;%

ljdkj us eqækLQhfr ds fu;a=.k gsrq dbZ mik; fd;s gSa&

vfuok;Z oLrqvksa] [kkldj nkyksa ds ewY; esa vfLFkjrk dks fu;af=r djus gsrq ctV esa ewY; fLFkjrk dks"k esa c<+k gqvk vkoaVuA

cktkj esa leqfpr n[ky gsrq 20 yk[k Vu nkyksa dk cQj LV‚d j[kus dk vuqeksnuA

vfuok;Z oLrq vf/kfu;e ds varxZr nkyksa] I;kt] [kk| rsyksa vkSj [kk| rsy ds chtksa gsrq LV‚d lhek ykxw djus ds fy;s jkT;ksa@dsaæ'kkflr çns'kksa dks vf/k—r djukA

mRiknu dks çksRlkfgr dj [kk| inkFkksaZ dh miyC/krk c<+kus gsrq] rkfd ewY;ksa esa lq/kkj gksA

mPprj ewY; dh ?kks"k.kkA

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3-2 Hkkjr dk fu;kZr nksxquk djus dh flQkfj'k %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=ky; (Ministry of Commerce and Industry) }kjk xfBr mPp&Lrjh; lfefr us Hkkjr }kjk fd;s tkus okys oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds fu;kZr dks o"kZ 2025 rd nksxquk vFkkZr~ 1000 fcfy;u vesfjdh M‚yj djus dh flQkfj'k dh gSA bl lfefr dk xBu vFkZ'kkL=h lqjthr HkYyk ds usr`Ro esa fd;k x;k FkkA

lfefr dh flQkfj'ksa %

lfefr us ^,fyQsaV c‚.M~l* tkjh djus dk lq>ko fn;k gS] ftlds varxZr v?kksf"kr vk; dh ?kks"k.kk djus okys yksxksa dks vfuok;Z :i ls ml jkf'k dk vk/kk fgLlk bu çfrHkwfr;ksa esa fuos'k djuk gksxkA

^,yhQsaV c‚.M* ,d 25 lky dk laçHkq c‚.M gS ftlesa v?kksf"kr vk; dh ?kks"k.kk djus okys yksx 50 çfr'kr fuos'k djus ds fy;s ck/; gksaxsA

bl c‚.M ls çkIr fuf/k dk bLrseky dsoy volajpuk fodkl ls lacaf/kr ifj;kstukvksa ds fy;s fd;k tk,xkA

dj dh njsa & lfefr us çHkkoh d‚iksZjsV dj dh nj de djus] iwath dh ykxr esa deh ykus vkSj fons'kh fuos'k dks"k ds fy;s fofu;ked vkSj dj <k¡ps dks ljy cukus dh flQkfj'k dh gSA

lfefr us fu;kZr& vk;kr cSad (EXIM Bank) dk iwathxr vk/kkj o"kZ 2022 rd 20]000 djksM + #i, rd c<+kus dh flQkfj'k dh gSA

eqä O;kikj le>kSrs& eqä O;kikj le>kSrksa (Free Trade Agreements-FTA’s) ij gLrk{kj djus ls igys m|ksx vkSj MSMEs ls buiqV çkIr djuk vkSj mUgsa blds ykHkksa ds ckjs esa lpsr djukA

ekStwnk le>kSrksa ds xgu ewY;kadu rFkk Hkkjrh; m|ksx dh çfrLinZ~/kkRedrk ij bu le>kSrksa ds çHkko dh vko';drkA

Hkfo"; esa gksus okyh FTA okrkZ vkSj bl rjg ds ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj ij ,d MsVkcsl dks cuk, j[kus ds fy;s mipkjkRed mik;ksa ij fopkj djus dh flQkfj'k Hkh dh xbZ gSA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu ds mik;& jkT; ljdkjksa dks fo'o O;kikj laxBu (World Trade

Organization-WTO) ds ekudksa ds vuq:i leFkZu çnku dj fu;kZr çfrLi)kZ lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fudVrk ls 'kkfey gksus dh vko';drk gSA

'kqYd lajpuk (Tarrif Structure)- 'kqYd lajpuk ds laca/k esa ,d O;kid fu;kZr j.kuhfr rS;kj djus vkSj VSfjQ lajpuk dks ;qfälaxr cukus dh flQkfj'k dh xbZ gSA


m|ksx&fof'k"V flQkfj'kksa@lq>koksa esa 'kkfey gSa&

diM+k vkSj oL= {ks=& Je dkuwuksa tSls vkS|ksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e] 1947 (Industrial Disputes

Act] 1947½ esa la'kks/ku] QeZ ds vkdkj ij ifjlheu (Limitation) dks gVkus vkSj fofuekZ.k QeksaZ dks vkxs c<+us dh vuqefr nh tkuh pkfg;sA

fpfdRlk i;ZVu& fpfdRlk i;ZVu dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; i;ZVu cksMZ dk xBu djus ds lkFk gh fpfdRlk ohtk O;oLFkk dks ljy cuk;k tkuk pkfg;sA

—f"k fu;kZr& —f"k fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s vko';d oLrq vf/kfu;e vkSj —f"k mit cktkj lfefr (Agricultural Produce Market Committee-APMC) dks lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

fpfdRlk {ks=& fpfdRlk midj.kksa ds fy;s ,dy ea=ky; vkSj bl {ks= ds fy;s vyx fofu;eu LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

fu;kZr esa of) ls ykHk %

fu;kZr dks c<+kok nsus ls ns'k esa jkstxkj l`tu gksxk] fofuekZ.k çksRlkgu feysxk vkSj vf/kd fons'kh eqæk vftZr djus esa enn feysxhA

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3-3 eq[; tksf[ke vf/kdkjh (CRO) :

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad us 5]000 djksM+ :- ls vf/kd dh lEink j[kus okyh xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; dEifu;ksa (NBFC) dks funsZ'k fn;k gS fd os ,d eq[; tksf[ke vf/kdkjh (CRO) dh fu;qfä djsa-

CRO dk dk;Z %

tksf[ke vf/kdkjh dk lcls çkFkfed dke tksf[keksa dk irk yxkuk] budk vkdyu djuk rFkk budk fujkdj.k djuk gksxkA

lHkh _.k mRikn ¼[kqnjk vFkok Fkksd½ ij CRO dk lR;kiu vko';d gksxkA

CRO ,sls mRiknksa dks laHkkfor tksf[ke dh –f"V ls leh{kk djsxkA

ijUrq _.k çLrkoksa ds fo"k; esa CRO dh Hkwfedk ,d ijke'khZ dh gh Hkwfedk gksxhA

CRO viuk çfrosnu fdls nsxk\

RBI us funsZ'k fn;k gS fd CRO lh/ks ;k rks çca/k funs'kd ,oa eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh dks ;k tksf[ke çca/ku lfefr (RMC) dks vFkok cksMZ dks çfrosnu nsxkA

CRO xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; dEiuh ds O;olk; foHkkx ls çfrosnu dk fj'rk ugha j[ksxk vkSj mls O;olk; ls lEcaf/kr dksbZ y{; Hkh ugha fn;k tk,xkA


fu;qfä ,oa LFkkukUrj.k %

CRO ds :i esa fu;qä gksus okyk O;fä lEcaf/kr xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; dEiuh esa ,d ofj"B vf/kdkjh gksxk vkSj mlds ikl tksf[ke çca/ku ds {ks= esa leqfpr O;olkf;d ;ksX;rk ,oa vuqHko gksxkA

CRO dh fu;qfä cksMZ ds vuqeksnu ds lkFk ,d fo'ks"k le;kof/k ds fy, gksxhA

CRO dsoy viuk dke ns[ksxk vkSj mls dksbZ nwljk nkf;Ro ugha lkSaik tk,xkA

CRO dks fu/kkZfjr le;kof/k iwjh gksus ds igys in ls rHkh LFkkukarfjr vFkok gVk;k tk ldrk gS tc blds fy, cksMZ viuk vuqeksnu ns nsA

;fn CRO dks le; ds iwoZ LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gS vFkok gVk;k tkrk gS rks bl fo"k; esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds ml {ks=h; dk;kZy; ds xSj&cSafdax i;Zos{k.k foHkkx dks lwfpr djuk gksxk ftlds vf/kdkj&{ks= esa lEcaf/kr xSj cSafdax foÙkh; dEiuh dk iathdj.k gqvk gSA

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3-4 djsalh psLV %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad cM+s&cM+s vk/kqfud djsalh psLVksa dks ;g vuqefr nsus dh ;kstuk cuk jgk gS fd os xSj&psLV okys cSadksa dh 'kk[kkvksa ds }kjk tek fd;s x;s udn ij lsok 'kqYd dks orZeku 5 :- çfr 100 uksVksa ds iSdsV ls c<+k dj 8 :- çfr iSdsV rd dj ldrs gSaA bl o`f) ds fy, ogh djsalh psLV ik= gksaxs tks ,d cM+s vk/kqfud djsalh psLV ds :i esa oxhZ—r gksus ds fy, vko';d U;wure ekudksa dks iwjk djrs gSaA

djsalh psLV D;k gS\

dsUæh; fjtoZ cSad v‚Q bafM;k dk lcls çeq[k dke ns'k esa ubZ&iqjkuh djsalh dk lapkj djuk gSA blesa ubZ djsalh vkSj u, flDdksa dk ns'kHkj esa forj.k] iqjkuh djsalh dks fjlkbdy djuk vkSj lHkh cSadksa esa ,d= gq, vR;f/kd dS'k dks vius ikl j[kus dk dke fd;k tkrk gSA

bu lHkh dke dks djus ds fy, fjtoZ cSad dks ns'kHkj esa dbZ [ktkuk cukuk iM+rk gS ftls og djsalh psLV dgrk gSA bl djsalh psLV ;k dqcsj ds [ktkus dks ns'kHkj dbZ txgksa ij cuk;k tkrk gS ftlls fjtoZ cSad dk djsalh forj.k dke vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldsA


djsalh psLV dh Hkwfedk %

ns'kHkj esa djsalh ds lapkj dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ekStwnk le; esa fjtoZ cSad ds ikl yxHkx 4]075 djsalh psLV gSa- blds vfrfjä flDdksa dk lapkyu djus ds fy, mlds ikl 3]746 cSad 'kk[kk,¡ gSa tks NksVs flDdksa ds fy, fMiks dk dke djrs gSaA

;s psLV ns'kHkj esa QSys gq, gSa D;ksafd lapkj ds lkFk&lkFk bu [ktkuksa esa fdlh Hkh lkekU; cSad esa tek djk, x, #i;ksa ¼dS'k fjtoZ jsf'k;ks½ dks Hkh j[kk tkrk gSA

djsalh psLV dks ns'kHkj esa LFkkfir djus ds fy, fjtoZ cSad çeq[k ljdkjh cSad LVsV cSad v‚Q bafM;k dk lg;ksx ysrk gS- blds vykok bl dke esa 6 lg;ksxh cSadksa] lHkh uS'kuykbTM cSad] çkbosV lsDVj ds dqN pqus gq, cSad] 1 fons'kh cSad] 1 dksv‚ijsfVo cSad vkSj xzkeh.k cSad dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS- bl dke dks djus ds fjtoZ cSad vius ns'kHkj esa QSys 18 czkap ;k b'kw v‚fQl ds tfj, djrk gSA

u, djsalh psLV ds fy, fuxZr funsZ'k %

djsalh psLV ds fy, otzxg dk {ks=Qy 1]500 oxZQqV gksxk A tks 'kk[kk,¡ igkM+h vkSj nqxZe {ks= esa gSa] ogk¡ ds otzx`g dk {ks=Qy U;wure 600 oxZQqV gksxkA

u, psLV esa çR;sd fnu 6 yk[k uksVksa ds çlaLdj.k dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,- tks psLV igkM+h vkSj nqxZe {ks= esa gSa] muds fy, ;g {kerk 2-1 yk[k uksV çfrfnu dh gksxhA

djsalh psLV esa 1]000 djksM+ vf/k'ks"k dh lhek gksxh- bl lhek esa LFkkuh; okLrfodrkvksa vkSj rdZlaxr lhekvksa ds vk/kkj ij fjtoZ cSad foosdkuqlkj deh&cslh dj ldrk gSA

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3-5 Hkkjr esa eqækLQhfr %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa Je ,oa jkstxkj ea=ky; (Ministry of Labour and

Employment) us vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa ds fy;s miHkksäk ewY; lwpdkad ,Consumer Price Index: Industrial Labour (CPI:IW), tkjh fd;kA


Hkkjr esa eqækLQhfr dh eki %

FkksdewY; lwpdkad (Wholesale Price Index-WPI)

;g Hkkjr esa lcls vf/kd bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk eqækLQhfr ladsrd (Inflation Indicator) gSA

bls okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=ky; (Ministry of Commerce and Industry) ds vkfFkZd

lykgdkj (Office of Economic Adviser) ds dk;kZy; }kjk çdkf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA

blesa ?kjsyw cktkj esa Fkksd fcØh ds igys fcanq fd;s tkus&okys (First point of bulk sale) lHkh ysu&nsu 'kkfey gksrs gSaA

bl lwpdkad dh lcls çeq[k vkykspuk ;g gS fd vke turk Fkksd ewY; ij mRikn ugha [kjhnrh gSA

o"kZ 2017 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; WPI ds fy;s vk/kkj o"kZ 2004&05 ls la'kksf/kr dj 2011&12 dj fn;k

miHkksäk ewY; lwpdkad ¼Consumer Price Index-CPI½ %

;g [kqnjk [kjhnkj ds –f"Vdks.k ls ewY; ifjorZu dks ekirk gSA

;g p;fur oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds [kqnjk ewY;ksa ds Lrj esa le; ds lkFk cnyko dks ekirk gS] ftl ij ,d ifjHkkf"kr lewg ds miHkksäk viuh vk; [kpZ djrs gSaA

CPI ds pkj çdkj fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1- vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa (Industrial Workers-IW) ds fy;s CPI

2- —f"k etnwj ¼Agricultural Labourer-AL½ ds fy;s CPI 3- xzkeh.k etnwj ¼Rural Labourer-RL½ ds fy;s CPI

4- CPI ¼xzkeh.k@'kgjh@la;qä½

buesa ls çFke rhu dks Je vkSj jkstxkj ea=ky; esa Je C;wjks (labor Bureau) }kjk ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA tcfd pkSFks çdkj dh CPI dks lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=ky; (Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation) ds varxZr dsaæh; lkaf[;dh laxBu (Central Statistical Organisation-CSO) }kjk ladfyr fd;k tkrk gSA

CPI dk vk/kkj o"kZ 2012 gSA

miHkksäk ewY; lwpdkad cuke Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad %

Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad (WPI) dk mi;ksx Fkksd Lrj ij oLrqvksa dh dherksa dk irk yxkus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA vFkZO;oLFkk esa lHkh oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa ifjorZu dks ekiuk ;k irk yxkuk okLro


esa vlaHko gSA blfy;s Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad esa ,d uewus dks ysdj eqækLQhfr dks ekik tkrk gSA blds i'pkr~ ,d vk/kkj o"kZ r; fd;k tkrk gS ftlds lkis{k esa orZeku eqækLQhfr dks ekik tkrk gSA

Hkkjr esa Fkksd ewY; lwpdkad ds vk/kkj ij eg¡xkbZ dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA miHkksäk ewY; lwpdkad (CPI) esa eqækLQhfr dh eki [kqnjk Lrj ij dh tkrh gS ftlesa miHkksäk

çR;{k :i ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA ;g i}fr vke miHkksäk ij eqækLQhfr ds çHkko dks csgrj rjhds ls ekirh gSA

CPI, vk/kkfjr eqækLQhfr dh eki mRiknd Lrj ij dh tkrh gS tcfd vkSj CPI ds rgr miHkksäk Lrj ij dherksa esa ifjorZu dh eki dh tkrh gSA

nksuksa ckLdsV O;kid vFkZO;oLFkk ds Hkhrj eqækLQhfr dh ço`fÙk ¼ewY; ladsrksa dh xfr½ dks ekirs gSa] nksuksa lwpdkad vyx&vyx gksrs gSa ftlesa Hkkstu] bZa/ku vkSj fufeZr oLrqvksa dk Hkkjkad (Weitage) fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA

CPI lsokvksa dh dherksa esa ifjorZu dks 'kkfey ugha djrk gS] tcfd CPI esa lsokvksa dh dherksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA

vçSy 2014 esa] RBI us eqækLQhfr ds çeq[k ekid ds :i esa CPI dks viuk;k FkkA

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4- foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh

4-1 —f=e thou %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ oSKkfudksa us ,d ltho tho dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS ftldk Mh,u, iw.kZ:i ls ekuo&fufeZr gSA fo'ks"kKksa ds vuqlkj ;g —f=e tho foKku ds {ks= esa ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gksxkA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

dSafczt fo'ofo|ky; ds vuqla/kkudrZ~rkvksa us ;g nkok fd;k gS fd mUgksaus bZ-dksykbZ (Escherichia Coli) thok.kq ds Mh,u, dksM dk iquysZ[ku dj fy;k gSA

;g —f=e thukse (Artificial Genome) iqjkus thukseksa ¼—f=e thukse½ dh rqyuk esa vR;f/kd tfVy vkSj pkj xquk cM+k gSA

—f=e thukse dh lgk;rk ls fufeZr thok.kq vHkh thfor gS mldk vkdkj çk—frd :i ls fufeZr thok.kqvksa dh rjg vfuf'pr gS vkSj og /khjs&/khjs tuu Hkh dj jgk gSA

bldh dksf'kdk,¡ tSfod fu;eksa ds ,d u, lsV ds vuqlkj dke djrh gSa ,oa uo&fufeZr —f=e vkuqoaf'kd dksM ds vuqlkj çksVhu fuekZ.k dj jgha gSaA

;g miyfC/k ,sls thoksa ds fuekZ.k dks çksRlkfgr djsxh ftuds ek/;e ls vusd çdkj dh cgqewY; nokvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldsxkA lkFk gh —f=e thok.kq ds }kjk ekuo thou esa vkuqoaf'kd dksM dc vkSj dSls vk;k bl ckr dk irk yxkus esa lgk;d gksxkA

—f=e thukse D;k gS\ (What is Synthetic Genome) :

thukse thuksa dk lewg gS ,oa çR;sd thu esa pkj {kkjd ik, tkrs gSaA bu {kkjd v.kqvksa dks ,Muhu (Adenine½] Xokuhu (Guanine), Fkk;ehu (Thymine) vkSj lkbVkslhu (Cytosine) dgrs gSa ¼vf/kdrj ;s vius çFke o.kZ ls gh bafxr fd;s tkrs gS tSls& A, G, T, C)

,d thu gtkjksa {kkjdksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gS ,oa thu gh dksf'kdkvksa dks 20 ,feuks vEyksa ¼çksVhu fuekZrk rFkk fdlh dksf'kdk dh lajpukRed bZdkbZ½ esa ls fdlh ,d ds p;u dk funsZ'k nsrs gSA

çksVhu gekjs 'kjhj esa vU; dk;Z Hkh djrh gS tSls jä ls v‚Dlhtu <ksus ls ysdj isf'k;ksa dks cy çnku djukA

uohu fof/k;ksa ls fufeZr bZ- dksykbZ dk thukse uked 'kks/ki= uspj (Nature) if=dk esa çdkf'kr gqvk gSA bl 'kks/ki= ds vuqlkj bZ- dksykbZ ds thukse esa yxHkx 4 fefy;u {kkjdksa dks tksM+k x;k gSA

dksf'kdk esa çR;sd ,feuks vEy ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s rhu {kkjd Mh,u, ds LVªSaM ij yxs gksrs gSaA çR;sd f=&dwV dks dksM‚u (Codan) dgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] dksM‚u TCT] lsjhu (Serine) uked ,feuks vEy dks lwfpr djrk gS fd og fdlh u, çksVhu ds var esa tqM+sxkA


gj ,d dksf'kdk esa dsoy 20 ,feuks vEy ik, tkrs gSa ysfdu mUgsa cukus gsrq ds ek= 20 dksM‚u dh gh vko';drk gksA ,slk ugha gS D;ksafd vkuqoaf'kd dwV fofo/krkvksa ls Hkjk gqvk gksrk gS ftl dkj.k ls bls dksbZ ugha le> ikrkA

,feuks vEy 61 dksM‚uksa dh lgk;rk ls lkadsfrd :i esa fy[kk tkrk gSA mngkj.k ds fy;s lsjhu ds fuekZ.k gsrq 6 vyx dksM‚u gSaA

,sls esa bl ç'u dk tokc <wa<us ds fy;s oSKkfudksa us çkFkfed Lrj ij ,d ç;ksx djrs gq, daI;wVj ij bZ-dksykbZ ds thukse dks rS;kj djrs le; dsoy 61 dksM‚uksa dh lgk;rk ls lHkh vko';d ,feuks vEyksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA blesa lsjhu ds fuekZ.k gsrq 6 ugha cfYd pkj dksM‚uksa dk gh ç;ksx gqvkA

bZ- dksykbZ D;k gS \

bZ- dksykbZ dh lk/kkj.kr% cgqr lh çtkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa ftuesa ls dqN cgqr t~;knk gkfudkjd gksrh gSaA b-dksykbZ gekjs 'kjhj dh vk¡r esa baQsD'ku QSykdj gkfu igq¡pkrk gSA blds lkFk gh rkykc] >hyksa ,oa iks[kjksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA

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4-2 cfFkuSyfl;u (Bathynllaceans) :

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ cfFkuSyfl;u (Bathynllaceans) ØLVsf'k;kbZ ifjokj (Crustaceans

Family) dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gS tks >juksa ds fdukjs fLFkr lja/kz@fNæ;qä (Porous) LFkkuksa ij fuokl djrs gSaA ;s vkdkj esa 0-5 feyhehVj (0-5mm) rd yacs gksrs gSa vkSj bUgsa uXu vk¡[kksa ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa bldh dsoy vkB çtkfr;k¡ gSa ftuesa ls lkr çtkfr;k¡ Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

isUuk unh (River Penna) vkSj oke'k/kkjk unh (River Vamshadhara) ds dqN rVksa ij va/kk/kqa/k ckyw [kuu ds dkj.k ;s çtkfr;k¡ çHkkfor gqbZ gSaA

o"kZ 2000 ls fd;k tk jgk gS losZ{k.k %

bl çtkfr dks lajf{kr djus ds mís'; ls o"kZ 2000 esa vka/kz çns'k vkSj nf{k.k iwohZ Hkkjr esa fo'ks"k :i ls çHkkfor —".kk vkSj xksnkojh ufn;ksa ds rVh; MsYVk {ks=ksa esa fu;fer losZ{k.k 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA

vc rd 90 u, ØLVsf'k;kbZ oxksaZ dh igpku dh tk pqdh gSA buesa ls 74 ubZ çtkfr;ksa dks vkSipkfjd :i ls of.kZr fd;k x;k gSA buesa 34 cfFkuSyfl;k (Bathynellacea), 31 d‚fiiksMk (Copepoda), 6 ,EQhiksMk (Amphipoda), 2 vkblksiksMk (Isopoda) vkSj ,d v‚LVªkdksMk (Ostracoda) çtkfr 'kkfey gSA


çtkfr;ksa dh foyqfIr dk dkj.k %

jkT; esa va/kk/kqa/k ckyw [kuu ds dkj.k 31 esa ls 13 ckfFkuykbM çtkfr;k¡ yqIr gksus dh dxkj igq¡p xbZ gSaA

xqQk i;ZVu vkSj xqQk laca/kh vU; xfrfof/k;ksa tSls&mu xqQkvksa esa fdlh [ktkus@fuf/k dh [kkst djuk] euksjatu ds fy;s dUnjkUos"k.k (Caving) djuk vkfn ds dkj.k bu thoksa dk ikfjfLFkfrd ra= çHkkfor gqvk gS vkSj ;s çtkfr;k¡ foyqIr gksus dh dxkj ij igq¡p xbZaA

ljdkj }kjk ubZ çtkfr;ksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s fdlh fu;e ;k dkuwu dk fuekZ.k ugha fd;k x;k gSA

ØLVsf'k;kbZ thoksa ds fy;s g‚VLi‚V %

xksnkojh unh ds rV ij nsoys'ojEk~ dfiys'ojiqje] jkoqyiyse vkSj —".kk unh ds rV ij tXx¸;kisVk (Jaggayyapetta) dks bu lw{e ØLVsf'k;kbZ thoksa ds fy;s g‚VLi‚V ds :i esa lwphc) fd;k x;k gSA

vkxs dh jkg %

Hkw&foKku foHkkx ,oa vU; v/khuLFk foHkkxksa }kjk xqQkvksa dk irk yxkus vkSj mudh lqj{kk djus ds fy;s ç;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

xqQk laj{k.k ds varxZr LFkkuh; tkudkjh] oSKkfud v/;;u vkSj i;ZVdksa ds chp tkx:drk QSykus ds fy;s ekxZn'kZdksa dks çf'kf{kr djus ds lkFk gh bu çtkfr;ksa dks lajf{kr djus ds fy;s fu;e ,oa dkuwu cuk, tkus pkfg;sA

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4-3 vkVsZfel vfHk;ku %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa uklk us vkVsZfel vfHk;ku ds fy, ,d dSyaMj çdkf'kr dj fn;k gSA fofnr gks fd bl dk;ZØe ds varxZr 50 o"kksaZ ds ckn euq"; dks pk¡n ij Hkstk tkuk gS vkSj blds fy, vkB ç{ksi.k gksaxs rFkk 2024 rd paæek dh d{kk esa ,d NksVk LVs'ku LFkkfir fd;k tk;sxkA


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vkVsZfel vfHk;ku D;k gS\

ARTEMIS dk iwjk uke gS – Acceleration] Reconnection] Turbulence and

Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun- bldk uke xzhd ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ds vuqlkj] paæek dh nsoh] vkVsZfel] viksyks dh tqM+ok¡ cgu ij iM+k gSA

bl vfHk;ku esa nks vUrfj{k;ku NksM+s x;s Fks – P1 vkSj 'kq:&'kq: esa ;s nksuksa vUrfj{k;ku iFoh ds çdk'kiqat (aurora) dk v/;;u djus ds fy, iFoh dh d{kk esa NksM+s x;s FksA

ml le; bl vfHk;ku dk uke Fksfel FkkA ckn esa bu nksuksa vUrfj{k;kuksa dks paæek dh vksj eksM+ fn;k x;k ftlls fd ;s viuh 'kfä [kksus ls cp ldsa-

u, vfHk;ku ls oSKkfud ;g vk'kk djrs gSa fd os bu fo"k;ksa ds ckjs esa vf/kd tkudkjh çkIr dj ldsaxs & paæek vkSj iFoh ds ysxzsat fcanq] lkSj iou] paæek dk IykTek osd vkSj i`Foh ds pqEcdh; iqPN rFkk paæek dh viuh nqcZy pqEcdh;rk ij lkSj iou dk çHkkoA

vkVsZfel (ARTEMIS) vfHk;ku dk mi;ksx dj NASA ds oSKkfud bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps gSa fd paæek ds ?kw.kZu esa tks xk<+s jax ds vkSj gYds jax ds fof'k"V iSVuZ curs gSa] os lkSj iou vkSj paæek dh iiZVh ds pqEcdh; {ks=ksa ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA


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4-4 AKASH MISSILE :

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ j{kk vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laxBu (DRDO) us fiNys fnuksa vkdk'k&MK-1S uked ç{ksi.kkL= dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;kA

vkdk'k&MK-1S ls lEcaf/kr eq[; ckrsa

;g lrg ls gok esa ekj djus okyk foeku&çfrjks/kh ç{ksi.kkL= gS tks 25 fdyksehVj rd vkØe.k dj ldrk gS vkSj 60 fdyksxzke rd dk gfFk;kj (warhead) <ks ldrk gSA

;g 18 fdyksehVj rd dh Å¡pkbZ ij tk ldrk gSA

bl ç{ksi.kkL= dks VªSd ij j[kdj vFkok ifg;snkj eap ls Hkh NksM+k tk ldrk gSA

bl ç{ksi.kkL= dks jktsUæ uked ,d jMkj ekxZn'kZu nsrk gSA bl jMkj dks cSVjh Lrj dk jMkj dgk tkrk gS ftldh Vksgh {kerk yxHkx 60 fdyksehVj rd dh gksrh gSA

vkdk'k&MK-1S 'k=q ds ;q)d foekuksa vkSj Mªksuksa dks lVhd :i ls ,oa dq'kyrkiwoZd ekj fxjkus dh {kerk j[krk gSA

lrg ls gok esa ekj djus okys vkdk'k ç{ksi.kkL= dks bl çdkj cuk;k x;k gS fd 'k=q dh vksj ls vkus okys foeku vFkok felkby dks 18 ls 30 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ls gh u"V dj fn;k tk,A

MhvkjMhvks ds ckjs esa&

MhvkjMhvks dh LFkkiuk 1958 esa j{kk foKku laxBu ¼Mh,lvks½ ds lkFk Hkkjrh; lsuk ds rduhdh fodkl çfr"Bku ¼VhMhbZ½ vkSj rduhdh fodkl vkSj mRiknu funs'kky; ¼MhVhMhih½ ds la;kstu ds ckn gqbZ FkhA

MhvkjMhvks Hkkjr ljdkj ds j{kk ea=ky; ds ç'kklfud fu;a=.k esa dke djrk gS

dk;Z%

gekjh j{kk lsokvksa ds fy, vR;k/kqfud lsalj] gfFk;kj ç.kkyh] IysVQkeZ vkSj lac) midj.k dk mRiknu] fodkl vkSj usr`Ro djukA

;q) dh çHkko'khyrk dks c<+kus vkSj lSfudksa dks etcwr djus ds fy, lsokvksa ds fy, rduhdh lek/kku çnku djukA

vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk vkSj çfrc) xq.koÙkk tu'kfä dk fodkl djuk vkSj etcwr Lons'kh çkS|ksfxdh vk/kkj dk fuekZ.k djukA


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4-5 eysfj;k ds mipkj gsrq ubZ [kkst %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ fo'o LokLF; laxBu (WHO) ds vuqlkj] laiw.kZ fo'o esa eysfj;k ls lkykuk 400]000 ls vf/kd yksxksa dh eR;q gks tkrh gSA ijarq gky gh esa if'pe vÝhdk (West Africa) esa fd;s x, ,d ijh{k.k esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd vkuqokaf'kd :i ls la'kksf/kr (Genetically Modified) dod (Fungus) ,d&Ms<+ eghus esa eysfj;k (Malaria) dks [kRe dj ldrk gSA

egÙoiw.kZ rF;%

'kks/kdrZ~rkvksa us bl ijh{k.k gsrq dod dk vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksf/kr çk:i esFksfjte fiaXl'ksal (Metarhizum Pingshaense) dk mi;ksx fd;kA

esFksfjte fiaXl'ksal LoHkko ls yphyk ¼Flexible) gksrk gS blfy;s bls vklkuh ls vkuqokaf'kd :i la'kksf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

tc bl dod dks ;g Kkr gks tkrk gS fd og fdlh ePNj ds Åij cSBk gks rks ;g cgqr rsth ls çfrfØ;k djrk gSA

vkuqokaf'kd :i ls la'kksf/kr dod LikbMj uked fo"k (Spider Toxin) dk fuekZ.k djrk gS ftlds dkj.k 45 fnu ds vanj 99 izfr’kr ePNjksa dk lQk;k gks tkrk gSA

la'kksf/kr dod esa vkuqoaf'kd funsZ'k çkIr djus dh {kerk fodflr dh xbZ gS rkfd ;g ePNj ds vanj ços'k dj fo"k cukuk 'kq: dj nsA

ePNjksa esa V‚fDlu dk ços'k djk;s tkus gsrq v‚LVªsfy;kbZ Cyw ekmaVsu Quy&osc edM+h (Australian Blue Mountains funnel-web spider) ds tgj dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

vkuqokaf'kd :i ls la'kksf/kr dod LokHkkfod :i ls mu ,uksfQfyl ePNjksa dks laØfer djrs gSa tks eysfj;k QSykrs gSaA

vkuqokaf'kd :i ls la'kksf/kr dod dsoy ePNjksa dks iSnk djus okys dhV ,oa NYyh ¼Mosquito’s Cuticle) esa ços'k djrs gSa] blfy, ;g dhVksa ds ykHknk;d çtkfr;ksa tSls fd e/kqefD[k;k¡] rrS;k bR;kfn ds fy;s fdlh Hkh çdkj dk [krjk mRiUu ugha djrsA

esFksfjte fiaXl'ksal dk ijh{k.k ç;ksx'kkyk ds vanj ç;ksx esa yk, tk jgs pknjksa ij fd;k x;kA

bl 'kks/k dk ijh{k.k ,d xk¡o esa fd;k x;k tgk¡ efD[k;ksa ds fy;s ç;qä 6]550 oxZ QhV ds tky (Fly Net) dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA

bl 'kks/k dh lR;rk tk¡pus gsrq vkuqokaf'kd :i ls la'kksf/kr dod dks taxy esa NksM+k x;k tks fd lQy jgkA

iwoZ esa eysfj;k dh jksdFkke gsrq dhVuk'kdksa (Insecticide) ds ç;ksx ls ePNjksa esa dhVuk'kd&çfrjks/kd {kerk dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA

bl vuqla/kku us eysfj;k dh jksdFkke gsrq Vªkaltsfud vçksp (Transgenic Approach) esa u;k ekxZ ç'kLr fd;k gSA


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4-6 thu ,fMfVax vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; fookn %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ phu ds ,d 'kks/kdrZ~rk us thu ,fMfVax midj.k (Gene Editing Tool),

CRISPR-CAS9 dk ç;ksx ,sls thu dks la'kksf/kr@ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s fd;k tks fd ,pvkbZoh (HIV) ls laØfer FkkA CRISPR-CAS9 uked bl thu ,fMfVax dk ç;ksx ,d xHkZorh efgyk ds Hkzw.k ij Hkh fd;k] ;g xHkZorh efgyk vxLr esa tqM+ok¡ cfPp;ksa dks tUe nsus okyh gSA thu ,fMfVax çfØ;k }kjk cfPp;ksa ds tUe ysus dh ?kks"k.kk us fpfdRldh; 'kks/k ds {ks= esa varjkZ"Vªh; fookn dks tUe ns fn;k gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

gkyk¡fd phu us vHkh rd bl laca/k esa dksbZ fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh ugha fd;s gSa ijarq oSKkfudksa ,oa uSfrd leqnk;ksa esa ,d vke lgefr gS fd CRISPR-Cas9 thu&,fMfVax rduhd dk ç;ksx Hkzw.k esa ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA

bl fopkj ds lanHkZ esa Hkh vke lgefr O;kIr gS fd thu ,fMfVax rduhd dk ç;ksx dsoy xaHkhj fcekfj;ksa ds funku ds fy;s fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA gkyk¡fd ,pvkbZoh ,d xaHkhj vkSj ykbZykt chekjh gS ysfdu vkS"kf/k;ksa ds ç;ksx }kjk blds ok;jl dks fu;a=.k esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA ,sls esa ;g eqík fookn dk fo"k; cuk x;k gSA

lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; ;g gS fd thu ,fMfVax }kjk thu dks fuf"Ø; dj ,pvkbZoh laØe.k dks iwjs rjhds ls [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls fdlh dk;Z dk ijh{k.k djus ds fy;s fo'o Hkj esa fDyfudy Vªk;y dh dksbZ lqfo/kk ekStwn ugha gSA

bl çdkj ds thu ,fMfVax ds fuf'pr rkSj ij dqN lkbM&bQsDV Hkh gksaxs] muls fuiVus ds fy;s gekjs ikl fdlh Hkh çdkj dh lqfo/kk ekStwn ugha gSA

,pvkbZoh laØe.k ls cpko ds fy;s fd;s tkus okys bl ,fMfVax dh çfØ;k dks cxSj fdlh fDyfudy Vªk;y MkVk vkSj lgefr ds ç;ksx esa ykuk ,oa fdlh [email protected] ij bldk ç;ksx vuSfrdrk ds nk;js esa vkrk gSA

bl tk¡p esa ;g ik;k x;k fd dfFkr 'kks/kdrZ~rk fpfdRld us çtuu mís';ksa ds fy;s thu&laiknu dk mi;ksx dj jk"Vªh; fu;eksa dk mYya?ku fd;k FkkA tk¡p oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj] M‚- gs }kjk fd;k x;k ;g vuqç;ksx o"kZ 2003 ds fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dk mYya?ku djrk gS tks Li"V :i ls] çtuu mís'; dks iwjk djus ds fy;s Hkzw.k ds thu ls NsM+&NkM+ dks çfrcaf/kr djrk gSA

26 Qjojh dks phu us ,d elkSnk is'k fd;k] ftlesa 'kks/kdrZ~rkvksa dks fDyfudy Vªk;y djus ls iwoZ ljdkj ls vuqefr ysus dks vko';d cuk;k x;kA dfFkr fu;eksa ds mYya?ku esa fyIr ik, tkus okys O;fä dks nafMr fd;k tk,xk vkSj lacaf/kr 'kks/k dks vkthou çfrcaf/kr fd;s tkus dk Hkh çko/kku Gsa


thu ,fMfVax ¼CRISPR Cas-9½%

CRISPR Cas-9 rduhd dh [kkst oSKkfudksa }kjk o"kZ 2012 esa dh xbZ Fkh ;g rduhd çfrj{kk ç.kkyh ¼ Immune System )dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA

thu ,fMfVax og rduhd gS ftldk mi;ksx fdlh tho ds thuksa esa ifjorZu djus ;k mlds vkuqoaf'kd xBu esa Qsjcny djus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA

CRISPR rduhd ds ek/;e ls laiw.kZ vkuqoaf'kd dksM esa ls yf{kr fgLlksa ¼fof'k"V fgLlksa½ ;k fo'ks"k LFkku ij DNA dh ,fMfVax dh tk ldrh gSA

CRISPR Cas-9 rduhd vkuqoaf'kd lwpuk /kkj.k djus okys DNA ds fljk (Strands) ;k dqaMfyr /kkxs dks gVkus vkSj fpidkus (Cut and Paste) dh fØ;kfof/k dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djrh gSA

DNA fljk ds ftl fof'k"V LFkku ij vkuqoaf'kd dksM dks cnyus ;k ,fMV djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS] lcls igys mldh igpku dh tkrh gSA

blds i'pkr~ CAS-9 ds ç;ksx ls (CAS-9 dSaph dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS½ ml fof'k"V fgLls dks gVk;k tkrk gSA

mYys[kuh; gS fd DNA fljk ds ftl fof'k"V Hkkx dks dkVk ;k gVk;k tkrk gS mlesa çk—frd :i ls iqufuZekZ.k] ejEer] ;k cuus dh çofr gksrh gSA

dfFkr ?kVuk esa fpfdRld 'kks/kdrZ~rk us tqM+ok¡ cguksa esa mifLFkr CCR5 uked thu dks fuf"Ø; djus gsrq CRISPR CAS-9 thu ,fMfVax dk ç;ksx fd;kA bl thu ,fMfVax esa ,d çksVhu dks ,udksM djk;k tkrk gS rkfd ,pvkbZoh dksf'kdk esa ços'k dj mls laØfer dj ldsA

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4-7 Hkkjr dk igyk varfj{k ;q) vH;kl %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ ekpZ 2019 esa ,aVh&lSVsykbV ¼Anti-Satellite/A-Sat) felkby dk lQyrkiwoZd ijh{k.k vkSj gky gh esa ^VªkbZ lfoZl fMQsal Lisl ,tsalh* ¼Tri-Service Defence Space Agency½ dh 'kq#vkr djus ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr igyh ckj fleqysVsM ¼—f=e@cukoVh½ varfj{k ;q) vH;kl (Simulated Space Warfare Exercise) dh ;kstuk cuk jgk gS] ftls 'IndSpaceEx' uke fn;k x;k gSA


egRoiw.kZ rF;%

;g vH;kl ewy :i ls ,d ^Vscy&V‚i o‚j&xse* (’Table-Top War-Game’) gksxk] ftlesa lSU; vkSj oSKkfud leqnk; ds yksx fgLlk ysaxsA fdarq Vscy&V‚i o‚j&xse gksus ds ckotwn ;g vH;kl ml xaHkhjrk dks js[kkafdr djrk gS ftlds rgr phu tSls ns'kks ls Hkkjr viuh varfj{k ifjlaifÙk;ksa dh j{kk vkSj laHkkfor [krjksa ls eqdkcyk djus dh vko';drk ij fopkj dj jgk gSA

mís';

varfj{k dk lSU;hdj.k gksus ds lkFk&lkFk blesa fooknkLin vkSj çfrLinZ~/kkRed xfrfof/k;k¡ Hkh gks jgh gSaA

bu xfrfof/k;ksa ds eísutj Hkkjr }kjk varfj{k ;q)kH;kl dks 'kq: djus dk çeq[k mís'; varfj{k esa viuh fLFkfr dks vkSj etcwr cukuk gSA

tqykbZ 2019 ds vafre lIrkg esa vk;ksftr gksus okys bl vH;kl dk eq[; mís'; lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus gsrq vko';d varfj{k vkSj dkmaVj&Lisl {kerkvksa dk vkdyu djuk gSA


,aVh&lSVsykbV felkby ¼A-SAT½

,aVh&lSVsykbV felkby dk y{; fdlh ns'k ds lkefjd lSU; mís';ksa ds mixzgksa dks fuf"Ø; djus ;k u"V djus ij yf{kr gksrk gSA

oSls vkt rd fdlh Hkh ;q) esa bl rjg dh felkby dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu dbZ ns'k varfj{k esa viuh {kerkvksa dk çn'kZu djus vkSj vius varfj{k dk;ZØe dks fuckZ/k xfr ls tkjh j[kus ds fy;s bl rjg ds felkby flLVe dh ekStwnxh dks t:jh ekurs gSaA

‘IndSpaceEx* ;kstuk %

bl ;q) vH;kl ds rgr Hkkjr varfj{k esa vius fojksf/k;ksa ij fuxjkuh j[kus] lapkj] felkby dh iwoZ psrkouh vkSj lVhd y{; lk/kus rFkk vius mixzgksa dh lqj{kk tSlh vko';drkvksa ij cy nsxkA

blds lkFk gh varfj{k esa j.kuhfrd pqukSfr;ksa dks csgrj <ax ls le>us esa lgk;rk çkIr gksxh ftudh orZeku ifjos'k esa vR;ar vko';drk gSA

phu tuojh 2007 esa ^A-Sat’ felkby dh lgk;rk ls ,d ekSle mixzg dks u"V dj varfj{k esa viuh lSU; {kerkvksa dk igys gh fodkl dj pqdk gSA

phu us gky gh esa varfj{k ds {ks= esa vesfjdk ds opZLo dks [krjs esa Mkyus okys vius egÙokdka{kh dk;ZØe dks y‚Up fd;k gSA bl dk;ZØe ds rgr phu us leqæ esa rSjrs ,d IysVQ‚eZ ls varfj{k j‚dsV y‚Up djus dh {kerk dk fodkl fd;k gSA

varfj{k esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr %

Hkkjr us yacs le; ls varfj{k dk;ZØeksa dks lQyrkiwoZd vatke nsrs gq, varfj{k esa viuh fLFkfr etcwr cukbZ gS fQj Hkh og phu ds led{k ugh vk ldk gSA

Hkkjr us lapkj] usfoxs'ku] i`Foh voyksdu vkSj vU; mixzgksa dks feykdj 100 ls vf/kd varfj{k;ku fe'ku lapkfyr fd;s gSaA

lkFk gh Hkkjrh; l'kL= cy nks lefiZr lSU; mixzgksa ds vykok] fuxjkuh] usfoxs'ku vkSj lapkj mís';ksa ds fy, cM+s iSekus ij nksgjs mi;ksx okys fjeksV lsaflax mixzg dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSaA

Hkkjr us fe'ku 'kfä dks lQyrkiwoZd vatke nsrs gq, dkmaVj&Lisl {kerk fodflr djus dh fn'kk esa igyk dne rc mBk;k tc mlus de otu okyh iFoh dh d{kk esa 283 fdeh- dh Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr 740 fdyksxzke ds ekbØkslSV&R mixzg dks u"V djus ds fy;s 19 Vu dh baVjlsIVj felkby y‚Up dhA


^fe'ku 'kfä* %

ekpZ 2019 esa Hkkjr us fe'ku 'kfä dks lQyrkiwoZd vatke nsrs gq, ,aVh&lSVsykbV felkby ¼A-SAT½ ls rhu feuV esa ,d ykbo Hkkjrh; lSVsykbV dks lQyrkiwoZd u"V dj fn;kA

varfj{k esa 300 fdeh- nwj i`Foh dh fupyh d{kk ¼Low Earth Orbit-LEO) esa ?kwe jgk ;g ykbo lSVsykbV ,d iwoZ fu/kkZfjr y{; FkkA

vc rd :l] vesfjdk ,oa phu ds ikl gh ;g {kerk Fkh vkSj bls gkfly djus okyk Hkkjr nqfu;k dk pkSFkk ns'k cu x;k gSA

^fe'ku 'kfä* dk ewy mís'; Hkkjr dh lqj{kk] vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj rduhdh çxfr dks n'kkZuk gSA

ekbØkslSV –R :

ekbØkslSV&R ,d lSU; besftax mixzg Fkk] ftldk otu 130 fdyksxzke Fkk vkSj bls j{kk vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl laxBu ¼Defence Research and Development Organization-DRDO½ }kjk cuk;k x;k FkkA

bls i`Foh dh fupyh d{kk esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA ,slk igyh ckj Fkk tc Hkkjrh; mixzg dks ISRO }kjk 274 fdeh- ls de Å¡pkbZ esa j[kk x;k gksA

fe'ku 'kfä ds rgr ekpZ 2019 esa bls u"V dj fn;k x;kA

Hkkjr vU; dkmaVj&Lisl {kerkvksa tSls fd funsZf'kr ÅtkZ gfFk;kj ¼Directed Energy Weapons-

DEWs½] ystj] bZ,eih ¼Electromagnetic Pulse½ vkSj lg&d{kh; ekjdksa ¼Co-orbital

Killers½ ds lkFk&lkFk bysDVª‚fud ;k çk—frd geyksa ls Lo;a ds mixzgksa dh j{kk djus dh {kerk dks fodflr djus ds fy;s dke dj jgk gSA

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4-8 Hkkjr dk çFke ch,l&VI çek.k i= tkjh %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa baVjus'kuy lsaVj Q‚j v‚VkseksfVo VsDuksy‚th ¼International

Centre for Automotive Technology- ICAT½ us ubZ fnYyh esa nksifg;k okguksa gsrq Hkkjr LVst&VI (Bharat Stage - VI/BS – VI) ekudksa dk igyk Vkbi vçwoy lfVZfQdsV ¼Type

Approval Certificate½ tkjh fd;kA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%


BS-VI ekudksa ds fy;s nksifg;k okguksa ds {ks= esa ;g Hkkjr dk çFke çek.k i= gSA

BS-VI ekud] uohure mRlftZr ekudksa ds :i esa gky gh esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vf/klwfpr fd;s x, gSaA

ICAT us v‚VkseksfVo m|ksx ds fodkl] vuqdwyu vkSj bu Hkkoh mRlftZr ekudksa dk vuqikyu djus ds fy;s batuksa rFkk okguksa dh tk¡p esa lgk;rk vkSj lg;ksx nsus dh fn'kk esa vusd dne mBk, gSaA

fiNys o"kZ ICAT us Hkkjh okgu ds {ks= esa ,e@,l o‚Yoks vk;'kj def'kZ;y fOgdYl ¼M/s Volvo Eicher Commercial Vehicles) ds fy;s ch,l&VI ekudksa dh Loh—fr nh FkhA tks fd Hkkjr esa bl {ks= esa igyh ckj FkkA

okguksa ls gksus okys mRltZu ds dkj.k ok;q çnw"k.k ds c<+rs [krjksa ij fu;a=.k ikus ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj us ekStwnk ch,l&IV ekudksa ls lh/ks ch,l VI ekudksa dks viukus dk QSlyk fd;k gSA

bl çdkj 1 vçSy] 2020 ls ch,l&V ekudksa dks NksM+dj lh/ks ch,l VI ekud ykxw djus dk QSlyk fd;k x;k gSA

1 vçSy] 2020 ls Hkkjr esa dsoy mUgha okguksa dks cspk vkSj iath—r fd;k tk,xk] tks bu ekudksa dk vuqikyu djsaxsA ;s ekud dM+s gSa vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; ekinaMksa ds vuq:i gSaA

Hkkjr LVst ekud@ekunaM %

¼Bharat Stage Norms½

Hkkjr LVst ekud v‚VkseksfVo mRltZu ekud gSaA

Hkkjr esa vius okgu cspus ds fy;s v‚VkseksfVo fofuekZrkvksa dks budk vuqikyu djuk iM+rk gSA ;s ekud lHkh nksifg;k] frifg;k vkSj pkj ifg;s okys okguksa rFkk fuekZ.k midj.k okguksa ij ykxw gksrs gSaA

baVjus'kuy lsaVj Q‚j v‚VkseksfVo VsDuksy‚th

ICAT lM+d ifjogu ,oa jktekxZ ea=ky; ¼Ministry of Road Transport and

Highways s½ }kjk çkf/k—r çeq[k ijh{k.k ,oa çek.ku ,tsalh gS] tks Hkkjr vkSj fons'k esa okguksa ,oa muds dy&iqtksaZ ds fofuekZrkvksa dks ijh{k.k ,oa çek.ku dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkrh gSA

blesa mRltZu ds {ks= esa uohure ekunaMksa ds fy;s batu vkSj okguksa dks fodflr djus] lR;kiu] ijh{k.k ,oa çekf.kr djus rFkk ØS'k ySc ¼Crash Lab&;wukbVsM fdaxMe dh ,d Lora= ohfM;ks xse Msoyij daiuh½] ,uoh,p ySc ¼Noise, Vibration, and Harshness Lab½] bZ,elh ySc ¼Electromagnetic Compatibility Lab½ vkSj ijh{k.k iVfj;ksa tSlh dbZ vU; lqfo/kkvksa ds fy;s uohure midj.k] lqfo/kk,¡ ,oa {kerk,¡ ekStwn gSA

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5- Ik;kZoj.k ,oa tSo fofo/krk

5-1 i‚yh MkbdsVksusekbu ;k PDK IykfLVd %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa 'kks/kdrZ~rkvksa us ,d u, çdkj dk IykfLVd rS;kj fd;k gS ftldk iw.kZ :i ls iqupZØ.k fd;k tk ldsxkA bls i‚yh ¼MkbdsVksusekbu½@¼Poly Diketoenamine½ ;k PDK uke fn;k x;k gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

if=dk ^uspj dsfeLVªh* esa çdkf'kr ,d v/;;u ds eqrkfcd] oSKkfudksa us ,d ,slk IykfLVd cuk;k gS ftlds ckj&ckj iqupZØ.k ds i'pkr~ Hkh xq.koÙkk esa dksbZ deh ugha vk,xhA

i‚yh ¼MkbdsVksusekbu½@(Poly Diketoenamine) ;k PDK IykfLVd dks lkUæ vEyh; foy;u esa Mqcksdj mls cqfu;knh ?kVdksa esa iwjh rjg ls rksM+k tk ldrk gSA

vEy ,dyd dks ,fMfVOl ls vyx djrk gS tks IykfLVd dks ,d fof'k"V vkdkj nsrk gSaA

,dyd%

,dyd ¼eksuksej½ ,slk dkcZfud ;kSfxd gksrk gS tks cgqydhdj.k ¼i‚yhejkbtslu½ ds ek/;e ls cgqyd¼i‚yhej½ curk gSA

mnkgj.k& ikbfFkyhu] Vs¶yku] ikyhfoukby DyksjkbMA

oSKkfudksa }kjk [kksts x, mä IykfLVd ds ,dydksa dks iqu% mi;ksx ds fy;s çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k fdlh vU; mRikn dks cukus gsrq iqupZfØr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

;g IykfLVd orZeku esa mi;ksx esa yk, tk jgs IykfLVd dk fodYi cu ldrk gSA

ikjaifjd IykfLVd esa vkerkSj ij vifjorZuh; jklk;fud ca/ku gksrs gSa] tcfd i‚yh ¼MkbdsVksusekbu)/(Poly Diketoenamine) ;k PDK esa ,sls ifjorZuh; jklk;fud ca/ku gksrs gSa tks IykfLVd dks vf/kd çHkkoh <ax ls iqupZfØr djus dh lqfo/kk çnku djrs gSaA

i‚yh ¼MkbdsVksusekbu)@(Poly Diketoenamine);k PDK IykfLVd çnw"k.k dh leL;k ls tw> jgh nqfu;k ds fy;s dkQh ennxkj lkfcr gks ldrk gSA

orZeku esa fo'o esa çfro"kZ yxHkx 300 fefy;u Vu IykfLVd dpjk mRiUu gksrk gSA

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5-2 fo'o çoklh i{kh fnol %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ çR;sd o"kZ dh Hkk¡fr 2019 esa Hkh 11 ebZ dks fo'o çoklh i{kh fnol euk;k x;kA ;g vk;kstu blfy, fd;k tkrk gS fd fo'o&Hkj dks irk py lds fd çoklh if{k;ksa dks fdu ladVksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] mudk i;kZoj.k esa D;k egÙo gS vkSj mudks lajf{kr djus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dh fdruh vko';drk gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

fofnr gks fd igyk fo'o çoklh i{kh fnol 2006 esa euk;k x;k FkkA

bldk vk;kstu djus okyh laLFkk,¡ gSa & çoklh çtkfr laf/k (Convention on Migratory

Species – CMS), vÝhdh&;wjsf'k;kbZ tyi{kh le>kSrk (African-Eurasian

Waterbird Agreement – AEWA) rFkk mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh vesfjdk i;kZoj.k laxBu ¼Environment for the Americas – EFTA)-

bl o"kZ bl fnol dh Fkhe Fkh & Þif{k;ksa dh j{kk djks & IykfLVd çnw"k.k dk lek/kku cuks (Protect Birds: Be the Solution to Plastic Pollution)

26 vDVwcj] 2017 dks euhyk esa vk;ksftr çoklh çtkfr laj{k.k lEeysu (Convention on

Migratory Species – CMS) ds le; fo'o çoklh i{kh fnol ds vk;kstdksa us ;g fu.kZ; fd;k Fkk fd bu if{k;ksa ds laj{k.k dks lq–<+ djus ds fy, lalkj ds nks lcls cM+s i{kh&fo"k;d vfHk;kuksa dks feykdj ,d dj fn;k tk,- ;s vfHk;ku gSa& varjkZ"Vªh; çoklh i{kh fnol vkSj fo'o çoklh i{kh fnolA

2018 ls u, la;qä vfHk;ku dks ,d gh uke ns fn;k x;k vkSj og gS fo'o çoklh i{kh fnolA

;g Hkh fu.kZ; gqvk fd ;g fnol o"kZ esa nks ckj ebZ ds nwljs 'kfuokj vkSj vDVwcj esa vk;ksftr gksxkA

çoklh çtkfr laj{k.k lEeysu D;k gS\

;g lEesyu la;qä jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe ds rÙok/kku esa lEiUu gksrk gS- bls c‚u laf/k ¼Bonn

Convention) dgrs gSaA ;g laf/k ,d ,slk oSf'od eap çnku djrk gS tgk¡ çoklh i'kqvksa ds laj{k.k vkSj lrr mi;ksx ,oa muds fuokl LFkyksa ds fo"k; esa fopkj&foe'kZ gksrk gS- bl laf/k ds ek/;e ls mu ns'kksa dks ,d eap ij yk;k tkrk gS tgk¡ ls gksdj ;s i'kq çokl djrs gSaA

c‚u laf/k ds varxZr vuqlwph I esa mu çoklh çtkfr;ksa dh lwph nh xbZ gS ftuij foyqfIr dk [krjk gSA vuqlwph II esa mu çoklh çtkfr;ksa dh lwph gS ftudks varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx ds }kjk csgrj fLFkfr esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA


çoklh çtkfr;k¡ D;k gS\

çoklh çtkfr;k¡ os i'kq gSa tks o"kZ esa dHkh Hkh ,d fuokl&LFky ls nwljs fuokl LFky dks pys tkrs gSaA bl çokl dk dkj.k eq[;r% Hkkstu] /kwi] rkieku] tyok;q vkfn gksrs gSaA nks fuokl LFkyksa ds chp dh nwjh dHkh&dHkh gtkjksa fdyksehVj ls vf/kd dh gks tkrh gSA

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5-3 bysDVª‚fud ,oa IykfLVd dpjk ,d vfHk'kki %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa Hkkjr us ftusok esa vk;ksftr Basel Convention esa ,d çLrko is'k fd;k ftlesa ;g dgk x;k fd fodflr ns'kksa dks vius bysDVª‚fud vkSj IykfLVd dpjs (Electronic and Plastic Wastes½ dks fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fu;kZr djus ls jksdk tkuk pkfg;s] ysfdu ;g çLrko ikl ugha gks ldkA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

bldh 14oha cSBd esa 187 ns'kksa ds lnL;ksa us Hkkx fy;k nks lIrkg ds fopkj&foe'kZ ds ckn ;g 10 ebZ] 2019 dks ftusok esa laiUu gqbZA bldk mís'; [krjukd dpjs ds laca/k esa fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh djuk FkkA

cSBd dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ifj.kke Basel Convention dk la'kks/ku Fkk ftlesa IykfLVd dpjs dks dkuwuh :i ls ck/;dkjh <k¡ps esa 'kkfey fd;s tkus dk çko/kku fd;k x;kA ;g IykfLVd dpjs ds oSf'od O;kikj dks vf/kd ikjn'khZ cukus ds lkFk gh csgrj <ax ls fofu;fer djsxkA blds lkFk gh ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k fd bldk çca/ku ekuo LokLF; vkSj i;kZoj.k ds fy;s vf/kd lqjf{kr gksA

gkyk¡fd ;g ns'kksa }kjk IykfLVd dpjs dh fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ds fu;kZr ij jksd ugha yxk ldrk gSA

IykfLVd dpjs ls gksus okyk çnw"k.k oSf'od Lrj ij ,d çeq[k i;kZoj.kh; leL;k gS] fo'o Hkj ds leqæksa esa yxHkx 100 fefy;u Vu IykfLVd dpjk ,df=r gS ftldk 80&90 izfr’kr Hkkx Hkwfe&vk/kkfjr lzksrksa dk ifj.kke gSA

uksV& orZeku esa Hkkjr us bysDVª‚fud vkSj IykfLVd dpjs ds vk;kr dks çfrcaf/kr dj j[kk gSA


(Basel Convention):

22 ekpZ] 1989 dk IysfuiksVsafV;jht dk lEesyu (Conference of Plenipotentiaries) tks Basel ¼fLoV~tjySaM½ esa vk;ksftr gqvk Fkk] ds varxZr ns'kksa ds e/; [krjukd dpjs ds vknku&çnku dks jksduk vkSj blds fujkdj.k ds ç;kl djuk FkkA bls Basel Convention ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj ;g 1992 esa ykxw gqbZA

;g ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laf/k gS ftldk y{; fofHkUu ns'kksa ds e/; [krjukd dpjs ds vknku&çnku dks jksduk gS vkSj bldk eq[; Qksdl ¼dsaæ&fcanq½ fodflr ns'kksa vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds e/; [krjukd dpjs ds vk;kr&fu;kZr dks ckf/kr djuk gSA

;g laf/k ns'kksa ds e/; vkilh lg;ksx ,oa Basel Convention ds funsZ'kksa ds fØ;kUo;u laca/kh tkudkfj;ksa dks lk>k djus dk Hkh vkns'k nsrh gSA

bysDVª‚fud vkSj IykfLVd dpjk D;k gS \

tSls&tSls ns'k esa fMftVykbts'ku c<+k gS] mlh vuqikr esa bZ&dpjk Hkh c<+k gSA bldh mRifÙk ds çeq[k dkjdksa esa rduhd rFkk euq"; dh thou 'kSyh esa vkus okys cnyko 'kkfey gSaA

daI;wVj rFkk mlls lacaf/kr vU; midj.k vkSj Vh-oh-] okf'kax e'khu o fÝt tSls ?kjsyw midj.k ¼bUgsa White Goods dgk tkrk gS½ rFkk dSejs] eksckby Qksu ,oa muls tqM+s vU; mRikn tc pyu@mi;ksx ls ckgj gks tkrs gSa rks bUgsa la;qä :i ls bZ&dpjs dh laKk nh tkrh gSA

VîwcykbV] cYc] lh,Q,y tSlh oLrq,¡ ftUgsa ge jkstejkZ ds bLrseky esa ykrs gSa] esa Hkh ikjs tSls dbZ çdkj ds fo"kSys inkFkZ ik, tkrs gSa] tks buds csdkj gks tkus ij i;kZoj.k vkSj ekuo LokLF; dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA

bl dpjs ds lkFk LokLF; vkSj çnw"k.k laca/kh pqukSfr;k¡ rks tqM+h gSa gh] lkFk gh fpark dk ,d cM+k dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd blus ?kjsyw m|ksx dk Lo:i ys fy;k gS vkSj ?kjksa esa blds fuLrkj.k dk dke cM+s iSekus ij gksus yxk gSA

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5-4 RISAT-2B :

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ Hkkjr 22 ebZ dks JhgfjdksVk ls iksyj lSVsykbV y‚Up Oghdy&dksj vyksu (Polar Sattelite Launch Vehicle-Core Alone-PSLV-CA) oSfj,aV dk mi;ksx djrs gq, jkMkj besftax vFkZ vkCtosZ'ku mixzg] RISAT-2B y‚Up djsxkA


RISAT-2B:

RISAT-2B, RISAT-2BR1, 2BR2, RISAT-1A, 1B, 2A ds ckn y‚Up fd;k tkuk gSA

bljks ds eqrkfcd RISAT&2B dks /kjrh dh yxHkx 500 fdeh Å¡pkbZ okyh d{kk esa LFkkfir fd;k tk,xkA viuh d{kk esa ;g 37 fMxzh ds dks.k ij >qdk gksxkA

bl mixzg ds varfj{k esa LFkkfir gksus ls ns'k dh Vksgh ,oa fuxjkuh {kerk c<+sxhA

;g ,Dl cSaM flaFksfVd vipZj jkMkj (SAR) ;qä mixzg gS ftldk mi;ksx /kjrh ij utj j[kus ds fy;s fd;k tk,xkA

cknyksa ds vkPNkfnr jgus ij Hkh bl mixzg dh enn ls /kjrh ij utj j[kh tk ldsxhA blls lhekvksa ij fdlh Hkh xfrfof/k dk irk yxk;k tk ldsxkA

RISAT-2B mixzg Hkh ,Dl cSaM flaFksfVd vipZj jkMkj mixzg gS tks ns'k dh besftax vkSj Vksgh {kerk dks c<+k,xkA

blesa lHkh ekSle esa fuxjkuh djus dh {kerk gS tks lqj{kk cyksa vkSj vkink jkgr ,tsafl;ksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k :i ls egÙoiw.kZ gSA

RISAT lhjht ds ckjs esa%

jkMkj besftax lSVsykbV (RISAT) ISRO }kjk fufeZr Hkkjrh; jkMkj besftax Vksgh mixzgksa dh ,d Ja[kyk gSA


RISAT Ja[kyk bljks dk igyk v‚y&osnj vFkZ v‚CtosZ'ku mixzg gSA fiNys Hkkjrh; vkCtosZ'ku mixzg eq[; :i ls v‚fIVdy vkSj LisDVªy lsalj ij vk/kkfjr Fks tks

vkleku esa ckny gksus ij Bhd ls dke ugha dj ikrs FksA njvly] o"kZ 2008 esa eqacbZ esa gq, vkradoknh geys ds ckn bljks us vçSy 2009 dks RISAT&2

mixzg y‚Up fd;k Fkk ftlls l'kL= cyksa dks dkQh enn feyhA gkyk¡fd rc bljks dh ;kstuk Lons'kh rduhd ls fodflr ^lh cSaM* flaFksfVd vipZj jkMkj mixzg

RISAT-1 y‚Up djus dh Fkh] ysfdu ;g Hkkjrh; mixzg rS;kj ugha FkkA Hkkjr us btjkbyh ,;jksLisl baMLVªht ls ,Dl cSaM flaFksfVd vipZj jkMkj fy;k ftls RISAT&2

esa baVhxzsV dj NksM+k x;kA bl rjg RISAT&2 ns'k dk igyk flaFksfVd vipZj jkMkj ;qä mixzg cuk] ftlls fnu ;k jkr]

gj ekSle esa ¼24 ?kaVs½ ns'k dh lhekvksa dh fuxjkuh djus dh {kerk c<+hA 2012 esa bljks us RISAT&1 y‚Up fd;k ftls Hkkjr dk igyk Lons'kh v‚y&osnj jkMkj besftax

mixzg ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

flaFksfVd vipZj jkMkj (Synthetic Aperture Radar-SAR):

flaFksfVd vipZj jkMkj (SAR) besftax esa ekbØksoso Lianu (Pulses) dks ,d ,aVhuk ds ek/;e ls iFoh dh lrg dh vksj çsf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA

varfj{k;ku esa QSyh ekbØksoso ÅtkZ dks ekik tkrk gSA SAR jkMkj fl)kar dk mi;ksx djrk gS rkfd cSdLdSVj (Backscattered) flXuy ds le; nsjh dk mi;ksx djds ,d Nfo (Image) cukbZ tk ldsA

bljks (ISRO):

o"kZ 1969 esa Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku laLFkku (ISRO) dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ;g Hkkjr ljdkj dh varfj{k ,tsalh gSA bldk eq[;ky; caxyq: esa gSA

bls varfj{k vuqla/kku ds fy;s rRdkyhu çFke ç/kkuea=h tokgjyky usg: vkSj muds djhch lg;ksxh vkSj oSKkfud foØe lkjkHkkbZ ds ç;klksa ls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

bls Hkkjr ljdkj ds ^Lisl fMikVZesaV* }kjk çcaf/kr fd;k tkrk gS] tks lh/ks Hkkjr ds ç/kkuea=h dks fjiksVZ djrk gSA

Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku laxBu (ISRO) vius fofHkUu dsaæksa ds ns'kO;kih usVodZ ds ek/;e ls lapkfyr gksrk gSA

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5-5 îsxkll* %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ îsxkll* ;kuh Phycomorph European Guidelines for a

Sustainable Aquaculture of Seaweeds (PEGASUS), ;wjksih; leqæh 'kSoky mRiknu dh orZeku fLFkfr dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA lkFk gh ;g bl Jà[kyk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds lanHkZ esa vYidkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd lq/kkjksa dh flQkfj'kksa dks Hkh çLrqr djrk gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

fQ;kse‚QZ (Phycomorph) varjkZ"Vªh; 'kS{kf.kd ç;ksx'kkykvksa dk ,d usVodZ gS] tks ogn~ fodkl ls lacaf/kr ,d ;k dbZ eqíksa dks lacksf/kr djrk gSA usVodZ dh xfr'khyrk ;wjksi esa LFkk;h leqæh 'kSokyksa dh tyh; —f"k ds fy;s fn'kk&funsZ'k rS;kj djus gsrq rduhdh dkS'ky esa gqbZ gkfy;k çxfr vkSj vuqHko dks lk>k djus ds fy;s fu;fer cSBdksa vkSj Nk= ,Dlpsat dk;ZØeksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA

PHYCOMORPH dk eq[; mís'; lw{e 'kSokyksa ds çtuu vkSj fodkl ds cqfu;knh Kku esa ;wjksih; vuqla/kku ifj–'; dks ,dtqV dj l{ke cukuk gSA

leqæh 'kSoky] cgqdksf'kdh; tho gksrs gSa tks eq[; :i ls leqæh ;k ehBs ikuh esa ik, tkrs gSa ¼dqN LFkk;h :i ls ikuh ls ckgj jgrs gSa½A

leqæh 'kSoky ikS/kksa dh rjg os tho gksrs gSa tks rVh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra= esa egÙoiw.kZ ikfjfLFkfrdh; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ;s Hkfo"; ds fy;s laHkkoukiw.kZ tSo lalk/ku gSa D;ksafd nqfu;k Hkj esa mPp ewY; okys leqæh 'kSoky&O;qRiUu ;kSfxdksa ¼lkSan;Z çlk/ku] Hkkstu½ dh ekax esa fujarj btkQk gks jgk gSA

ikS/kksa dh rjg ;s ikuh esa ?kqyh ok;qeaMyh; dkcZu ds fo?kVu gsrq çdk'k dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA lw{e 'kSoky i`Foh ij ik, tkus okys lcls 'kfä'kkyh dkcZu&fLFkjhdj.k okys thoksa esa ls gSaA budk vkdkj dqN feyhehVj ls ysdj 50 ehVj rd gksrk gSA

leqæh 'kSokyksa dh tyh; —f"k dk egÙo %

[kk| lqj{kk% o"kZ 2050 rd [kk| tSo lalk/kuksa ij 9 vjc yksxksa dh [kk| vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dk Hkkj gksxkA

leqæh 'kSokyksa dh tyh; —f"k iks"k.k] LokLF; vkSj LFkk;h tSo vFkZO;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr oSf'od pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/kku djus esa lgk;d lkfcr gks ldrh gSA

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k% ;g [kk| Ja[kyk] rVksa dh vijnu ls laj{k.k] ukbVªkstu ;k Q‚LQsV vkSj CO2 çPNknu tSls laHkkfor çnw"kdksa dks u"V djus esa lgk;rk djsxhA

nok vkSj fpfdRldh; vuqç;ksx%

fofHkUu lw{e 'kSokyksa ds thok.kqjks/kh (Antibacterial) vkSj dodjks/kh (Antifungal) çHkkoksa dks fpfàr fd;k x;k gSA


blesa dSalj ds laHkkfor bykt gsrq laHkkouktud ;kSfxd ik, tkrs gSaA ;g ekuo dh dSalj Ja[kyk ds fo#) ,d 'kfä'kkyh lkbVksVksfDld (Cytotoxic) xfrfof/k ¼lsy ds fodkl vkSj xq.ku esa vojks/k½ dks n'kkZrk gSA

;g o;Ld Vh&lsy Y;wdsfe;k (Adult T-cell leukaemia-ATL) ds fo#) fpfdRlk laca/kh midj.kksa ds :i esa Hkh mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA

bldk mi;ksx ,aVh&v‚DlhMsaV (Anti-Oxidant) vkSj ,aVh&ba¶ysesVjh (Anti-

Inflammatory) ,tsaV ds :i esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ lzksr% LFkyh; ewy ds bZa/kuksa dh rqyuk esa 'kSoky tSo bZa/ku ds rkSj ij ,d csgrj fodYi lkfcr gks ldrs gSa] buesa mPp ÅtkZ] rsth ls fodflr gksus dh {kerk vkSj LFkyh; tSo bZa/ku ds çfrLinZ~/kh gksus ds ctk; muds iwjd ds :i esa O;ogkj djus dh {kerk varfuZfgr gksrh gSA

çlk/ku mRikn% 'kSokyksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh olk (lipid) ds dkj.k budk mi;ksx rsyksa ds mRiknu gsrq fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;s d‚LesfVd mRiknksa ds fuekZ.k gsrq mR—"V fodYi gSaA

jkstxkj l`tu% 'kSoky m|ksx vuqla/kku ls ysdj bathfu;fjax rd] fofuekZ.k ls ysdj —f"k vkSj foi.ku ls ysdj foÙkh; lsokvksa rd dbZ çdkj ds jkstxkj ds voljksa dk ltu djus esa l{ke gSaA

Hkkjr esa leqæh 'kSoky dk fuekZ.k %

gj lky dsoy 30 fefy;u Vu leqæh 'kSoky ¼ftudk cktkj ewY; €8 fcfy;u gS½ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Hkkjr esa rfeyukMq] xqtjkr ds rVksa vkSj y{k}hi] vaMeku ,oa fudksckj }hiksa ds vklikl cgqrk;r esa leqæh 'kSoky ik, tkrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; rV ds varj&Tokjh; vkSj xgjs ty {ks=ksa esa leqæh 'kSoky dh yxHkx 700 çtkfr;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa] ftuesa ls yxHkx 60 çtkfr;k¡ O;kolkf;d :i ls egÙoiw.kZ gSaA

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5-6 ,aFkzksikslhu dk;Zdkjh lewg %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa ,aFkzksikslhu dk;Zdkjh lewg (Anthropocene Working

Group- AWG) ds 34&lnL;h; iSuy us u, HkkSxksfyd ;qx dks ^,aFkzksikslhu ;qx* ds :i ukfer djus ds i{k esa ernku fd;kA xkSjryc gS fd 90 izfr’kr ls t~;knk lnL;ksa us orZeku ;qx dk uke cnyus ds i{k esa ernku fd;k gSA


egRoiw.kZ rF;%

;g ernku 11]700 lky igys 'kq: gq, gksykslhu ;qx (Holocene Epoch) ds var dk ladsr gSA

uspj (Nature) if=dk ds vuqlkj] mä iSuy us o"kZ 2021 rd ^baVjus'kuy deh'ku v‚u LVªsVhxzkQh* (International Commission on Stratigraphy) ds le{k u, ;qx ds çkjaHk ds lanHkZ esa ,d vkSipkfjd çLrko çLrqr djus dh ;kstuk cukbZ gSA baVjus'kuy deh'ku v‚u LVªsVhxzkQh HkwxfHkZd ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA

,aFkzksikslhu ls tqM+h ?kVukvksa esa 'kgjhdj.k vkSj mUur —f"k ds mís'; ls ifjogu vkSj {kj.k esa gksus okyh of) gSA bu fØ;kvksa ls mRiUu dkcZu tSls rÙoksa us okrkoj.k esa gksus okys pØh; vknku&çnku dks xaHkhj :i ls çHkkfor fd;k gS ftlds QyLo:i Xykscy okfeaZx] leqæh tyLrj esa c<+ksrjh ] leqæh vEyhdj.k tSlh ?kVuk,¡ c<+ jgh gSaA

,aFkzksikslhu dk;Zdkjh lewg (Anthropocene Working Group- AWG dk eq[; mís'; ,sls fpàksa dh igpku djuk gS tks ;g ladsr djrs gSa fd ,aFkzksikslhu ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gks pqdh gSA

oSf'od Lrj ij tSoeaMy esa dbZ çdkj ds [kfutksa vkSj pêkuksa ds d.k ftlesa daØhV] jk[k ]IykfLVd vkSj bysDVª‚fud dpjk 'kkfey gS] ds QSyus ls çnw"k.k cgqr rhoz xfr ls c<+ x;k gS tks tSoeaMy ds fy;s gkfudkjd gSA

,aFkzksikslhu dk;Zdkjh lewg (AWG) esa dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd o"kZ 1950 ds çkjaHk esa ijek.kq ceksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k Fkk ftlds ifj.kkeLo#i oSf'od Lrj ij —f=e jsfM;ks/kehZ inkFkZ QSy x,A jsfM;ks/kehZ inkFkZ leqæ ls cQhZys LFkkuksa rd rFkk Hkwry ls vkdk'k rd ik, tkus yxsA dbZ fo'ks"kK ,slh ?kVukvksa dks ;qx ifjorZu ds |ksrd ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA

AWG ds vkSipkfjd çLrko ds i'pkr~ ^baVjus'kuy deh'ku v‚u LVªsVhxzkQh* ds dbZ vU; lewgksa }kjk Hkh bl ij fopkj fd;k tk,xkA

bl çLrko ds lq>koksa dk vafre vuqeksnu baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u v‚Q ft;ksy‚ftdy lkbalst dh dk;Zdkjh lfefr }kjk fd;k tk,xkA


,aFkzksikslhu %

ge i`Foh ij ,d u, ;qx esa ços'k djus tk jgs gSa ftls ,aFkzksikslhu dgk tk jgk gSA ,aFkzksikslhu (Anthropocene) 'kCn dk loZçFke ç;ksx o"kZ 2000 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk i‚y

dVZtu (Paul Crutzen) ,oa ;wthu LVªksesZj (Eugene Stroermer) }kjk fd;k x;kA ;g 'kCn orZeku le; varjky esa ekuo xfrfof/k;ksa }kjk i`Foh ij gq, xaHkhj çHkko dks fu#fir djrk gSA

,aFkzksikslhu ds i{k esa çHkko% 1950 ds n'kd ds ckn ls ekuo xfrfof/k;ksa us i`Foh vkSj okrkoj.k dks LFkk;h :i ls cnyuk çkjaHk dj fn;k] ftlds i{k esa fuEufyf[kr çek.k fn;s tk ldrs gSa&

ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k i`Foh dh vusd çtkfr;ksa ds foyqIr gksus dh nj esa dkQh rsth vkbZ gSA ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k 1950 ds n'kd ds i'pkr~ ok;qeaMy esa CO2 dh ek=k] lrgh rkieku]

leqæh vEyhdj.k vkfn esa rhoz of) ntZ dh xbZ gSA ekuo tfur xfrfof/k;ksa tSls bZa/ku ds tyk, tkus ls mRiUu CySd dkcZu vkfn ds dkj.k ryNV vkSj

fgeunksa esa ok;qokfgr d.kksa dh ,d LFkk;h ijr cu xbZ gSA moZjdksa ds vfr mi;ksx us fiNyh 'krkCnh esa e`nk esa ukbVªkstu vkSj QLQksjl dh ek=k dks nksxquk dj

fn;k gS] tks laHkor% fiNys 2-5 vjc o"kksaZ esa ukbVªkstu pØ ij iM+us okyk lcls cM+k çHkko gSA

,aFkzksikslhu dks i`Fkd ;qx ds :i esa ?kksf"kr djus ds ekxZ esa ck/kk,¡&

;g le; dk ,d cgqr NksVk iSekuk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; rd igq¡pus ds fy;s bl rhoz ifjorZu ds gksus dh çrh{kk djus dh vko';drk gSA

,aFkzksikslhu fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls iwoZorhZ Hkw&oSKkfud bdkb;ksa ls vyx gSA vr% ijaijkxr ekudksa ds vk/kkj ij bls ;qx ?kksf"kr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

;g uke ?kksf"kr djus ds fy;s rduhdh çfØ;k dk vuqlj.k djuk vko';d gS] ysfdu ;fn ;g Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS rks i`Foh ds çca/kd ds :i esa ;g ekuo ij mlds mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus ds fy;s vo'; ncko MkysxkA

baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u v‚Q ft;ksy‚ftdy lkbalst (International Union of Geological Sciences)

baVjus'kuy ;wfu;u v‚Q ft;ksy‚ftdy lkbalst (IUGS) nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s vkSj lcls lfØ; xSj&ljdkjh oSKkfud laxBuksa esa ls ,d gSA bldh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1961 esa gqbZA

IUGS varjkZ"Vªh; foKku ifj"kn dk lnL; gSA

IUGS Hkw&oSKkfud leL;kvksa ¼fo'ks"k :i ls ,slh leL;k,¡ ftudk O;kid egÙo gks½ ds v/;;u dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj ;g i`Foh foKku esa varjkZ"Vªh; ,oa var%fo"k;d lg;ksx dh lqfo/kk çnku djrk gSA


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5-7 fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ i;kZoj.k dh j{kk gsrq nqfu;k Hkj esa tkx:drk vkSj dkjZokbZ dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy;s çR;sd o"kZ 5 twu dks fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol (World Environment Day½ euk;k tkrk gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

bl dk;ZØe dh 'kq#vkr o"kZ 1972 esa [kjkc i;kZoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj mlds c<+rs nq"çHkko ds ckjs esa tkx:drk QSykus ds fy;s dh xbZ FkhA orZeku esa ;g çnw"k.k dh leL;k ij ppkZ djus ds fy;s ,d oSf'od eap cu x;k gS rFkk 100 ls vf/kd ns'kksa esa bldk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA

bl ckj i;kZoj.k fnol dh Fkhe *ok;q çnw"k.k* ¼Air Pollution½ gS rFkk bldk oSf'od estcku phu gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd o"kZ 2018 esa Hkkjr us ^chV IykfLVd i‚Y;w'ku* ¼Beat Plastic Pollution) Fkhe ds lkFk fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol ds varjkZ"Vªh; dk;ZØe dh estckuh dh FkhA

ljdkj us fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol lekjksg ds fgLls ds :i esa #SelfiewithSapling uke ls ,d vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;k gS rFkk yksxksa ls ,d ikS/kk yxkus vkSj lks'ky ehfM;k ij blds lkFk ,d lsYQh iksLV djus dk vkxzg fd;k x;k gSA

ok;q çnw"k.k ¼Air Pollution½ %

ok;q ¼çnw"k.k fuokj.k vkSj fu;a=.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1981 , Air ¼Prevention and Control of Pollution½ Act] 1981] ^ok;q çnw"kd* dks okrkoj.k esa ekStwn fdlh Hkh Bksl] rjy ;k xSlh; inkFkZ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS] tks euq"; ;k vU; thfor çkf.k;ksa ;k ikS/kksa ;k laifÙk ;k okrkoj.k ds fy;s gkfudkjd gks ldrk gSA

ok;q çnw"k.k gkVZ vVSd vFkok ân;?kkr ds dkj.k gksuh okyh ekSrksa esa ls ,d pkSFkkbZ ekSrksa rFkk LVªksd] 'olu laca/kh chekfj;ksa] QsQM+ksa ds dSalj ds dkj.k gksus okyh dqy ekSrksa esa ls ,d frgkbZ ds fy;s ftEesnkj gSA ok;q çnw"k.k tyok;q dks Hkh çeq[krk ls çHkkfor djrk gS] ftldk nq"çHkko laiw.kZ i`Foh dh dk;Zç.kkyh ij ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA

nqfu;k Hkj esa yxHkx 92 çfr'kr yksx nwf"kr gok esa lkal ysus dks foo'k gSA ok;q çnw"k.k ds dkj.k gj lky LokLF; ij gksus okys [kpZ ls oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ij 5 fVªfy;u M‚yj dk cks> iM+rk gSA

lrgh vkstksu çnw"k.k ¼Ground-level ozone pollution½ ds dkj.k o"kZ 2030 rd Qlyksa dh iSnkokj yxHkx 26 çfr'kr rd de gksus dh mEehn trkbZ tk jgh gSA

gky gh esa Hkkjr us jk"Vªh; LoPN ok;q dk;ZØe ¼National Clean Air Programme-NCAP) dk çk:i rS;kj dj bls y‚Up fd;k] ftldk mís'; ok;q xq.koÙkk fuxjkuh usVodZ dks c<+kus ds vykok ok;q çnw"k.k dh jksdFkke] fu;a=.k vkSj mUewyu djuk gSA


ok;q ¼çnw"k.k fuokj.k vkSj fu;a=.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1981 %

ok;q çnw"k.k dh jksdFkke] fu;a=.k vkSj mUewyu ds mís'; ls o"kZ 1981 esa laln }kjk ok;q ¼çnw"k.k fuokj.k vkSj fu;a=.k½ vf/kfu;e ykxw fd;k x;kA

vf/kfu;e esa 'kh"kZ Lrj ij dsaæh; çnw"k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ ¼Central Pollution Control Board-

CPCB½ dh LFkkiuk vkSj jkT; Lrj ij jkT; çnw"k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ (State Pollution Control

Boards-SPCB) dks ok;q xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj fu;a=.k ,oa ok;q çnw"k.k ds mUewyu ls lacaf/kr fdlh Hkh ekeys ij ljdkj dks lykg nsus dk çko/kku fd;k x;k gSA

CPCB ok;q dh xq.koÙkk ds fy;s ekud Hkh r; djrk gS A

************

5-8 oSf'od dkcZu mRltZu esa 2 izfr’kr dh of) %

lekpkj esa D;ksa\ gky gh esa ÅtkZ mRiknu ds {ks= dh ,d cM+h daiuh chih ih,ylh ¼BP PLC,

British Corporation½ }kjk dh xbZ leh{kk ds vuqlkj] 2010&2011 ds ckn oSf'od dkcZu mRltZu esa mPpre nj ls o`f) gqbZ gSA

bl leh{kk ds vk/kkj ij çLrqr dh xbZ fjiksVZ esa fiNys o"kZ oSf'od dkcZu mRltZu esa 2-0 çfr'kr dh of) ntZ dh xbZ gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;%

oSf'od dkcZu mRltZu dh mPpre nj dk çeq[k dkj.k tyok;q ifjorZu rFkk fodkl ds uke ij yksxksa }kjk fd;k x;k ç—fr dk vR;f/kd nksgu gSA

;fn ç—fr dk nksgu blh xfr ls pyrk jgk rks i`Foh xzg dk Hkfo"; [krjs esa iM+ ldrk gSA

chih ih,ylh }kjk dh xbZ oSf'od ÅtkZ dh lkaf[;dh; leh{kk dks ÅtkZ m|ksx ekud ¼Energy Industry Standard½ ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA

chih ih,ylh fofHkUu ns'kksa ds rsy HkaMkjksa ds vkdkj ls ysdj uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ ds mRiknu vkSj fofHkUu [kir njksa vkfn ds vk¡dM+s ,d= djrh gSA

ekax esa of)%

oSf'od ÅtkZ ekax esa 2-9 çfr'kr dh o`f) gqbZ gSA lkFk gh nqfu;k esa rsy vkSj çk—frd xSl ds mRiknu esa lcls rsth ls o`f) ntZ dh xbZA

nqfu;k Hkj dh ljdkjsa oSf'od mRltZu dks de djus ds fy;s pyk, tkus okys vfHk;kuksa ds ncko ds pyrs xzhugkml xSlksa ds mRltZu dks de djus dk ç;kl dj jgh gSaA


D;k v{k; ÅtkZ gS lek/kku\

2018 esa v{k; ÅtkZ ds mi;ksx esa 14-5 çfr'kr dh of) gqbZ gS] tks fiNys o"kZ fctyh mRiknu esa dqy o`f) dk flQZ ,d&frgkbZ gSA

ÅtkZ ds ^gfjr* ¼Green½ :i ij /;ku nsus ls ^usV&'kwU;* mRltZu dk y{; çkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

blds ctk; ljdkj dks çnw"k.kdkjh dks;ys vkSj rsy ds mi;ksx esa dVkSrh djus ij vf/kd tksj nsuk pkfg;sA

chih ih,ylh ¼BP PLC, British Corporation½

BP PLC rsy vkSj xSl mRiknu ls lacaf/kr ,d cgqjk"Vªh; fczfV'k fuxe gSA

bldk eq[;ky; yanu] ;wukbVsM fdaxMe esa gSA

;g rsy vkSj xSl m|ksx ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa dke djus okyh ,d ,dh—r daiuh gSA

blds dk;ksaZ esa vUos"k.k ¼Exploration) vkSj mRiknu] 'kks/ku] forj.k ,oa foi.ku] isVªksdsfedYl] fctyh mRiknu rFkk O;kikj 'kkfey gSaA

;g tSo bZa/ku vkSj iou ÅtkZ ds {ks= esa Hkh uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ mRiknu esa çeq[k gSA

************


6- izhfyEl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ rF;

6-1 ywuj ySaMj Cyw ewu %

gky gh esa varfj{k daiuh ^Cyw vksfjftu* us ywuj ySaMj dk vukoj.k fd;k gS ftls Cyw ewu dgk tk jgk gSA bldk mi;ksx 2024 rd paæek ds nf{k.kh /kqzo rd ^ifjogu midj.kksa* vkSj laHkor% euq"; ds fy;s Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

;g ySaMj oSKkfud midj.kksa dks ys tkus ds lkFk gh euq";ksa ds fy;s Hkh jksoj ys tkus esa l{ke gksxkA

Cyw ewu%

bldk y{; paæek ds nf{k.kh /kzqo ij mrjuk gS] tgk¡ cQZ gSA gkbMªkstu dk mRiknu djus ds fy;s ikuh dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks Hkfo"; esa lkSjeaMy ds vUos"k.k esa enn dj ldsxkA

;g ySaMj] Cyw vksfjftu dk paæek ij volajpuk fuekZ.k ds ,d fotu dk fgLlk gksxk tks Hkfo"; esa euq";ksa ds varfj{k esa clus vkSj çnw"k.kdkjh m|ksxksa dks iFoh ls nwj LFkkukarfjr djus dh laHkkouk dks c<+k,xkA

6-2 f=’kwj iwje mRlo %

13 ebZ 2019 ls dsjy dk çfl) mRlo f='kwj iwje vkjaHk gqvkA f='kwj iwje nf{k.k Hkkjr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ mRlo gS ftls yxkrkj 36 ?kaVs rd euk;k tkrk gSA

;g oYyqukokMq {ks= esa fLFkr nsoh nqxkZ vkSj Hkxoku f'ko dks lefiZr gSA

dsjy fLFkr nl eafnjksa dks 'kkfey djds bl mRlo dks euk;k tkrk gS A

mRlo esa 30 gkfFk;ksa dks iwjh lkt&lTtk ds lkFk 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA

bldh 'kq#vkr 'kDFkku FkEiwju }kjk dh xbZ FkhA

6-3 ABHYAS dk lQy ijh{k.k :

gky gh esa j{kk vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laxBu (Defence Research and Development Organisation-DRDO) us vksfM'kk ds pkanhiqj esa gkbZ LihM ,DlisaMscy ,fj;y VkxsZV (High-speed Expendable Aerial Target- HEAT) 'ABHYAS' dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;kA

;g ,d ekuo jfgr gokbZ okgu gS tks ekbØksbysDVªkseSdsfudy flLVe (Microelectromechanical Systems- MEMS) usfoxs'ku ç.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr gSA


;g usfoxs'ku vkSj ekxZn'kZu ds fy;s Lons'kh :i ls fodflr MEMS&vk/kkfjr usfoxs'ku ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx djrk gSA

MEMS vk/kkfjr INSS ¼tM+Roh; usfoxs'ku ç.kkyh½ dk bLrseky NksVs ekuo jfgr gokbZ okguksa (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) esa fd;k tkrk gSA

j{kk vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laxBu ds vuqlkj] ABHYAS Mªksu ds ijh{k.k dks fofHkUu jkMkj vkSj bysDVªks v‚fIVd flLVe }kjk VªSd fd;k x;k vkSj lgh rjhds ls usfoxs'ku eksM esa j[kk x;k FkkA

'ABHYAS' Mªksu dks v‚Vksik;yV eksM esa Lora= mM+ku gsrq fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA

6-4 Hkkjrh; xSaMksa gsrw Mh,u, MsVkcsl %

i;kZoj.k ou ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu ea=ky; us ns'k esa ik, tkus okys lHkh xSaMksa dk Mh,u, çksQkby cukus gsrq ,d ifj;kstuk dh 'kq#vkr dh gSA

MsVkcsl rS;kj gks tkus ds ckn ekjs x, ;k f'kdkj fd;s x, xSaMksa dh igpku djus esa vklkuh gksxhA ;g ifj;kstuk orZeku esa py jgs ^jkbuks datosZ'ku çksxzke* dk gh ,d fgLlk gSA bl ifj;kstuk dh

le;&lhek o"kZ 2021 gSA xSaMksa dh rhu çtkfr;k¡ gSa] ftuesa ls dsoy ,d ¼Hkkjrh; xSaMk½ ns'k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa xSaMksa dh la[;k yxHkx 2]600 gS] buesa ls 90 izfr’kr ls t~;knk xSaMs vle ds dkthjaxk

jk"Vªh; m|ku esa ik, tkrs gSaA

6-5 fe’ku vkVsZfel % uklk paæek gsrq ,d u, ekuo;qä fe'ku dh ;kstuk cuk jgk gS ftldk uke vkVsZfel gksxkA xzhd ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa ds vuqlkj] paæek dh nsoh] vkVsZfel] viksyks dh tqM+ok¡ cgu FkhA o"kZ 2017 esa jk"Vªifr MksukYM Vªai us varfj{k uhfr funsZ'k (Space Policy Directive) ij

gLrk{kj fd;s Fks ftlds i'pkr~ fe'ku vkVsZfel dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ FkhA bl fe'ku ds rgr varfj{k ;kf=;ksa dks paæek ij Hkstk tkuk gSA

;g 2024 esa paæek ds nf{k.k /kzqo ij mrjsxk vkSj blesa efgykvksa dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA

6-6 Barn Owls%

y{;}hi esa pwgksa dh la[;k bruh c<+ x;h gS fd ogk¡ ukfj;y ds mRiknu ij bldk vlj iM+ jgk gS- blfy, y{;}hi ljdkj us ckuZ uked mYyw eaxkus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gSA

fofnr gks fd jkr esa fopj.k djus okys ;s mYyw pwgksa ds nq'eu gksrs gSaA y{k}hi esa pwgs ukfj;y ds isM+ksa ds Åij fuokl djrs gSa vkSj vklkuh ls ,d isM+ ls nwljs isM+ rd tkrs jgrs gSaA


Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk dks vesfjdk ls igyk vik'ks xkfMZ;u uked ;q)d gsfyd‚IVj fey x;k gSA ,sls 22 gsfyd‚IVj vesfjdk ls vk,¡xsA bu gsfyd‚IVjksa dks Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk dh vko';drk ds

vuqlkj cuk;k x;k gS vkSj ;s igkM+h {ks=ksa esa dq'kyrkiwoZd dke djrs gSaA

6-7 lldkok iqjLdkj 2019 %

gky gh esa vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k la;qä jk"Vª dk;kZy; (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction-UNDRR) us çeksn dqekj feJk dks vkink tksf[ke U;wuhdj.k ds fy;s lldkok iqjLdkj 2019 ls lEekfur fd;k gSA

Jh feJk us vkink ls çHkkfor leqnk;ksa dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djus gsrq mudh {kerk esa vko';d lq/kkj ds fy;s yacs le; rd enn dhA

fiNM+s yksxksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gsrq vlekurk rFkk xjhch dks de djus fd fn'kk esa ljkguh; dk;Z fd;kA

6-8 rkboku esa leySafxd fookg dks eatwjh % gky gh esa rkboku us ,d fo/ks;d ikfjr djrs gq, leySafxd fookg dks eatwjh ns nh gSA rkboku

leySafxd fookg dh vuqefr nsus okyk igyk ,f'k;kbZ ns'k cu x;k gSA rkbZoku laln }kjk ikfjr ;g fo/ks;d leySafxd tksM+ksa dks Hkh iq#"k&efgyk fookfgr tksM+ksa dh Hkk¡fr

gh lqfo/kk,¡ çnku djsxkA Hkkjr esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us o"kZ 2018 esa Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 377 ds dqN çko/kkuksa dks [kRe

djrs gq, leySafxdrk dks vijk/k ds nk;js ls ckgj dj fn;k FkkA

6-9 SIBEX 2019 : Hkkjr vkSj flaxkiqj ds chp SIMBEX&2019 ;q) vH;kl dh 'kq#vkr nf{k.kh phu lkxj esa gks

pqdh gSA SIMBEX&2019 bl okf"kZd vH;kl dk 26ok¡ laLdj.k gSA bl vH;kl dk vk;kstu 16&22 ebZ] 2019 ds chp fd;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ds tgkt dksydkrk vkSj 'kfä ds vfrfjDr yach nwjh ds lkeqfæd fuxjkuh foeku Hkh

flEcsDl&19 esa fgLlk ys jgs gSaA bl f}i{kh; vH;kl dh 'kq#vkr ikjaifjd iuMqCch&jks/kh vH;klksa ls gqbZ tks ,MokaLM ,;j fMQsal

v‚ijs'kUl (Advanced Air Defense Operations½] ,aVh ,;j@ljQsl VkjxsV~l ij vH;kl xksyhckjh (Exercise Firing on Anti Air/Surface Targets), lkefjd vH;kl vkfn rd igq¡p pqdh gSA

o"kZ 2018 esa bl vH;kl dk vk;kstu vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hilewg ds ckgj fgan egklkxj esa fd;k x;k FkkA


6-10 Hkkjr esa miyC/k xzsQkbV HkaMkj % v#.kkpy çns'k ljdkj us Hkkjrh; HkwoSKkfud losZ{k.k foHkkx (Geological Survey of

India-GSI) ls bl laHkkouk dk irk yxkus dks dgk gS ftlls Hkkjr&phu lhek ls yxs LFkkuksa ij [kfut dh miyC/krk dh iqf"V gks lds] rkfd bu [kfut LFkyksa dk iw.kZ :i ls losZ{k.k dj [kuu (Drilling) dk;Z 'kq: fd;k tk ldsA v#.kkpy çns'k ljdkj dk ;g dne phu dh ml dk;Zokgh dh çfrfØ;k ekuk tk jgk gS ftlds varxZr phu frCcr esa o`gn~ iSekus ij [kuu xfrfof/k dks c<+kok ns jgk gSA

GSI ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa ik, tkus okys dqy xzsQkbV dk yxHkx 35 izfr’kr v#.kkpy çns'k esa ik;k tkrk gSA v#.kkpy çns'k esa ns'k dk lcls vf/kd xzsQkbV ik;k tkrk gSA

v#.kkpy çns'k esa 43 izfr’kr xzsQkbV] tEew&d'ehj esa 37izfr’kr] >kj[kaM esa 6 izfr’kr] rfeyukMq esa 5 izfr’kr vkSj vksfM'kk esa 3 izfr’kr xzsQkbV lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk gSA

lalk/kuksa ds vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa dh HkaMkj çfr'krrk dh ckr dh tk, rks rfeyukMq ds ikl 3 izfr’kr%] >kj[kaM ds ikl 30 izfr’kr vkSj vksfM'kk ds ikl 29 izfr’kr lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk gSA

xzsQkbV%

xzsQkbV çk—frd :i ls ik, tkus okys fØLVyh; dkcZu dk ,d :i gSA

;g ,d çk—frd [kfut rÙo gS tks :ikarfjr vkSj vkXus; pêkuksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA

bldh lajpuk Lrjh; çdkj dh gksrh gS ftlesa Ng dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ds NYys gksrs gSaA ;s NYys O;kid :i ls {kSfrt fLFkfr esa O;ofLFkr gksrs gSaA

;s jax esa xgjs Hkwjs vkSj dkys rFkk vikjn'khZ ,oa cgqr eqyk;e gksrs gSaA

;g ,dek= v/kkfRod rÙo gS tks fo|qr~ dk ,d vPNk pkyd gksrk gSA

eqyk;e ç—fr dk gksus ds dkj.k bls ,d 'kq"d Lusgd ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

blds dbZ vkS|ksfxd mi;ksx gSa vkSj fof'k"V rkSj ij ,sls mRiknksa ds fy;s bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftUgsa cgqr vf/kd xehZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

6-11 vksaxksy uLy dh xk; % gky gh esa Hkkjr ds mijk"Vªifr us fot;okM+k fLFkr Lo.kZ Hkkjr U;kl esa vk;ksftr ,d dk;ZØe esa

vksaxksy uLy dh xk; (Ongole Cattle Breed) ij ,d foojf.kdk tkjh dhA ;g foojf.kdk 1200 iUuksa dh gS ftlesa o"kZ 1885 ls 2016 rd i'kqvksa dk bfrgkl fn;k x;k gSA

bl iqLrd esa vksaxksy xk; ij fd;s tkus okys vuqla/kku dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA vksaxksys uLy dk ukedj.k vka/kz çns'k ds HkkSxksfyd {ks= vksaxksy ds uke ij fd;k x;k gSA bls usYyksj uLy Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd iwoZ esa vksaxksy rkyqd usYyksj ftys dk fgLlk Fkk] ysfdu

vc ;g xqaVwj ftys esa 'kkfey gSA ;g uLy ewy :i ls vka/kz çns'k ds rVh; ftyksa& xqaVwj] çdk'ke vkSj usYyksj esa ikbZ tkrh gSA


;g ,slh uLy gS] ftls nw/k ds mRiknu ds lkFk&lkFk [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ esa Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

6-12 osLV uhy ok;jl % gky gh esa dsjy ds eyIiqje vkSj dksf>dksM ftyksa esa osLV uhy ok;jl ds dkj.k laØe.k QSyus ds

dbZ ekeys lkeus vk, gSaA blds dkj.k jkT; ds LokLF; foHkkx dks bl {ks= esa osLV uhy Qhoj vkSj laØe.k ds lzksr ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh çkIr djuk dfBu gks x;k gSA

vkerkSj ij osLV uhy ok;jl (West Nile Virus-WNV) vÝhdk] ;wjksi] e/; iwoZ] mÙkjh vesfjdk vkSj if'pe ,f'k;k esa ik;k tkrk gS] ;g fo"kk.kq@ok;jl tfur laØe.k ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gSA

;g vkerkSj ij ePNjksa }kjk QSyrk gS vkSj yksxksa esa raf=dk@Luk;q (Neurological) laca/kh chekjh ds lkFk&lkFk e`R;q dk dkj.k Hkh cu ldrk gSA

6-13 varjkZ”Vªh; tSo&fofo/krk fnol %

varjkZ"Vªh; tSo&fofo/krk fnol] ftls fo'o tSo fofo/krk fnol ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] tSo&fofo/krk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s 22 ebZ dks euk;k tkrk gSA

o"kZ 2019 ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; tSo&fofo/krk fnol (International Day of Biological

Diversity) dh Fkhe ^gekjh tSo&fofo/krk] gekjk Hkkstu] gekjk LokLF;* (Our

Biodiversity, Our Food, Our Health) gSA varjkZ"Vªh; tSo&fofo/krk fnol dks eukus dh 'kq#vkr 20 fnlacj] 2000 dks la;qä jk"Vª egklHkk ds

çLrko }kjk dh xbZ FkhA 22 ebZ] 1992 dks uSjksch esa tSo&fofo/krk ij vfHkle; (Convention on Biological

Diversity- CBD) ds VsDLV dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA blfy;s 22 ebZ dks çfro"kZ varjkZ"Vªh; tSo&fofo/krk fnol euk;k tkrk gSA

6-14 vkfl;ku++ $ 3 %

phu us iwohZ ,f'k;k f'k[kj lEesyu esa vkfl;ku $3 ¼ftlesa nl lnL;h; vkfl;ku ds vykok phu] tkiku vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k 'kkfey gSa½ ds lkFk eqä O;kikj le>kSrs ij tksj nsuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA

vkfl;ku++ $ 3 (ASEAN+3) çLrko dk mís'; RCEP okrkZ esa 'kkfey vU; ns'kksa }kjk nh tk jgh fj;k;rksa ds leku phu dks ojh;rk ¼fj;k;rsa nsus ds lanHkZ esa½ nsus gsrq Hkkjr ij ncko Mkyuk gSA

blds vykok bl rjg dk çLrko Hkkjr ds fy;s ,d lans'k gS fd ;fn Hkkjr RCEP okrkZ esa –< jgrk gS rks phu Hkkjr dh vuns[kh dj ldrk gSA


6-15 Indo-Myanmar coordinated patrol (IMCOR) : 2019 dk Hkkjr&E;kaekj lefUor x'rh dk vk;kstu py jgk gSA ;g bl çdkj dh vkBoha x'rh gSA blesa nksuksa ns'kksa dh ukSlsuk,¡ lfEefyr gksrh gSa vkSj vkradokn] ekuo rLdjh] i'kq gR;k] voS/k eNyh

ekjuk] u'khys æO;ksa dk O;kikj tSlh voS/k xfrfof/k;ksa dk lek/kku djus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ,slh xf'r;k¡ lcls igys ekpZ 2013 esa vkjEHk gqbZ gSA

6-16 Mexico’s Highest Civilian award : esfDldks us fdlh fons'kh dks fn;k tkus okyk viuk loksZPp ukxfjd lEeku – Orden

Mexicana del Aguila Azteca, (Order of the Aztec Eagle)– Hkkjr dh iwoZ jk"Vªifr çfrHkk ikfVy dks çnku fd;k gSA

fofnr gks fd ,d ckj igys ;gh iqjLdkj Hkkjrh; jk"Vªifr ,l- jk/kk—".ku dks fn;k tk pqdk gSA

6-17 New species of wasp from Goa : xksok esa oSKkfudksa dks Kudakrumia rangnekari uke dh ubZ çtkfr dk cjkZ feyk gSA ;g cjkZ if'pe ?kkV ds taxyksa esa fLFkr dksfVxkvks oU;tho vkJ;.kh ls çkIr fd;k x;k gSA bl cjsZ

dk ;g uke xksok esa jgus okys 'kks/kdrkZ ijkx jaxusdj ij j[kk x;k gSA

6-18 xaxk DosLV iqjLdkj] 2019 % twu dks fo'o i;kZoj.k fnol ds volj ij ^LoPN xaxk ds fy;s jk"Vªh; fe'ku* ¼NMCG) us xaxk

vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa ds laj{k.k ds rjhdksa ij ppkZ djus ds fy;s ,dfnolh; lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;kA

bl volj ij xaxk DosLV] 2019 ds fotsrkvksa dks iqjLdkj Hkh çnku fd;s x,A NMCG us uekfe xaxs dk;ZØe esa lkoZtfud Hkkxhnkjh dks c<+kus vkSj ;qokvksa dks çksRlkfgr djus

ds fy;s ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; xaxk DosLV 2019 dk vk;kstu fd;k FkkA ;g xaxk unh ij igyh jk"Vªh; Lrj yh v‚uykbu fDot gSA xaxk unh ds ckjs esa tkx:drk vkSj

Kku çlkj ds fy;s ,d eghus rd v‚uykbu fDot vk;ksftr dh xbZA ;g fDot 22 vçSy] 2019 ¼fo'o iFoh fnol½ dks 'kq: dh xbZ vkSj 22 ebZ 2019 ¼fo'o tSo fofo/krk

fnol½ dks lekIr gqbZA NMCG }kjk ;g vk;kstu okbYMykbQ baLVhVîwV v‚Q bafM;k (Wild Life Institute of

India), Vªh Øst QkmaMs'ku ¼Tree Craze foundation½] GIZ vkSj VA Tech WABAG dh lk>snkjh esa fd;k x;kA


LoPN xaxk ds fy;s jk"Vªh; fe'ku ¼NMCG½

LoPN xaxk ds fy;s jk"Vªh; fe'ku jk"Vªh; LoPN fe'ku ¼NMCG½ dks 12 vxLr] 2011 dks lkslk;Vh iathdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1860 ds rgr ,d lkslk;Vh ds :i esa iath—r fd;k x;k FkkA

bldk dk;kZUo;u ty lalk/ku] unh fodkl ,oa xaxk laj{k.k ea=ky; ds varxZr fd;k tkrk gSA

6-19 49 MA % Hkkjrh; fuokZpu vk;ksx ¼Election Commission Of India½ ,d fu;e ij iqu% fopkj

dj ldrk gS ftlds varxZr ;fn dksbZ ernkrk bZoh,e ¼Electronic Voting Machine& EVM½ ;k ohohih,Vh ¼Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail- VVPAT½ e'khu dh [kjkch ds ckjs esa f'kdk;r djrk gS vkSj ;g f'kdk;r xyr ikbZ tkrh gS rks mlds f[kykQ eqdnek pykus dk çko/kku gSA

fuokZpu lafgrk ds fu;e 49MA ds rgr ;fn ernkrk ;g nkok djrk gS fd bZoh,e ;k isij Vªsy e'khu }kjk mldk oksV ugha iM+k gS rc ml fLFkfr esa mls VsLV oksV Mkyus dh vuqefr nh tkrh gSA

vxj ernkrk dh f'kdk;r >wBh ikbZ tkrh gS] rks pquko vf/kdkjh f'kdk;rdrZ~rk ds f[kykQ Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 177 ds rgr dkjZokbZ 'kq: dj ldrk gSaA

naM lafgrk ds bl çko/kku ds varxZr ernkrk dks Ng ekg dk dkjkokl ;k 1000 #i, dk vFkZnaM ;k nksuksa ltk gks ldrh gSA

6-20 lkbDyksu ^ok;q % gky gh esa Hkkjr ekSle foKku foHkkx us lkbDyksu ^ok;q^ ds fy;s v‚jsat psrkouh tkjh dhA ;g pØokr Hkkjr dh vksj c<+ jgk gS tks xqtjkr ds rV ij Vdjk,xkA orZeku esa bldh vofLFkfr

y{k}hi ds vfefufnoh nhi ls 250 fdyksehVj mÙkj&if'pe esa rFkk eqacbZ ls 750 fdyksehVj nf{k.k&if'pe dh nwjh ij gS ftls xqtjkr ds rV ij igq¡pus esa nks ls rhu fnuksa dk le; yx ldrk gSA

egRoiw.kZ rF;% rqyukRed :i ls ok;q pØokr] Qf.k dh vis{kk cgqr detksj gSA iwokZuqekuksa ds vuqlkj] vR;f/kd

'kfä'kkyh :i esa Hkh bls ^xaHkhj pØokrh rwQku* dh Js.kh esa gh j[kk tk,xk gSA tc fdlh LFkyh; {ks= esa fuEu nkc mRiUu gks tk, rks og ekulwu dks viuh vksj [khaprk gSA ysfdu

pØokr ds dsaæ esa fufeZr fuEu nkc bldh rqyuk esa vR;f/kd 'kfä'kkyh gksrk gS ftl dkj.k ls ;g mÙkj&iwoZ dh vksj c<+ jgh ekulwuh gokvksa dks Hkh viuh vksj [khap ysrk Gsa


6-21 çksVse Lihdj % e/; çns'k dh Vhdex<+ yksdlHkk lhV ls chtsih lkaln M‚- ohjsaæ dqekj 17oha yksdlHkk ds çksVse

Lihdj gksaxsA ohjsaæ dqekj Hkkjr dh 11oha] 12oha] 13oha] 14oha] 15oha vkSj 16oha yksdlHkk ds lnL; jgs gSaA çksVse Lihdj lnu dk lcls ofj"B lnL; gksrk gS tks Lihdj vkSj fMIVh Lihdj dh fu;qfä ugha

gksus rd lnu dh dk;Zokgh lapkfyr djrk gSA jk"Vªifr vYidky ds fy;s ,d v/;{k fu;qä djrk gS ftls çksVse ;k lkef;d v/;{k dgrs gSaA çksVse ySfVu Hkk"kk ds ^çks VsEiksj* 'kCn dk laf{kIr :i gS ftldk vFkZ ^dqN le; ds fy;s* gksrk gSA

çksVse Lihdj dk eq[; mís'; u, lnL;ksa dks 'kiFk fnykuk gksrk gSA

6-22 [khj Hkokuh esyk % gky gh esa tEew&d'ehj ds xkanjcy ftys esa [khj Hkokuh eafnj esa T;s"B v"Veh ds okf"kZd mRlo dk

vk;kstu fd;k x;kA ;g R;ksgkj d'ehj ds iafMrksa vkSj eqlyekuksa ds chp laca/kksa esa rsth ls lq/kkj ykus dk ek/;e cudj

mHkj jgk gSA

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Important facts for UPPCS (Pre – 2019):

iwoZ esa eSlsMksfu;k x.kjkT; ds :i esa tkuk tkus okyk ns’k dk uke vkf/kdkfjd rkSj ij mÙkjh esflMksfu;k x.kjkT; dj fn;k x;k gSA

es?kky; dk jkT; i'kq es?k rsanqvk] es?kky; esa vk;ksftr gksus okys jk"Vªh; [ksy 2022 dk 'kqHkadj gksxkA DykmMsM rsanqvk taxyh fcfYy;ksa esa ls ,d gS tks xkjks] [kklh vkSj t;afr;k fgYl ds taxyksa esa jgrs gSaA

ç'kaflr baMks&dSusfM;u fQYe fuekZrk nhik esgrk dks vdkneh v‚Q dSusfM;u flusek ,aM Vsyhfotu }kjk ykbQVkbe vphoesaV vokMZ fn;k tk,xkA esgrk dks mudh fQYesa & **Qk;j** **vFkZ** vkSj **okVj**ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA

^AMAN-19 '& ;g djkph esa gky gh esa vk;ksftr ,d cgqjk"Vªh; leqæh vH;kl gSA

Hkkjr phu ds ckn nwljk lcls cM+k vk;krd cu x;k gS k

ç/kku ea=h ujsaæ eksnh us ubZ fnYyh jsyos LVs'ku ls Hkkjr dh igyh lseh&gkbZ LihM Vªsu **oans Hkkjr ,Dlçsl** ds igys ju dks gjh >aMh fn[kkbZA ;g Vªsu ubZ fnYyh vkSj okjk.klh ds chp dkuiqj vkSj bykgkckn ds LV‚ist dks 8 ?kaVs esa r; djsxhA

The ‘Undaunted: Saving the Idea of India’ * iqLrd ih fpnacje }kjk fy[kh xbZ gSA

dsaæ us ?kks"k.kk dh fd xzsV bafM;u cLVMZ ¼thvkbZch½ vxys lky xqtjkr esa vk;ksftr gksus okyh çoklh çtkfr;ksa ¼lh,e,l½ ds laj{k.k ij la;qä jk"Vª lEesyu ds 13 osa lEesyu ¼lhvksih½ ds fy, mldk 'kqHkadj gksxkA

tkiku ds ukvkseh vkslkdk us n v‚LVªsfy;u vksiu ds Qkbuy esa psd isVªk fDorksok dks gjk;kA

vius fiNys lHkh Ng v‚LVªsfy;u vksiu Qkbuy thrus ds ckn] lfcZ;k ds uksokd tksdksfop us esycuZ esa Lisu ds jkQsy uMky dks iNkM+dj fjd‚MZ rksM+ lkroka f[krkc gkfly fd;kA

vR;f/kd lfClMh okyh nj ij fuekZ.k Jfedksa dks vPNh xq.koÙkk vkSj LoPN Hkkstu çnku djus ds fy, egkjk"Vª ljdkj }kjk ÞvVy vk/kkj ;kstukß ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZ gSA

i;ZVu ea=ky; us çfrf"Br varjkZ"Vªh; xksYMu flVh xsV VwfjTe vokMZ~l 2019 esa Vhoh flusek Li‚V dh Js.kh esa igyk iqjLdkj thrk gSA xksYMu flVh xsV VwfjTe eYVh ehfM;k vokMZ~l çfro"kZ i;ZVu vkSj vkfrF; {ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa fn, tkrs gSaA


fç;adk nqcs dks o"kZ 2018 ds fy, ,d mR—"V efgyk i=dkj ds fy, pesyh nsoh tSu iqjLdkj ds fy, ukfer fd;k x;k gSA

vjsdk uV thvkbZ ¼HkkSxksfyd ladsr½ VSx ds lkFk —f"k mit dh lwph esa uohure ços'k gSA bls dukZVd ds mÙkj dUuM+ ftys ds flnikSj vkSj ;syiqj rkyqdksa esa **fljlh lqikjh** ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

fo[;kr dFkd uR;kaxuk lhek esgrk dks fiNys 15 o"kksaZ esa efgyk l'kfädj.k dh fn'kk esa muds ;ksxnku ds fy, **ukjh 'kfä iqjLdkj** ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA og **Nane uR; Hkkjrh** dh funs'kd Hkh gSaA

NÙkhlx<+ dk jk;x<+ ftyk LoNrk mR—"Vrk iqjLdkj 2019 esa 'kh"kZ LFkku gkfly fd;k gSA

fo'o lrr fodkl f'k[kj lEesyu& 2019 ubZ fnYyh esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k ftldh Fkhe attaining the 2030 Agenda: delivering on our promise’. Fkh A

^f{kfrt 2020* ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d 'kks/k dk;ZØe gSA

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vaid's ics julye magazine 2019- hindi - copy · 2019. 9. 18. · on)n on)n mn7 nvwxnynd vgv...

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