vaccine and vaccination

Vaccine and vaccination

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Problems in poultry

Viral

Bacterial

Parasitic

Fungal

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Control of viral diseases

Biosecurity

Vaccination

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What Is Vaccine and vaccination??

A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.

Vaccination is the administration of antigen material (a vaccine) to stimulate the immune system of an individual to develop adaptive immunity to a disease.

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History:

The word vaccine was first used by Edward Jenner in 1796.

The word vaccine was derived from Latin word; “vacca_ cow”

He firstly cured the disease Small pox through his self - made vaccine.

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Types of Vaccination:

1. Live vaccine

2. Attenuated Live vaccine

3. Inactivated (killed) vaccine

4. Genetically engineered vaccine

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1. Live vaccine:This vaccine contain live microorganisms.After application, the vaccine produce high no. of the

vaccine agent over a fairly long period of time.

This help to produce a strong immunological response*.

*A bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance and produces specific antibodies against that antigen

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Disadvantage :

The organism in this vaccine are completely capable of Producing a disease in the bird having weak immune system.

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2. Attenuated live vaccine:

Such vaccines contain live, attenuated* microorganisms

An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence** of a pathogen, but still keeping it live

*weak**the degree of pathogencity

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Disadvantages :

1. The organisms used to prepare vaccines may be weakened by various methods so that when administered to bird, a mild form of disease will be produced.

2. In many cases, there is no evidence of the disease.

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3. Inactivated vaccines:It is also known as “killed vaccines”Some vaccines contain killed micro-organisms that

have been destroyed with heat, radioactivity or antibiotics.

It is not capable of spreading the agent to birds.They have the capacity to produce immunity when

used through vaccination.

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In such cases “ADJUVANTS”* are added to this vaccine, by adding this high level of long lasting immunity is produced.

* Immune stimulators( oils, aluminum salts)

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4. Vectored vaccines:A vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a chemically

weakened virus to transport pieces of the virus in order to stimulate an immune response.

It is also known as genetically engineered vaccines.It is called vectored vaccines because it place immune

stimulating components(antigens) from one agent to another agent known as vector.

The vector Is usually a very large virus i.e; pox or herpes virus.

Only non-disease producing components are added to the vector that’s why disease reaction can’t be produced form this vaccines.15

Route of vaccines administration at hatchery:

1. Subcutaneous 2. Ocular 3. Nasal 4. Spray cabinet5. In-ovo

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1. Subcutaneous:Vaccine is injected under loose skin* with a syringes

and needle.

*skin on back of neck & loose skin of leg fold between thigh & abdomen.

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2. Ocular:In this route, a liquid is placed by eye drop such that the

solution flows through the lacrimal duct to the respiratory tract.

This route is used for live vaccines.

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3. Nasal:

A drop of vaccine is placed in the nostrils.


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4. Spray cabinet:

Vaccine is sprayed on the birds by a special machine at the hatchery.

It’s very good means of administering respiratory disease vaccines i.e ND & IB, without being individually handled.

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Spray administration at DOCDOC birds are placed in delivery box in group of 80-150

birds.Volume of vaccine ranges from 7ml to 40 ml per 100 birds.Droplet size 100µ - 300µ diameter are idealSmaller droplet have tendency to drift with air movement

and may not reach the box.During spray administration, small volume of water is

required, water used for vaccine should be fresh, cool, distillated water

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5. In-ovo:Eggs are transferred at 18 days from incubator to the hatcher.During transfer the eggs are placed in a machine that punches

a hole in the shell & inject vaccine into the 18 days embrocating egg.

This method is used for Marek’s disease.

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Route of vaccines administration in field:

1. Intramuscular2. Water 3. Wing web4. Aerosol

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1. Intra-muscular:Vaccines is injected with a syringes and needle into

the muscles.

This route is reserved for killed vaccines.

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2. Water: Vaccines is dispensed into the watering system from a tank.

By doing this, vaccine goes into the respiratory & digestive tract through throat.

Before vaccination, about 1.5 to 2 hours before water supply is cut off. So, that all the birds will surly vaccinated.

Discontinue all medication at least 24 hour before vaccinating and do not resume their use 24 hours thereafter

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Water used for preparing vaccine must be non-chlorinated.

Skimmed milk is added= 10 g / 1 gallon1) It is use to overcome the detrimental effects of chlorine.

Proved dyes are added as the visual marker for the vaccine.

This method allows mass application of vaccines without handling each chicken.


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3. Wing web:

The vaccine is applied by puncturing the skin in the web of the wing.

This method is used for Fowl pox.

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4. Aerosol:

In this method vaccine is sprayed in the air over birds on the floor or at the face of chickens in cages.

Birds don’t need to handled individually.

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Causes of vaccination failure

1. Expired vaccine2. Non-storage of vaccine at the advocated low temperature.3. Neglecting the use of ice box for transporting the vaccine.4. Exposed of the reconstitution vaccine to heat, sun rays, etc.5. Non-utilization of proper quantity of the vaccine per bird.6. Exposing the vaccine to the deleterious effects of some chemical

such as spirit, alcohol etc.7. Improper disinfection of syringes, needles for vaccinating the

birds.

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General precaution for vaccination:

1. Strictly follow the direction of the manufacturer.2. Reliable source of vaccine 3. Expiry date 4. Transportation 5. Storage of vaccines6. Quality of drinking water7. Time of vaccination

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Thank You

33 Dr.

vaccine and vaccination

Healthcare