uvg>prdf^gdfprb >^vg> rdf^gqt`.u qta g>^vg>...

20

Upload: duonghanh

Post on 19-Dec-2018

217 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

� ������������ ��������� ���������� �"!#��$%�%&'�� )(*��+�',�'-� ��.��$/*��'��� ����01��-2�*,3��� ����4�65)��%�70

8:94;.<>=@?BABC94DFEG;GHJI7EG=@?JEG;�KML4EGNO@PRQTS�UVS�WXSZY%[WX\�]�^V^V_>`.a�`.UVPX`'WXPRb#]�PX_>`.c'dFPRbGS�`fe�`.g>hXiGjXQTUVk

lm[WXPRnMiX`.P,o4e�`.\�a#dFPGj8:94N@pGq4N@rts�94rvuJ;F=@wJL4E4H�x4EG94? yf;F94zJ?{'`FQT`FdF\MnMi7|GnMiXg}g>^�gFYJ~JdF\�S�i|Gn%UV`.PRn%`FQ

� dFPG�R`.\�\MdGoR]�WRQTS�\MdF^VU�dx4zJN��"�R��H��G�4�4�

�f�4�M�%�%�G�.��#���M�>���}�F�@���M�}�>�����M�����}� �R�%�@�%�F�T���.���>�}�%�T�.�T�>�@ Z¡��>��¢}�> T���T¢>�M��¢}�@�M�#£>�@���} ��F�>�

��¤>�M���'�.�M�%¢}�T�.�M¥�¦J����¤f��¤>���.���:�.¡� T�F��§>���>£f�T������¨��}�%�}�%�>�}�%�F���}�F�@�T���.�4�}� �R�%�@�%�F�T���.��M©}¢}�.�T���>�> '����£F�M�>�}¤F¥> T���%�.�,�F�}�>�����%�.�T���>�> %ª'«Z '���F�F¥��}�@�>¬>���%�� ' �¢>£F£F�M T�J��¤>��¢> T��.¡Z T���.£F£F�%�@�M�#£>�@���} �¦������F§F�M T�T��£>�.�T���}� �R�%�@�%�F�� T�M¤>�%���M �¡��>�'��¤>�f�%�.���%¢>���.�T���>�7�.¡ ��}�.�M���}�%�@��§.�.�T��§F�M Z�>�f�@¦��� T�%�}�F�T�.�T�'£>�@���} %ª�­J¤>�'�}� �R�%�@�%�F�T���.�4�>�}�%�T�.�T�>�@ Z�F�@�'�M�F¨�>�����M�����F�>�����>�%�.�>���'��¤>�� T�%�> T����¤}�.�R��¤>�M¥'¢> T���>�>��¥'���F¡��>�T���.�T���>�'�.¡}��¤>�,¡�¢}�>�M�T���>�'�����¤>�M���,�>�%�F�@�M T���>�M��£>¤>¬}�>¢}�T¤>�>�>�R®> T�'��¤}�.�,�>�����.���@�������F§F�%�@ T���>���� ��>�M�M�M T ��F�@¥Fª,­J¤>�� ���F¯.�M ,��¤>�� ��F�}�}�@�>�.�M¤�¦��M���} �¢>���T�M��¡��>�,�}�F�T�.�����M����°%�.�T���>�Xª�±'� �R�%�@�%�F�T���.�}¦��M��£>¤F�T ��F�@��>¬>���.���>�M���M����¤>�%�J¦J����¤���¤>�Z²X�>���T��¨�§F�F��¢}�������M��¤>�>�f�>�J¢> T���>£f�}�.��¢}�T�.�R�>�M��£>¤>¬}�>¢}��M�>�>�@�}���}�.�T�M %ª�³Z�> T���T¢>�M��¢}�@�M�7£>�@���} �¤}�%§F���.�}§.�F�F���.£F�M ��M�>�>�M�%�T�>���>£#��¤>�� T����¢>���%¨�T���>���.¡X�M�>���>���M��£F�M�>���M���@���M ��F�>��¬}�>¢}�>�G�F�@���M %ª�´'¢}���@�M �¢>���T � �¤>�.¦���¤}�.�,¦Z¤>�����Z���£F�%�>�%�T�.�����@���F�>£>¢>���F�fµ�¤>�M�}�.£F�>�}�.��¶'£>�@���} ��}�%��¡��>�T��¦��>�@ T����¤}�F�# T���F�>�G�F�@��²X�>���T��¨�}� �R�%�@�%�>�M�f�F�}�}�@�>�.�M¤>�M %®X��¤>�����R�M�M�T '�.¡�£>�@���#���T�@�M£>¢>���F�@���T���M ��>����¤>���.�M�%¢}�T�.�M¥��.¡��¤>�� ��}�.�M���}�%�@��§.�.�T��§F�M ��F�@���M�>���}�F�T�F¬>��¥# ����.����¡��>���@�%�.���� T�T����£>�@���} %ª�­J¤>�� � �¢>£.¨£F�M T�T ���¤}�.�� �¢>�M¤f��²X�>���T��¨��}� �R�%�@�%�>�M��¨�����¯.���F�}�}�@�>�.�M¤��T��¢}�> T���T¢>�M��¢}�@�M��£>�@���} Z���%¥¬}�Z�F���.���T�%�T�}�.�T��§F�J�T�'�F��¤>�%�4���T�@�M£>¢>���F�,£>�@�������M��¤>�>�} � �¢>�M¤��. ,��¤>��²X�>���T��¨��M���%���%�F��T�M�M¤}�>��©}¢>�Fª

· ¸�¹�º�»J¼#½�¾�¿ZºJÀ.¼�¹

Á�WXa�`.\�U�n.dF^XQTUVa�WX^�dFS�UVg>PfgFY�c'd.Â}`�hX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>P7UVP�_>`.PX`.\MdF^4iX`.S�`.\�g>_>`.PX`.g>WRQZÃ.ÄTÅ dFPRb�Æ.ÄTÅa�`FbGU�d�U�Q��R`Fn%g>a�UVPX_�dFP�UVPRn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_>^VjfUVa�hRg>\�SMdFPGS�S�g}g>^4UVP�WXPRbG`.\MQTSMdFPRbGUVPX_�S�iX`�c'd.Â}`%ÇR`.^�b\�`Fn%g>\MbG`Fbfg>P#dF^V^4Q�n.dF^V`FQ�\MdFPX_>UVPX_�Y�\�g>aÈ^�dF�Rg>\MdFS�g>\�j�a�`Fd>QTWX\�`.a�`.PGSMQ�dFPRb�\�`FQT`.\�Â}g>UV\JQ�n.dF^V`FQ

É

Page 2: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

S�g'\�`._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb�_>^Vg>�RdF^GQT`.U�QTa�g>^Vg>_>j���|}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS�UVg>PRQ4S�g'S�iX`Jc'd.Â}`�` � WRdFS�UVg>PiRd.Â}`Z�R`.`.P�bGg>a�UVPRdFS�`Fb��Gj�� � WRd>QTU�Ä��@\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�b�a�`.S�iXgGbXQ�QTWRnMifd>Q�S�iX`JÇRPXUVS�`%ÄTbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`��Å���a�`.S�iXgGb���`�� _ ����`.^V^Vj���������� É������ ��g>\�S�iX`�hRQT`.WRbGg}QThR`Fn%S�\MdF^���Z| ��a�`.S�iXgGb���`�� _ �Xg>\�PG�R`.\�_ É������ o É������! #" `FQ�QTa�`.\.o!��g}QT^Vg��%$'&Z`.iX^V` É���� Ã���� " iX`�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^XS�`FnMiXPXU � WX`FQn.dFhRdF�X^V`�gFYJiRdFPRbG^VUVPX_�dF\��XUVS�\MdF\�j#_>\�U�bXQ�QTWRnMi7d>Q'S�iX`�ÇRPXUVS�`%Ä@`.^V`.a�`.PGS(��~)�Ja�`.S�iXgGb*��`�� _ �|}a�UVS�i É�����+! l�dF\TY�WX\�S É�����, �MoXS�iX`�ÇRPXUVS�`%Ä@Â}g>^VWXa�`��.-/��a�`.S�iXgGb0�@Å�g>\�a�j�$ " dF\MdFPGS�g>^�dÉ�����+ �Mo'g>\�S�iX`7QThR`Fn%S�\MdF^'`.^V`.a�`.PGS��T|G~)��a�`.S�iXgGb1��`�� _ ����d>bGgFÂ>dFPXU����2����� É�����, �MoZiRd>bY@dF\�^V`FQ�Q�dFS�S�`.PGS�UVg>P,oRhX\�g>�RdF�X^Vj7�R`Fn.dFWRQT`fS�iX`.UV\'UVa�hX^V`.a�`.PGSMdFS�UVg>P�U�Q'a�g>\�`�UVPGÂ}g>^VÂ}`Fb�S�iRdFP\�`._>WX^�dF\'_>\�U�b#a�`.S�iXgGbXQ3�&ZWXS�a�`.S�iXgGbXQ,c'UVS�ifQTUVPX_>^V`�bGg>a#dFUVPRQ,dFPRb4� � WRd>QTU�Ä��@\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQ�iRd.Â}`ZS�iX`.UV\�^VUVa�UVSMdFS�UVg>PRQ3�Xg>\'`�5XdFa�hX^V`}o>c'iX`.P�a�`FbGU�d�dF\�`�S�gf�R`�QTUVa�WX^�dFS�`Fbfc'UVS�i�^�dF\�_>`�Â}`.^VgGn%UVSTjfn%g>PGS�\Md>QTSMQ%oXS�iX`.PhRdF\�SMQ,gFYRS�iX`Za�gGbG`.^}dF\�`ZgFÂ}`.\MQ�dFa�hX^V`Fb4o%�R`Fn.dFWRQT`�ÄRY�g>\�QTSMdF�XUV^VUVSTj�\�`Fd>QTg>PRQ4Ä4S�iX`Z_>\�U�b�iRd>Q�S�g�R`�d>b�6�WRQTS�`Fb�S�g�S�iX`�QTa#dF^V^V`FQTS4Â}`.^VgGn%UVS�UV`FQ4\�`FQTWX^VS�UVPX_�UVP�ÇRPX`.\�_>\�U�bXbGUVPX_ �7XWX\�S�iX`.\�a�g>\�`}o.S�iX`d>n.n%WX\MdFS�`�UVa�hX^V`.a�`.PGSMdFS�UVg>P#gFY��Rg>WXPRbXdF\�jvn%g>PRbGUVS�UVg>PRQ�gFY�S�`.Pv\�` � WXUV\�`FQ�bG`.PRQT`.\�_>\�U�bXbGUVPX_PX`FdF\�S�iX`��Rg>WXPRbXdF\�UV`FQ�S�iRdFPBc'UVS�iXUVP S�iX`�a�`FbGUVWXa0�ml7WX^VS�U�bGg>a#dFUVPv\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQ�dF\�`hRg}Q�QTUV�X^V`��8}d>QTS�\MdFa9$ " `FQ�QTa�`.\ É�����, RdF^Vk4o " `FQ�QTa�`.\�$ e�d�6�`.c�QTkGU É������ �Mo�j}`.S�S�iX`UVa�hX^V`.a�`.PGSMdFS�U�g>P�WRQTWRdF^V^Vj��R`Fn%g>a�`FQ�Y@dF\�a�g>\�`�bGU�:#n%WX^VSZdFPRb#^V`FQ�Q<;R`�5GUV�X^V`��]�PXg>S�iX`.\'bGU�:#n%WX^VSTj�dF\�U�QT`FQZc'iX`.P�g>PX`�dFS�S�`.a�hXSMQJS�g�QTg>^VÂ}`�hX\�g>�X^V`.a#QJc'iXU�nMi#QTWX_>_>`FQTS'S�iX`WRQT`�gFY�n%WX\�ÂGUV^VUVPX`FdF\�n%g}g>\MbGUVPRdFS�`FQ���`�� _ ��n%jG^VUVPRbG\�U�n.dF^�g>\�QThXiX`.\�U�n.dF^JhX\�g>�X^V`.a#Q��'d>Q�QTiXgFc'PUVP=�UV_>WX\�` É d!�È{'`._>WX^�dF\#_>\�U�bXbGUVPX_vgFY�n%jG^VUVPRbG\�U�n.dF^�n%g}g>\MbGUVPRdFS�`FQ�^V`Fd>bXQ�S�gmbG`Fn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX__>\�U�b�QThRd>n%UVPX_#S�gFc'dF\Mb�S�iX`�d�5GU�Q�>�?'@#dFS�S�iX`f_>\�U�b�n%`.PGS�`.\.oRc'iXU�nMi�UVP7S�UVa�`%ÄTbG`.hR`.PRbG`.PGShX\�g>�X^V`.a#Q�\�` � WXUV\�`FQ�WXPX\�`FdF^VU�QTS�U�n.dF^V^VjmQTa#dF^V^�S�UVa�`�QTS�`.hRQ3� ]�^VS�`.\�PRdFS�UVÂ}`.^Vj}oJc'iX`.P WRQTUVPX_UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQ)��`�� _ �7ARiRdFPX_/$ " UV`.^VUVP É������! ARiRdFPX_ É������ �Mo}S�iX`ZhX\�g>�X^V`.a#Q�n.dFP�gFY�S�`.Pf�R`QTg>^VÂ}`Fb�WRQTUVPX_�S�iX`�n.dF\�S�`FQTU�dFPf` � WRdFS�UVg>PRQ)��UV_>WX\�` É �#��dFPRb�S�iX`'�Rg>WXPRbXdF\�j�n%g>PRbGUVS�UVg>PRQ�n.dFP�R`'dFhXhX^VUV`Fb�g>P�S�iX`Zn%WX\�Â}`Fb��Rg>WXPRbXdF\�j�� " iXU�Q,U�Q4PXg>S�hRg}Q�QTUV�X^V`Zc'UVS�i�\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�b�a�`.S�iXgGbXQ�R`Fn.dFWRQT`�S�iX`��X^VgGnMkGj�PRdFS�WX\�`�gFY�S�iX`fn%WX\�Â}`Fb��Rg>WXPRbXdF\�j�bG`FQ�n%\�UV�R`Fb��Gj�\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>^V`FQZ^V`Fd>bXQS�g�QTS�\�g>PX_�dF\�S�U�Y@d>n%SMQ3�O@P�S�iXU�Q�hRdFhR`.\ZcZ`�bGU�Q�n%WRQ�QZbGU��4`.\�`.PGS�`�5GhX^VU�n%UVSJbGU��4`.\�`.PGS�U�dF^Xg>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQJg>P#dF\��XUVS�\MdF\�j�_>\�U�bXQdFPRbBn%g>a�hRdF\�`�S�iX`.UV\�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%jvc'UVS�iBQTSMdFPRbXdF\Mb=�Å g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�g>PB\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQdFPRb g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�WRQT`FbY�g>\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�bXQ%oZUVPGS�\�gGbGWRn%`Fbv�Gj l�dF_>PXUV`.\.o'l7g>\Md$ " dF\MdFPGS�g>^�d*� É�����, ���fl�dF_>PXUV`.\�����������hX\�g>hRg}QT`�S�iX`.UV\�S�`FnMiXPXU � WX`�g>P�iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^J_>\�U�bXQ��B2��C%���D�E�3F3C ���GIH����JK�ILM��N3����B�B�GIN����)O<��F��E��B�GI��C/P)C G��E��QER�G S��3F��3C N3�K�3T�T#F�J���N�LfdFPRb�n%^�dFUVa�oS�iRdFS�S�iX`.UV\(B�J���U��GIJ�C�B2��F������)������B3�)��B(T#F���N�G�B�����B/N3����B�B�GIN����#B3���V�V!�3F���R*O<��F��E��B�GI��C�P)C G��E��QR�G S��3F��3C N3�Z\�`FQTWX^VSMQ3�)W�WX\�\�`FQTWX^VSMQ'QTWX_>_>`FQTS�S�iRdFS�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�gFYJS�iX`�QThRd>n%`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQg>PiX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^J_>\�U�bXQ�dF\�`�n%g>PRQTU�bG`.\MdF�X^Vj7cZg>\MQT`fS�iRdFPvdFP` � WXUVÂ>dF^V`.PGS��Å'ÄTdFhXhX\�g}d>nMiX�fO@PS�iXU�QfQTS�WRbGjvcZ`#dF\�`#hRdF\�S�U�n%WX^�dF\�^Vj�UVPGS�`.\�`FQTS�`FbUVPvS�iX` � WX`FQTS�UVg>P,oJiXgFcÈ_>\�U�bvUV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�UVSTjUVP!;RWX`.PRn%`FQZS�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�gFYJS�iX`fQThRd>n%`fbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQZn%g>a�hRdF\�`Fb�S�g�Q�nMiX`.a�`FQJg>P7\�`._>WX^�dF\_>\�U�bXQ�c'UVS�i"` � WXUVÂ>dF^V`.PGS�_>\�U�b"bG`.PRQTUVS�UV`FQ3�ZYBiXUV^V`Å�g>\�a�j1$ " dF\MdFPGS�g>^�d=� É�����+ �7QTSMdFS�`S�iRdFS�_>\�U�b UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�UVSTjiRd>Q�g>PX^VjmQTa#dF^V^Z`3�4`Fn%SMQ%oJS�iX`.jmbGU�bvPXg>S�hR`.\TY�g>\�a dS�iXg>\�g>WX_>i� WRdFPGS�UVSMdFS�UVÂ}`�dFPRdF^VjXQTU�Q3�#O@PS�iXU�Q�QTS�WRbGjcZ` � WRdFPGS�UVSMdFS�UVÂ}`.^Vj7n%g>a�hRdF\�`fS�iX`#d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�gFYS�iX`�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^XbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ,Y�g>\'iRdF\�a�g>PXU�nZS�\�UV_>g>PXg>a�`.S�\�U�n'S�`FQTS�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>PRQZd>Q'd�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>PgFYJ_>\�U�b*��U� `���d.Â}`.\MdF_>`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`�� � WRdF^VUVSTj��

Ã

Page 3: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

� ��º���������»���½)»ZÀF½��7¿ ���������

l�dFPGj7S�UVa�`%ÄTbG`.hR`.PRbG`.PGS�hX\�g>�X^V`.a#Q'UVP_>`.g>hXiGjXQTU�n.Q�QTWX_>_>`FQTS�S�iX`�WRQT`fgFY�QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb_>\�U�bQ�nMiX`.a�`FQ'd>Q�S�iX`f_>gFÂ}`.\�PXUVPX_�` � WRdFS�UVg>PRQ�n%g>PGSMdFUVP�g>PX^Vj#ÇR\MQTS�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ3��Xg>\�`�5XdFa�hX^V`}oS�iX`�`.^�d>QTS�U�n�c'd.Â}`f` � WRdFS�UVg>Pvn.dFP�R`�c'\�UVS�S�`.Pvd>Q�d�ÇR\MQTS�g>\MbG`.\fQTjXQTS�`.a �@QT`.`�]�hXhR`.PRbGU�5]��MoRQTWX_>_>`FQTS�UVPX_�S�iRdFS�S�iX`�Â}`.^VgGn%UVS�UV`FQZ�R`fbG`%ÇRPX`Fb�g>P�g>PX`�_>\�U�b%��hX\�UVa#dF\�j�_>\�U�bM�'dFPRb#S�iX`QTS�\�`FQ�QT`FQ'g>P�dFPXg>S�iX`.\��@QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j#_>\�U�bM��� " iXU�Q'n%g>PRn%`.hXS'c'd>QZÇR\MQTS�WRQT`Fb�Y�g>\�c'd.Â}`�hX\�g>hGÄdF_}dFS�UVg>P�Gj4-�UV\�UV`.W 5*� É�����, o É������ ��� " iXU�Q�QTgFÄTn.dF^V^V`Fb7_>\�U�b7QThX^VUVS�S�UVPX_�g>\�_>\�U�b�QTSMdF_>_>`.\�UVPX_U�Q�a#dFUVPX^Vj�n.dFWRQT`Fbv�Gj�S�iX`#bG`%ÇRPXUVS�UVg>PvgFY�S�iX`#bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`fg>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ%o'd>Q�S�iX`�Â>dF^VWX`FQ�gFYS�iX`fbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQZdF\�`�^VgGn.dFS�`Fb�iRdF^�Y�c'd.j#�R`.STcZ`.`.P#S�iX`�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>P7PXgGbG`FQ3��|}SMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb7_>\�U�bXQ_>`.PX`.\MdF^V^Vj#\�`FQTWX^VS�UVP�UVa�hX\�gFÂ}`Fb#d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j7n%g>a�hRdF\�`Fb7S�g�PXg>PGÄTQTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb_>\�U�bXQ�c'UVS�ivdF^V^ÇR`.^�bXQ�bG`%ÇRPX`Fb dFS�S�iX`�Q�dFa�`#^VgGn.dFS�UVg>PRQ%oZc'iXU�nMimU�QfbGWX`7S�gS�iX`�dFPGS�U�QTjGa�a�`%S�\�j�gFY�S�iX`bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�U�dF^4g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\��Xg>\'UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\Z_>\�U�bXQZS�iX`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�Â>dF^VWX`FQ'n.dFPXPXg>S'UVP�_>`.PX`.\MdF^,�R`�bG`%ÇRPX`Fb�\�UV_>iGSZUVP#�R`%ÄSTcZ`.`.PfSTcZg�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>PfÂ>dF^VWX`FQJd>QJPXgGbG`FQJdF\�`�PXg>S'dF^VUV_>PX`FbfdF^Vg>PX_fdFPGj�n%g}g>\MbGUVPRdFS�`�d�5G`FQ3�Z|}gS�iX` � WX`FQTS�UVg>P�gFYZhRg}QTUVS�UVg>PXUVPX_#S�iX`�QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�_>\�U�b7c'UVS�i�\�`FQThR`Fn%S�S�g�S�iX`fhX\�UVa#dF\�j#_>\�U�bS�gfbG`%ÇRPX`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�U�Q�PXg>PGÄ@S�\�UVÂGU�dF^�J|}a#dF^V^RQT`Fn%S�UVg>PRQ�gFY�d�QTSMdFPRbXdF\Mb�\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>WX^�dF\'QTSMdF_FÄ_>`.\�`Fbf_>\�U�b�dFPRb�dFP�UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\ZQTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb�_>\�U�b�dF\�`�QTiXgFc'P�UVPK�UV_>WX\�`�Ã!�JO@P�S�iX`�UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\n.d>QT`�S�iX`fÂ}`.^VgGn%UVS�UV`FQ'dF\�`�bG`%ÇRPX`Fb7g>Pvd�hX\�UVa#dF\�j#_>\�U�b#��]'Y�S�`.\�Å�`.^�dFWXPRd.j�S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dFS�UVg>P��`�� _ �)YvdFSMQTg>P É����GÉ� |}UV�RQTg>P É����GÉ� Å�`.ÂGU 6�Â}`.\ $�Å�`.k}`FQT`.^ É���� Æ��Mo,d�a�`.S�iXgGb#bG`.Â}`.^Vg>hR`FbUVPvS�iX`fÇR`.^�bgFY�n%g>a�hXWXSMdFS�UVg>PRdF^J_>`.g>a�`.S�\�j}o,S�iX`#QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j_>\�U�b�Y�g>\�S�iX`#n%g>a�hRg>PX`.PGSMQgFYJS�iX`fQTS�\�`FQ�Q�S�`.PRQTg>\�U�Q'g>�XSMdFUVPX`Fb#�Gj#WRQTUVPX_�S�iX`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`fn%`.PGS�\�`FQZgFYJS�iX`�hX\�UVa#dF\�j*��Â}`%Ä^VgGn%UVSTjM��_>\�U�b#�Á�g>S�`#S�iRdFS�dF^V^'QTS�\�`FQ�Q�`.^V`.a�`.PGSMQ�dF\�`7bG`%ÇRPX`Fb dFSfS�iX`#Q�dFa�`�_>\�U�bvhRg>UVPGSMQ��PXg>PGÄTQTSMdF_>_>`.\�`FbM��� " iXU�QJcZg>WX^�b�dF^V^VgFcBa�gGbG`.^VUVPX_�gFY�_>`.PX`.\MdF^Ra#dFS�`.\�U�dF^RdFPXU�QTg>S�\�g>hGj�c'UVS�iGÄg>WXS�S�iX`#PX`.`FbvY�g>\�d>bXbGUVS�UVg>PRdF^'UVPGS�`.\�hRg>^�dFS�UVg>PRQfc'iXU�nMimbG`Fn%\�`Fd>QT`#S�iX`#gFÂ}`.\MdF^V^'d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�@O@_>`.^)��� ����� É�����+ ���

� ¸,»J»�����¾�����»�)»ZÀF½����¹���»���ºJÀ.¼�¹��f¹�½�)»ZÀF½��*¾����FÀ%º��

" g�S�`FQTS�S�iX`�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�U�dF^Xg>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQJcZ`�n%\�`FdFS�`�UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQJ�Gj�\MdFPRbGg>a�^VjfbGU�QTS�g>\�S�UVPX_hR`.\TY�`Fn%S�iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^J_>\�U�bXQ3��O@P�n%g>PGS�\Md>QTS�S�g#\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQ%o4S�iX`�n%g}g>\MbGUVPRdFS�`FQ�gFY'dF^V^�_>\�U�bhRg>UVPGSMQ'iRd.Â}`�S�g��R`�kGPXgFc'P�dFPRb7dF^V^�QThRd>n%`%ÄTbG`.hR`.PRbG`.PGSZÇR`.^�bXQ�dF\�`fQTS�g>\�`Fb7d>Q'Â}`Fn%S�g>\MQZUVPGÄQTS�`Fd>b�gFY4STcZgFÄTbGUVa�`.PRQTUVg>PRdF^}dF\�\Md.jXQ�d>Q,U�Q,S�iX`'n.d>QT`JY�g>\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�Ã.ÄTÅm_>\�U�bXQ3� " iX`.\�`%Y�g>\�`}oFS�iX`hX\�g>�X^V`.a1gFY�bG`%ÇRPXUVPX_#PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPX_#PXgGbG`FQ�g>P dF\��XUVS�\MdF\�j�_>\�U�bXQ��R`Fn%g>a�`FQ�PXg>PGÄ@S�\�UVÂGU�dF^�O@P#g>\MbG`.\ZS�g�PRd.ÂGUV_}dFS�`�S�iX\�g>WX_>i7UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\'_>\�U�bXQ'Å�`.^�dFWXPRd.j�S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dFS�UVg>P7U�QJg>PX`�gFY�S�iX`a�g}QTSZUVa�hRg>\�SMdFPGSJS�g}g>^�Q3� " iX`�hX\�UVa#dF\�jf_>\�U�b�U�QJS�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dFS�`Fb�UVP7d�c'd.j�S�gfg>hXS�UVa�U �.`'S�iX`� WRdF^VUVSTj�gFY4S�iX`ZS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQ3��O@Pfg>S�iX`.\�cZg>\MbXQ�S�iX`ZS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQ�dF\�`�d>Q�` � WXUV^�dFS�`.\MdF^Xd>Q�hRg}Q�QTUV�X^V`��" iX`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V` � WRdF^VUVSTj"!fn.dFP#�R`�c'\�UVS�S�`.P#d>Q

!'? ,$# Æ&%'$(�)+*,(-)+.,(

� É �

Æ

Page 4: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

c'iX`.\�`�]:U�Q�S�iX`fS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`�dF\�`FdGo�dFPRb ' o * o,dFPRb . dF\�`fS�iX`�QTU�bG`�^V`.PX_>S�iRQ3� " iXU�Q � WRdF^VUVSTjY@d>n%S�g>\�\MdFPX_>`FQfY�\�g>a @�S�g É c'UVS�i UVSMQfa#d�5GUVafWXa*Â>dF^VWX`�Y�g>\�dFPB` � WXUV^�dFS�`.\MdF^ZS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`��~75XdFa�hX^V`FQfgFY�S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dF\#_>\�U�bXQ#dFPRbmS�iX`.UV\#d.Â}`.\MdF_>`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V` � WRdF^VUVS�UV`FQ�dF\�`�_>UVÂ}`.PmUVP�UV_>WX\�`7Æ!��Y`#`�5GhR`Fn%S�S�iRdFS�S�iX`7d>n.n%WX\Md>n%jvgFY�S�iX`#PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^JbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`#n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�`FbY�\�g>a S�iX`7PX`FdF\�`FQTS�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ�bG`.hR`.PRbXQ�g>PmS�iX` � WRdF^VUVSTjvgFY�S�iX`7UVPGÂ}g>^VÂ}`FbS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQ3�" iX`.\�`%Y�g>\�`UVP"g>WX\7UVPGÂ}`FQTS�UV_}dFS�UVg>PBgFYf^VgGn.dF^fbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`7g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ7g>P UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\#_>\�U�bXQS�iX`vd.Â}`.\MdF_>`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V` � WRdF^VUVSTjBdFPRbBS�iX`�cZg>\MQTS7S�\�U�dFPX_>^V` � WRdF^VUVSTj c'UV^V^��R`UVa�hRg>\�SMdFPGShRdF\MdFa�`.S�`.\MQ3�BO@P S�iXU�Q�QTS�WRbGj cZ`7UVPGS�`.PRbvS�gUVPGÂ}`FQTS�UV_}dFS�`#S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%jvgFYfbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQZY�g>\'iRdF\�a�g>PXU�nZY�WXPRn%S�UVg>PRQZg>P#UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\Z_>\�U�bXQ3� " gfWXPRbG`.\MQTSMdFPRb#S�iX`�UVP!;RWX`.PRn%`gFY�S�iX`�UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�UVSTj7g>PvS�iX`#d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�cZ`�c'UV^V^JdF^Vc'd.jXQ�WRQT`�d#hR`.\TY�`Fn%S�S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bdFPRbvd#\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>WX^�dF\fQTSMdFPRbXdF\MbÇRPXUVS�`�bGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�_>\�U�b�c'UVS�ivS�iX`�Q�dFa�`�_>\�U�bvbG`.PRQTUVSTj�d>Q\�`%Y�`.\�`.PRn%`��v] _>\�U�bmn%g>PRQTU�QTS�UVPX_gFY�hR`.\TY�`Fn%S�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQfU�Qfd�iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�b#�ml�dF_>PXUV`.\���(������� É�����, �'UVPGS�\�gGbGWRn%`Fb7bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�U�dF^,g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�c'iXU�nMi�dF^V^VgFc S�iX`�hRdF\�S�U�dF^�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`gFY�ÇR`.^�bXQ�S�gv�R`�`.Â>dF^VWRdFS�`FbmdFS�S�iX`n%`.PGS�`.\�gFY�S�iX`7S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`�� Xg>\�c'd.Â}`#hX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>PhX\�g>�X^V`.a#QJS�iXU�Q'^V`Fd>bXQ'S�g�d�QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb7Q�nMiX`.a�`�c'iX`.\�`�S�iX`�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>P7Â>dF^VWX`FQ�dF\�`�bG`%ÇRPX`FbdFS�S�iX`fÂ}`.\�S�U�n%`FQZgFYZS�iX`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`4��hX\�UVa#dF\�j�_>\�U�bM�'dFPRb�S�iX`fbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�dFS�S�iX`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`n%`.PGS�`.\MQ7�@QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�_>\�U�bM��� " g�`.PRQTWX\�`�d'\�`Fd>QTg>PRdF�X^V`�n%g>a�hRdF\�U�QTg>P�gFYR\�`FQTWX^VSMQ,gFY,bGU��4`.\�`.PGS_>\�U�bXQZcZ`�WRQT`�` � WXUVÂ>dF^V`.PGSZd.Â}`.\MdF_>`�PXgGbG`fbG`.PRQTUVS�UV`FQ�Y�g>\Z`Fd>nMi#_>\�U�b4oG\�`._>WX^�dF\'g>\'UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\��

� � À��+��»���¹�¿ ��� ��À�� ��º�� ¼�¹��*»�À%º�»���»���)»ZÀF½��

Y`�UVPGÂ}`FQTS�UV_}dFS�`fS�iX\�`.`�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�c'd.jXQ�S�g�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�`fhRdF\�S�U�dF^'bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ%o4S�iX`�PRdFS�WX\MdF^PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\JbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`(�@Á�Á�Å��Mo.UVPGS�\�gGbGWRn%`Fb�S�g�_>`.g>hXiGjXQTU�n.Q,�Gjf|GdFa��X\�U�bG_>`����7�����)� É�����+ �dFPRb=&Z\MdFWXPZ���������Z� É�����+ �Mo�S�iX`#ÇRPXUVS�`�Â}g>^VWXa�`�a�`.S�iXgGbmWRQTUVPX_vPRdFS�WX\MdF^�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ�.-�Á�� �@Å�g>\�a�j É�����+ �'dFPRb#S�iX`�ÇRPXUVS�`�Â}g>^VWXa�`�a�`.S�iXgGb�WRQTUVPX_fg>PX^Vj�S�iX\�`.`�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ�.-�Æ����:O@PB_>`.PX`.\MdF^@o�S�iX`bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`� ���.�������fgFYfS�iX`Q�n.dF^�dF\�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>P��.���#��c'UV^V^��R`g>�XSMdFUVPX`Fb7�Gj7n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVPX_�S�iX`fQTWXa gFÂ}`.\�dF^V^�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPX_�Â>dF^VWX`FQ��.�������ZcZ`.UV_>iGS�`Fb#�GjQTg>a�`�Â>dF^VWX`����d>n.n%g>\MbGUVPX_fS�g

���.��������������! ��"�.�����3�$# �@��

c'iX`.\�`&% U�QZS�iX`�PGWXa��R`.\ZgFYJPX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPX_fhRg>UVPGSMQ��@QT`.`/�UV_>WX\�` , ���

')(+* ,$-/.!021!-34,$576�829;:�<2021>=?576�829.�@]�QZa�`.PGS�UVg>PX`FbfdF�RgFÂ}`}oGS�iX`�Å�`.^�dFWXPX`.j�S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dFS�UVg>P#U�QZS�iX`�k}`.j�S�gfg>hR`.\MdFS�`�g>P#UV\�\�`._>WGÄ^�dF\Z_>\�U�bXQ3��] QT`.SJgFY�dF\��XUVS�\MdF\�j�hRg>UVPGSMQJU�Q�S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dFS�`Fb��Gjf^VUVPXkGUVPX_�d>b�6Md>n%`.PGSJ_>\�U�b�hRg>UVPGSMQQTgfS�iRdFS�g>hXS�UVa#dF^ � WRdF^VUVSTjfS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQZ\�`FQTWX^VS��J] QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�_>\�U�b�U�QJg>�XSMdFUVPX`Fb#�Gj�hXWXS�S�UVPX__>\�U�bvhRg>UVPGSMQ�UVPGS�g7S�iX`7n%`.PGS�`.\MQ�gFY�S�iX`FQT`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQfd>QfQTiXgFc'PmUVP��UV_>WX\�`#Æ!� " iX`�_>g}dF^U�Q'S�g�`.Â>dF^VWRdFS�`�hRdF\�S�U�dF^�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQJg>P�g>PX`�_>\�U�b#kGPXgFc'UVPX_�S�iX`�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>P7g>P�S�iX`�g>S�iX`.\��" g#d>nMiXUV`.Â}`�S�iXU�Q'cZ`�WRQT`fS�iX`fn%g>PRn%`.hXS�gFYZPRdFS�WX\MdF^�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ2��`�� _ ��|GdFa��X\�U�bG_>`4���������É�����+! YvdFSMQTg>P É�����+ o É���� Ã�����|GdFa��X\�U�bG_>` A�Q�a�`.S�iXgGb�gFY(C ���U!F����XCM�3GDV�L�B�J�U!F/N�J�J�F�R�GIC ���E��B

,

Page 5: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

bG`.S�`.\�a�UVPX`FQ,S�iX`�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPX_�hRg>UVPGSMQJgFY�`Fd>nMi�PXgGbG`}o}Y�g>\Jc'iXU�nMi�S�iX`�hRdF\�S�U�dF^,bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`iRd>QJS�g��R`�`.Â>dF^VWRdFS�`Fb#� " iX`FQT`�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPX_�hRg>UVPGSMQJdF\�`�WXPXU � WX`.^VjfbG`.S�`.\�a�UVPX`Fb�S�iX\�g>WX_>iS�iX`�n%g>PRn%`.hXS'gFY7-Jg>\�g>PXg>U�n%`.^V^�Q(�@QT`.`f|GdFa��X\�U�bG_>`K��� ����� É�����+! Xg>\�S�WXPX` É���� Ã����W�PRn%`�cZ`�iRd.Â}`fd�^VU�QTS�gFYJPX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ�dFPRb�S�iX`.UV\�n%g}g>\MbGUVPRdFS�`FQ�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�U�dF^,cZ`.UV_>iGSMQ�n.dFP�R`�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�`Fb��Gj�QTUVa�hX^Vj�WRQTUVPX_�S�iX`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`ZgFY�S�iX`'UVPGS�`.\�hRg>^�dFS�UVg>P�cZ`.UV_>iGSMQ3� " iX`�UVPGÄS�`.\�hRg>^�dFS�UVg>P�cZ`.UV_>iGSMQJdF\�`�g>�XSMdFUVPX`Fb��GjfS�iX`�\�`.^�dFS�UVÂ}`�n%g>PGS�\�UV�XWXS�UVg>P�gFY�S�iX`�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPX_-Jg>\�g>PXg>U�n%`.^V^�Q(�T|GdFa��X\�U�bG_>`K���(����� É�����+ ��� " iX`�Y�g>\�a#dF^4`�5GhX\�`FQ�QTUVg>P#Y�g>\'S�iX`fn.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVg>PgFYJPRdFS�WX\MdF^�Ä@PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\TÄ@cZ`.UV_>iGSMQ�dF\�`�g>WXS�^VUVPX`Fb�UVP#]�hXhR`.PRbGU�54&�� É �

')(�� � 6���6�.�5�� <;3+0�� 5$=?576�829.�@ 0�@�6���8 -3�34,$576�829;:�<2021!@]�PmdF^VS�`.\�PRdFS�UVÂ}`�S�gS�iXU�Q�dFhXhX\�g}d>nMimU�Q�S�iX`7WRQT`#gFY�ÇRPXUVS�`%Ä@Â}g>^VWXa�`�cZ`.UV_>iGSMQK�@Å�g>\�a�j $" dF\MdFPGS�g>^�d É�����+ ��� " iX`4.-Èa�`.S�iXgGb7U�Q��Rd>QT`Fbg>P d7bGU�Q�n%\�`.S�U �FdFS�UVg>P�gFY�e�dFWRQ�Q�A�bGUVÂ}`.\TÄ_>`.PRn%`�S�iX`.g>\�`.a*�2Xg>\�S�iX`�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVg>P�gFY�S�iX`�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�U�dF^�cZ`.UV_>iGSMQ�cZ`�dF_}dFUVPvWRQT`�S�iX`PRdFS�WX\MdF^ZPX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQfd>Q�UVPGS�\�gGbGWRn%`Fb��R`%Y�g>\�`#dFPRb n%g>PXPX`Fn%S�S�iX`.a*S�g#Y�g>\�a d7iGWX^V^(�.-n%`.^V^ ��dF\�g>WXPRb S�iX`7hRg>UVPGSfc'iX`.\�`#S�iX`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�U�QfS�g�R`#`.Â>dF^VWRdFS�`Fb#� " iX`#^V`.PX_>S�imgFYS�iX`fn%`.^V^�QTU�bG`FQ�dFPRb7S�iX`fn%g>a�hRg>PX`.PGSMQ'gFYJS�iX`�n%g>\�\�`FQThRg>PRbGUVPX_�PXg>\�a#dF^�Â}`Fn%S�g>\MQ�dF\�`�S�iX`.PbG`.S�`.\�a�UVPX`Fb#���UVPRdF^V^Vj#cZ`�QTWXa1gFÂ}`.\�dF^V^�PRdFS�WX\MdF^JPX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�Â>dF^VWX`FQ%o4cZ`.UV_>iGS�`Fb#�Gj7S�iX`^V`.PX_>S�iRQ,gFY4S�iX`'d>b�6Md>n%`.PGSJn%`.^V^GQTU�bG`FQ�dFPRb�S�iX`'n%g>\�\�`FQThRg>PRbGUVPX_�n%g>a�hRg>PX`.PGSMQ,gFY4S�iX`ZPXg>\�a#dF^Â}`Fn%S�g>\MQ3�" iX`�Y�g>\�a#dF^4`�5GhX\�`FQ�QTUVg>P#Y�g>\�S�iX`fn.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVg>P#gFY).- cZ`.UV_>iGSMQZWRQTUVPX_�dF^V^�PRdFS�WX\MdF^�PX`.UV_>iGÄ�Rg>WX\MQ'U�QZ_>UVÂ}`.P#UVP7]�hXhR`.PRbGU�5K&���Ã!�e�dFWRQ�Q�A�S�iX`.g>\�`.a*UVa�hX^VUV`FQ'S�iRdFS�S�iX`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`fU�Q�d>Q�QTWXa�`Fbn%g>PRQTSMdFPGS�c'UVS�iXUVPS�iX`#n%`.^V^dFPRbmU�Q�UVPRbG`.hR`.PRbG`.PGS�gFY�S�iX`7^VgGn.dFS�UVg>PBgFY�S�iX`�hRg>UVPGS�c'iX`.\�`�S�iX`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`#U�Q�S�gv�R``.Â>dF^VWRdFS�`Fb#�

')(� � 6���6�.�5�� <;3+0�� 5$=?576�829.�@ 0�@�6���8 .!921!575 ,$576�829;:�<2021!@" iXU�Q�a�`.S�iXgGb#U�Q'U�bG`.PGS�U�n.dF^,S�g�S�iX`�.-:a�`.S�iXgGb7bG`FQ�n%\�UV�R`Fb7dF�RgFÂ}`f`�5Xn%`.hXS'S�iX`fPGWXa��R`.\gFY�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ�WRQT`Fb�Y�g>\fn.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVPX_�S�iX`#bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`fU�Q�^VUVa�UVS�`Fb�S�g7S�iX\�`.`��#]�Q�QTiXgFc'P�Gj�l�dF_>PXUV`.\4���������4� É�����, ��UVS�U�Q�QTW!:#n%UV`.PGS�S�g#WRQT`�g>PX^Vj7S�iX\�`.`�hRg>UVPGSMQ�Y�g>\�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVPX_QThRdFS�U�dF^JbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ'g>Pd#Ã.ÄTÅ�_>\�U�b7g>\�Y�g>WX\�hRg>UVPGSMQ�UVP�S�iX`�Æ.ÄTÅÈn.d>QT`���O@P7_>`.PX`.\MdF^@o4S�iX`dFWXS�iXg>\MQ�n.dF^V^�dFP�Á'ÄTbGUVa�`.PRQTUVg>PRdF^4_>\�U�b7WRQTUVPX_ % ) É hRg>UVPGSMQ�S�g�n%g>a�hXWXS�`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ'd GIC G ���MV�F3GIR��YBiXUV^V`'S�iX`�hX\�`.ÂGUVg>WRQ�a�`.S�iXgGbXQ�gFY�bG`.S�`.\�a�UVPXUVPX_�PRdFS�WX\MdF^RPX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQJg>P�UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\J_>\�U�bXQWRQT`Fb�S�iX`�Å�`.^�dFWXPRd.j}Ä@S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dFS�UVg>Pvd.Y�S�`.\�UVPRQT`.\�S�UVPX_#d7QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�_>\�U�b�hRg>UVPGS.o,cZ`�Y@d>n%`S�iX`#hX\�g>�X^V`.a�o�S�iRdFS�cZ`7bGgPXg>SfkGPXgFc c'iXU�nMivS�iX\�`.`#gFY�S�iX`#PRdFS�WX\MdF^'PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQfc'UV^V^^V`Fd>bS�g�S�iX`�a�g}QTSfd>n.n%WX\MdFS�`�\�`FQTWX^VS�� " iX`.\�`%Y�g>\�`�cZ`�WRQT`#dFPXg>S�iX`.\fa�`.S�iXgGbgFY�ÇRPRbGUVPX_S�iX` B3��B3�JS�iX\�`.`�PRdFS�WX\MdF^ZPX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ3��]�Q�a�`.PGS�UVg>PX`Fb7�R`%Y�g>\�`}o�cZ`#QTSMdF\�S�UVPXUVS�U�dF^VU �.UVPX_#dhX\�UVa#dF\�j�_>\�U�bc'iX`.\�`�S�iX`�Â}`.^VgGn%UVS�UV`FQ�dF\�`7bG`%ÇRPX`FbvdFPRbg>�XSMdFUVPmd7S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dF\fa�`FQTi�GjWRQTUVPX_7S�iX`�Å�`.^�dFWXPRd.jdF^V_>g>\�UVS�iXa*��O�Y'cZ`�UVPRQT`.\�S�d7QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�hRg>UVPGS�UVPGS�g#S�iX`�`�5GU�QTS�UVPX_hX\�UVa#dF\�j�_>\�U�b4o�S�iXU�Q�hRg>UVPGSfc'UV^V^J�R`#^VgGn.dFS�`FbvUVPRQTU�bG`�gFY�g>PX`7Å�`.^�dFWXPRd.jS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`�gFY�S�iX`hX\�UVa#dF\�j#_>\�U�b#� " g�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�`fS�iX`�QThRdFS�U�dF^ZbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`fdFS�S�iRdFS�QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�jhRg>UVPGS�WRQTUVPX_

+

Page 6: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

g>PX^VjfS�iX\�`.`�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ%oGS�iX`��R`FQTS'nMiXg>U�n%`FQ�c'UV^V^X�R`�S�iX`�S�iX\�`.`�hX\�UVa#dF\�j�_>\�U�b�hRg>UVPGSMQJS�iRdFSdF\�`�Y�g>\�a�UVPX_�S�iX`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`�UVP#c'iXU�nMi#S�iX`�QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�hRg>UVPGS�U�QZ^VgGn.dFS�`Fb*�@QT`.`/�UV_>WX\�`�Æ����] a#d�6�g>\'hX\�g>�X^V`.a c'iX`.P#g>hR`.\MdFS�UVPX_�c'UVS�i7dF\��XUVS�\MdF\�j#_>\�U�bXQ'U�QZS�g�kGPXgFc c'iXU�nMi�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`n%g>PGSMdFUVPRQfd�_>UVÂ}`.PvhRg>UVPGS���Xg>\�dFP UVPRn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_�PGWXa��R`.\�gFY�hX\�UVa#dF\�j_>\�U�bvhRg>UVPGSMQ�UVSfU�Q�R`Fn%g>a�UVPX_7UVPRn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_>^VjUVPX`3:#n%UV`.PGS�S�gQT`FdF\MnMi S�iX\�g>WX_>iBdF^V^ZS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQ3� " iX`.\�`%Y�g>\�`�cZ`WRQT`�S�iX`fÂ}`.\�j7`3:#n%UV`.PGS��7��� ��GIC�V%�F3GI��C�V����K��� V�J�F3G��IL d>Q�\�`%Y�`.\�\�`Fb7S�g#UVP�hX\�`.ÂGUVg>WRQ�cZg>\�k�T|GdFa��X\�U�bG_>`����7����� É�����+! �� d.c�QTg>P É������ �MoGc'iXU�nMi � WXU�nMkG^Vj�ÇRPRbXQ�S�iX`ZS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`'n%g>PGSMdFUVPXUVPX_dFPGj�_>UVÂ}`.PvQT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�hRg>UVPGS��0W�PRn%`fcZ`�iRd.Â}`�bG`.S�`.\�a�UVPX`Fb#S�iX`�^VU�QTS�gFY�S�iX`�S�iX\�`.` B3��B3�CM�3GDV�L�B�J�U!F�B%o�cZ`�n.dFP WRQT`�S�iX`K.- a�`.S�iXgGb7Y�g>\fn.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVPX_#S�iX`#bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`��4&ZWXS�S�iX`QTWXa�a#dFS�UVg>P�U�QZ^VUVa�UVS�`FbfS�gfS�iX`�S�iX\�`.` B3��B3� CM�3GDV�L�B�J�U!F�B3�

')( ' �>5���5 1!5 �� 5� -@�57@Y`�n%g>a�hRdF\�`�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�gFY�S�iX`�S�iX\�`.`�bGU��4`.\�`.PGSZUV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\Z_>\�U�b�a�`.S�iXgGbXQ%oGc'UVS�i�STcZgbGU��4`.\�`.PGS�\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�b7S�`FnMiXPXU � WX`FQ%o,d�\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>WX^�dF\�QTSMdFPRbXdF\Mb �Å�_>\�U�b�dFPRbvd�\�`._>WX^�dF\iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�b#�J]�QZS�iX`�n%g>a�hRdF\�U�QTg>P#gFY�_>\�U�bXQ'c'UVS�i#U�bG`.PGS�U�n.dF^R_>\�U�b7QThRd>n%UVPX_fU�QZUVa�hRg}Q@ÄQTUV�X^V`�Ä�bGWX`fS�g#Â>dF\�jGUVPX_7QTU �.`FQ�dFPRbQTiRdFhR`FQ�gFY'UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�b�n%`.^V^�Q'Ä'cZ`�dF\�`fWRQTUVPX_#S�iX`d.Â}`.\MdF_>`fbG`.PRQTUVSTj#gFYZPXgGbG`FQ�d>Q�d�a�`Fd>QTWX\�`�S�g#n%g>a�hRdF\�`�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j#gFYZg>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�g>P� ��U!�������*BET ��N3��R�\�`._>WX^�dF\�dFPRb UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\f_>\�U�bXQ3� Y`#c'UV^V^'n%g>a�hRdF\�`#bGU��4`.\�`.PGSfa�`.S�iXgGbXQ�GjS�iX`*�@d.Â}`.\MdF_>`���PGWXa��R`.\�gFY�_>\�U�bhRg>UVPGSMQ�hR`.\fc'd.Â}`.^V`.PX_>S�i��4oJc'UVS�ivc'iXU�nMivS�iX`�S�`FQTSY�WXPRn%S�UVg>P#U�Q'Q�dFa�hX^V`Fb#�

��������� ���������! #"%$�&�')(!*+(-,�.�/" iX`2�Å:_>\�U�b#WRQT`Fb#Y�g>\�S�iX`fn%g>a�hRdF\�U�QTg>P�n%g>PRQTU�QTSMQ�gFY'Q � WRdF\�`fQTiRdFhR`Fb7_>\�U�b�n%`.^V^�QZc'iXU�nMi^V`Fd>bXQ'S�g�` � WRdF^�_>\�U�b7QThRd>n%UVPX_�UVP#S�iX`/5}Ä'dFPRb7j}ÄTbGUVa�`.PRQTUVg>PRQ3�<Y`fdF^�QTg�WRQT`fd�QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`FbQ�nMiX`.a�`#d>Q�QTiXgFc'PBUVP1�UV_>WX\�`7Ã!� " iX`*�Å g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\�U�Q�QT`Fn%g>PRb g>\MbG`.\�UVP�04�X� " iX`bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�g>P�S�iX`�\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>WX^�dF\J_>\�U�b�dF\�`�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�`Fb��GjfWRQTUVPX_�g>PX^VjfSTcZg�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPX_hRg>UVPGSMQ�UVP"`Fd>nMi"bGUV\�`Fn%S�UVg>PX��]�Q�S�iX`PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`7U�Q#bG`%ÇRPX`Fbm�R`.STcZ`.`.PBS�iX`STcZg7Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>PmÂ>dF^VWX`FQ%oJPGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^ZdFPRbmdFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^'\�`FQTWX^VSMQ�gFY�S�iX`�Q�dFa�`�^VgGn.dFS�UVg>PBdF\�`n%g>a�hRdF\�`Fb�UVP#S�iXU�Q'n.d>QT`�� " iX`fbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQJdF\�`fQTUVa�hX^Vj�n%g>a�hXWXS�`Fb��Gj

#1 �.�����3�� � (32 � 04�#4��.�����3�� �-5 2 �-604�

c'iX`.\�`+04�vU�Q�S�iX`�_>\�U�b QThRd>n%UVPX_dFPRb � ��87/? É #:9�9�9 # , ��dF\�`#S�iX`7QTWX\�\�g>WXPRbGUVPX_7Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>PÂ>dF^VWX`FQ��@QT`.`/�UV_>WX\�` + d����

�������<; => #?�'@"%����')&BAC,���,�D�')&B*+(-,�.�/" iX`�iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�bmU�Q�` � WRdF^�S�g dhR`.\TY�`Fn%S�^VjmQTiRdFhR`FbmS�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dF\#_>\�U�b#� " iX`.\�`%Y�g>\�`S�iX`7bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\fY�g>\fS�iX`#QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`FbmQ�nMiX`.a�`fWRQT`FQfS�iX`�S�iX\�`.`�PXgGbG`FQ�Y�g>\�a�UVPX_

Page 7: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

S�iX`�hX\�UVa#dF\�j7_>\�U�bvn%`.^V^ �@dFPv` � WXUV^�dFS�`.\MdF^JS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`����#O@PvS�iXU�Q�n.d>QT`�S�iX`�cZ`.UV_>iGSMQ�n.dFPv�R`n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�`Fb `�5GhX^VU�n%UVS�^Vjd>Q�QTiXgFc'PB�Gjml�dF_>PXUV`.\ ���2�����'� É�����, ��� " iX`bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQfdF\�`n%g>a�hXWXS�`Fb��Gj

#1 �.������� � � (32 � 04�#4"�.������� � � ) � ( 2 à �-6

04� # Æc'iX`.\�` 04��U�QJS�iX`�QTU�bG`�^V`.PX_>S�i�gFY�S�iX`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`�dFPRb � ��877? É #MÃ�#MÆ��ZdF\�`�S�iX`�QTWX\�\�g>WXPRbGUVPX_Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>P�Â>dF^VWX`FQ(�@QT`.`��UV_>WX\�` + �#��� " iX`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`'Â>dF^VWX`FQZdF\�`�bG`%ÇRPX`Fb�UVP��R`.STcZ`.`.P�S�iX`n%g>\�\�`FQThRg>PRbGUVPX_�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>P#Â>dF^VWX`FQ%oXU� `��#1 �.�����3�ZU�Q'bG`%ÇRPX`Fb7dFS�^VgGn.dFS�UVg>P � 1fdFPRb #4"�.�������dFS � 4�� " iX`'dFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^XbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`JÂ>dF^VWX`ZgFY4S�iX`ZS�`FQTS,Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>P�U�Q�bG`%ÇRPX`FbfdFS�S�iX`ZS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`n%`.PGS�`.\/���.o>c'iXU�nMifU�Q,S�iX`'` � WXUVÂ>dF^V`.PGS�^VgGn.dFS�UVg>PfgFY4S�iX`'_>\�U�b�hRg>UVPGS�g>PfS�iX`�QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�_>\�U�b#�" iX`.\�`%Y�g>\�`fdFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^�dFPRb�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^,bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ'dF\�`f^VgGn.dFS�`Fb7dFS�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�hRg>UVPGSMQ�UVPn%g>PGS�\Md>QTS�S�gf\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>WX^�dF\��Å Q�nMiX`.a�`FQ3�

� �)¿�¿�¾7»��f¿ ��¼�� �����f¿ � ����»ZÀ�����ºJÀ�� ���

W�PBUV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQ�dFP"dFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^�dFPRdF^VjXQTU�Q�gFY�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%jmgFYfbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�U�Q�PXg>ShRg}Q�QTUV�X^V`�� " g�bG`.S�`.\�a�UVPX`�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�gFYJS�iX`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�cZ`�S�iX`.\�`%Y�g>\�`�WRQT`d7STcZgFÄTbGUVa�`.PRQTUVg>PRdF^ZQTUVPGWRQTg>U�bXdF^ZS�`FQTS�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>P �.���#�2?-7��.�� �#��-7��.�� ��!��d>QfQTiXgFc'P UVP�UV_>WX\�` � � " iX`fY�WXPRn%S�UVg>PU�Q�bG`%ÇRPX`Fb�UVP�S�iX`�UVPGS�`.\�Â>dF^ 2 É�� � � É dFPRb 2 É�� � � ÉdFPRb�\�`.a#dFUVPRQ�WXPRnMiRdFPX_>`FbfY�g>\�dF^V^RS�`FQTSZ_>\�U�bXQ3�ZO�Y,cZ`�bGU�Q�n%\�`.S�U �.`'S�iXU�QZS�`FQTSJY�WXPRn%S�UVg>P�WRQTUVPX_dvQTSMdF_>_>`.\�`FbB_>\�U�bBd>Q�bG`FQ�n%\�UV�R`FbmdF�RgFÂ}`}o'cZ`7iRd.Â}`�bGU�Q�n%\�`.S�`#Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>PmÂ>dF^VWX`FQ�bG`%ÇRPX`Fbg>P S�iX`#hX\�UVa#dF\�j���`�� _ ��Â}`.^VgGn%UVSTjM�'PXgGbG`FQ3� ]'S�S�iX`#QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j1��`�� _ �QTS�\�`FQ�Q���PXgGbG`FQfgFYS�iX`�QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fbf_>\�U�bfcZ`�n.dFP�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^V^�j�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�`�QThRd>n%`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ,�GjfdFhXhX^VjGUVPX_�S�iX`Á�Á�Å�o�.-�Æ'g>\7.-�Áva�`.S�iXgGb#�XY`'n.dFPfdF^�QTg�n%g>a�hXWXS�`�S�iX`'bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�Â>dF^VWX`FQ,gFYRS�iX`ZS�`FQTSY�WXPRn%S�UVg>P�dFSJdF^V^GQT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�PXgGbG`FQ�dFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^V^Vj�� " g�n%g>a�hRdF\�`�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^>dFPRbfdFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^\�`FQTWX^VSMQZcZ`�bG`.S�`.\�a�UVPX`�S�iX`fbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�gFYJPGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^4dFPRb7dFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�Â>dF^VWX`FQdFS�`Fd>nMi#QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j#_>\�U�b�hRg>UVPGS�dFPRb#n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�`�d�a�`FdFP#dF�RQTg>^VWXS�`�`.\�\�g>\��%oX_>UVÂ}`.P��Gj

�<? �������� �! ��

� �-1�� 4 2 �-1�� 4 � �@��

c'iX`.\�`�����U�Q�S�iX`�PGWXa��R`.\�gFY�QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�hRg>UVPGSMQ%oGdFSZc'iXU�nMi�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^GbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`'Â>dF^VWX`FQ� � �-1�� 43�'dFPRb�dFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�Â>dF^VWX`FQ��� �-1�� 43�'dF\�`fn%g>a�hRdF\�`Fb#� " iX`fbGUVÂGU�QTUVg>P#�Gj� PXg>\�a#dF^VU �.`FQ�S�iX`�`.\�\�g>\�c'UVS�i#\�`FQThR`Fn%S'S�gfS�iX`�a#d�5GUVa�WXa�dFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^,bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�Â>dF^VWX`��|GdFa�hX^VUVPX_�S�iX`�S�`FQTS�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>Pc'UVS�i_>\�U�bXQ�gFY'Â>dF\�jGUVPX_7PXgGbG`�bG`.PRQTUVS�UV`FQ�\MdFPX_>UVPX_#Y�\�g>a �S�g É @�@f_>\�U�b�hRg>UVPGSMQZhR`.\'c'd.Â}`.^V`.PX_>S�i>�#dFPRb7n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVPX_�S�iX`�n%g>\�\�`FQThRg>PRbGUVPX_�a�`FdFP�dF�GÄQTg>^VWXS�`#`.\�\�g>\f^V`Fd>bXQ�S�gS�iX`�`.\�\�g>\TÄTn%WX\�Â}`FQfQTiXgFc'PmUVP��UV_>WX\�` � � " gvd.Â}g>U�b`3�4`Fn%SMQfbGWX`S�g�S�iX`�`FbG_>`FQ�gFYZS�iX`�_>\�U�b#S�iX`�QTWXa�a#dFS�UVg>P�U�Q�^VUVa�UVS�`.b�S�g#QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j7_>\�U�b#hRg>UVPGSMQ�c'UVS�i

Page 8: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

n%g}g>\MbGUVPRdFS�`FQZUVP�S�iX`�UVPGS�`.\�Â>dF^ 2 @@9 � � � � @@9 � dFPRb 2 @@9 � � � � @@9 � �J]'Y�S�`.\Zn%g>a�hXWXS�UVPX_S�iX`FQT`�`.\�\�g>\ZÂ>dF^VWX`FQ�Y�g>\'PXUVPX`�bGU��4`.\�`.PGSJ_>\�U�bXQZc'UVS�i�_>\�U�b}ÄTn%`.^V^�Q�gFY�Â>dF\�jGUVPX_fd.Â}`.\MdF_>`�S�\�U�dFPGÄ_>^V` � WRdF^VUVS�UV`FQ/� É 9D@�@�@ � ! � @@9 ��, Ã��Mo�cZ`�g>�XSMdFUVPvd#QT`.\�UV`FQ�gFY'PXUVPX`f_>\MdFhXiRQ��@QT`.`��UV_>WX\�`� ����O@P\�`FdF^VU�QTS�U�nfdFhXhX^VU�n.dFS�UVg>PRQ2��`�� _ ��d7n%jG^VUVPRbG\�U�n.dF^�hX\�g>�X^V`.a*d>Q�QTiXgFc'PvUVP �UV_>WX\�` É �#�S�iX`�d.Â}`.\MdF_>`f_>\�U�b � WRdF^VUVSTj#c'd>Q�g>�RQT`.\�Â}`Fb7S�g��R`�dF\�g>WXPRb ! � @@9 � Æ!�f]�Q�\�`%Y�`.\�`.PRn%`FQ'cZ`dF^�QTg7QTiXgFc `.\�\�g>\TÄTn%WX\�Â}`FQ'g>�XSMdFUVPX`Fb��Gj#WRQTUVPX_#d�\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>WX^�dF\�QTSMdFPRbXdF\Mb%�Å:_>\�U�b�dFPRbdiX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�b*���%��V�C G �3F�QIV�F3GIR����ZÁ�g>S�`�S�iRdFS'`.Â}`.P�Y�g>\�S�iX`�iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�b#n%g>PRQTU�QTS�UVPX_gFY,` � WXUV^�dFS�`.\MdF^GS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQ�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�gFY,S�iX` �%Ä�dFPRbf`FQThR`Fn%U�dF^V^Vj�gFY,S�iX` 5}ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ,U�Qn%g>PRQTU�bG`.\MdF�X^VjfcZg>\MQT`�S�iRdFP�Y�g>\ZS�iX`�\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>WX^�dF\ �Å"_>\�U�b#��O@PRn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_fbGU�QTS�g>\�S�UVg>P�gFY�S�iX`iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^J_>\�U�b�UVP�_>`.PX`.\MdF^J^V`Fd>bXQ�S�g7bG`Fn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_7d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j7gFY'S�iX`�QThRd>n%`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ3���dF\�S�U�n%WX^�dF\�^Vj#S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j7gFY'S�iX` �%ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�U�Q�QTS�\�g>PX_>^Vjd��4`Fn%S�`Fb��Gj7_>\�U�b�UV\�\�`._>WGÄ^�dF\�UVSTj}o>c'iX`.\�`Fd>QJS�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�gFY�S�iX`(5}ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�bGg}`FQJPXg>S'nMiRdFPX_>`�\�`.a#dF\�k>dF�X^Vj�� " iX`bGU�dF_>\MdFa#QJdF^�QTg�QTiXgFcBS�iRdFSZS�iX`�bGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`'UVP�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%jfgFY.5}ÄJdFPRb �%ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ)�@d>Qn%^V`FdF\�^Vj�dFhXhRdF\�`.PGS�Y�g>\�S�iX`�iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^'n.d>QT`���bG`Fn%\�`Fd>QT`FQ'Y�g>\�UVPRn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_�_>\�U�b�UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\TÄUVSTj}oRU� `���Y�g>\�iXUV_>iX^Vj#UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQ�S�iX`.\�`�U�Q�PXg#bGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`��R`.STcZ`.`.P�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j7gFYbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQJUVP45}ÄZdFPRb �%ÄTbGUV\�`Fn%S�UVg>PX�� g>a�hRdF\�UVPX_7S�iX`�S�iX\�`.`#bG`FQ�n%\�UV�R`FbS�`FnMiXPXU � WX`FQ�gFY�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVPX_7QThRd>n%`7bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ%o,S�iX`Á�Á�Å"a�`.S�iXgGb�hX\�gFÂGU�bG`FQZS�iX`�a�g}QTS'd>n.n%WX\MdFS�`�\�`FQTWX^VSMQZgFY�S�iX`�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^4bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�Â>dF^�ÄWX`FQ3��Xg>\�QT^VUV_>iGS�^Vj7bGU�QTS�g>\�S�`Fb#iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�bXQ�S�iXU�Q'a�`.S�iXgGb#`.Â}`.P#^V`Fd>bXQ�S�g�iXUV_>iX`.\�d>nMÄn%WX\Md>n%j�gFYJS�iX`�5}ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`/�@QT`.`��.g}g>a�`Fb�QT`Fn%S�UVg>P#UVP4�UV_>WX\�` � �Zd>Q'l�dF_>PXUV`.\ A�QZa�`.S�iXgGbdFhXhX^VUV`Fb�g>P�hR`.\TY�`Fn%SZiX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^4_>\�U�bXQ%oGhX\�gFÂGU�bG`Fb�S�iRdFSZS�iX`�g>\�UV`.PGSMdFS�UVg>P�gFY�S�iX`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQU�Q�nMiXg}QT`.P�d>Q�QTiXgFc'P�UVP0�UV_>WX\�`fÆ!��|}WX\�hX\�U�QTUVPX_>^Vj}oRS�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j#g>�XSMdFUVPX`Fb7�Gj�S�iX`2.-�Æa�`.S�iXgGb�U�QZn%g>a�hRdF\MdF�X^V`�S�g�Á�Á�Å�oGS�iXg>WX_>i#cZ`�g>PX^Vj�WRQT`�S�iX\�`.`�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPX_fhRg>UVPGSMQJUVPS�iX`fn%g>a�hXWXSMdFS�UVg>P7gFYZQThRd>n%`fbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ3� " iX`�.-�Á a�`.S�iXgGb�U�Q'^V`FQ�Q'hX\�`Fn%U�QT`�S�iRdFP�S�iX`g>S�iX`.\�STcZgXo4�XWXS�bGg}`FQ�PXg>S�QTiXgFc�d�n%g>PRQTU�bG`.\MdF�X^V`�bGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`��R`.STcZ`.`.P7S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j7gFY5}ÄZdFPRb �%ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ3�] a�g>\�`fbGUV\�`Fn%S�n%g>a�hRdF\�U�QTg>P7�R`.STcZ`.`.P7S�iX`�S�iX\�`.`fS�`FnMiXPXU � WX`FQZU�Q'_>UVÂ}`.P7UVP*�UV_>WX\�` � o,d>Q`.\�\�g>\'n%WX\�Â}`FQ�gFYJbGU��4`.\�`.PGSJa�`.S�iXgGbXQJdF\�`�QTiXgFc'P#UVP#d�QTUVPX_>^V`�bGU�dF_>\MdFa*��]�n.n%WX\Md>n%UV`FQ�gFY.5}ÄdFPRb �%ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�dF\�`�QTiXgFc'P�Y�g>\�Y�g>WX\'bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�_>\�U�bXQ�c'UVS�i�bG`Fn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_�d.Â}`.\MdF_>`�S�\�U�dFPGÄ_>^V` � WRdF^VUVS�UV`FQZgFY !/? É 9D@�@�@�# !2? @@9 ����� # !/? @@9 � Æ�@�dFPRb�!/?=@@9 ��, Ã!�(Xg>\�S�iX`�iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^_>\�U�b�� !/? É 9D@�@�@���dF^V^Ga�`.S�iXgGbXQ�n%g>PGÂ}`.\�_>`JS�g�d�QTUVPX_>^V`Z^VUVPX`ZdFPRb�hX\�gFÂGU�bG`ZS�iX`'Q�dFa�`J\�`FQTWX^VSMQd>Q�l�dF_>PXUV`.\ A�Q�a�`.S�iXgGb#��]�_}dFUVP d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�gFY�S�iX`#QThRd>n%`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�U�Q�bG`Fn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_7d>QS�iX`�d.Â}`.\MdF_>`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V` � WRdF^VUVSTj�U�QZbG`Fn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_ �JO@P#S�iX`FQT`�hX^Vg>SMQZUVSZU�Q'n%^V`FdF\�^Vj�QTiXgFc'P,oRS�iRdFSÁ�Á�Å dF^Vc'd.jXQZhX\�gFÂGU�bG`FQJa�g>\�`�d>n.n%WX\MdFS�`�\�`FQTWX^VSMQ�Y�g>\�n%g>a�hXWXS�UVPX_�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^RbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQS�iRdFP S�iX`�g>S�iX`.\�a�`.S�iXgGbXQ�bGgXo�UVPRbG`.hR`.PRbG`.PGS�gFY�_>\�U�bvUV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�UVSTj��KY`7n.dFP dF^�QTgQT`.`}oS�iRdFSJcZ`'bGg�PXg>SJ^Vg}QT`'Â}`.\�j�a�WRnMi�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�c'iX`.P�WRQTUVPX_�S�iX`(.-�Æ�a�`.S�iXgGb�c'UVS�if\�`FQThR`Fn%SS�g�Á�Á�Å/�X]�_}dFUVP�PXg>S�`�S�iX`�n%g>PRQTU�bG`.\MdF�X^V`�bGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`��R`.STcZ`.`.P�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%UV`FQJg>�XSMdFUVPX`Fb�Gj WRQTUVPX_S�iX`*�Å1_>\�U�bmdFPRbmS�iX`7iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�l�dF_>PXUV`.\TÄ@_>\�U�b#� " iX`7UVP!;RWX`.PRn%`#gFY�_>\�U�bUV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�UVSTj�g>P#S�iX`�5}ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�U�Q'n%g>a�hRdF\MdFS�UVÂ}`.^Vj�QTa#dF^V^�

Page 9: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

� � À ��¿�¾�����À.¼�¹

" iX`�UVPGÂ}`FQTS�UV_}dFS�UVg>P�gFY�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`Zg>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQJg>P#dF\��XUVS�\MdF\�j�S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dF\J_>\�U�bXQ�iRd>QZQTiXgFc'P,oS�iRdFS�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j gFYfQThRd>n%`bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�U�Q�bG`.hR`.PRbG`.PGS�g>PBS�iX`�d.Â}`.\MdF_>` � WRdF^VUVSTjvgFYS�iX`�_>\�U�b7n%`.^V^�Q3�'] \�`.a#dF\�k>dF�X^V`�\�`FQTWX^VS�U�Q%oRS�iRdFS�`.Â}`.P�Y�g>\�WXPRbGU�QTS�g>\�S�`Fb7iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�bXQn%g>PRQTU�QTS�UVPX_�gFY�` � WXUV^�dFS�`.\MdF^ZS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQK� !%? É ��S�iX`7bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�dF\�`�n%g>PRQTU�bG`.\MdF�X^Vj^V`FQ�Qd>n.n%WX\MdFS�`�S�iRdFP#Y�g>\'\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>WX^�dF\��Å _>\�U�bXQ3� " iXU�Q'`3�4`Fn%S�n.dFP#�R`�`�5GhX^�dFUVPX`Fb��Gj�S�iX`�Y@d>n%SS�iRdFS�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^RdFPRb7dFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQJUVP#S�iX`�QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb#iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�Q�nMiX`.a�`�dF\�`PXg>S�bG`%ÇRPX`Fb�dFS���g>\'UVPGS�`.\�hRg>^�dFS�`Fb�S�g!��S�iX`�Q�dFa�`�^VgGn.dFS�UVg>P7d>QZUVSZU�QJS�iX`�n.d>QT`�UVP�S�iX`�QTSMdF_FÄ_>`.\�`Fb*�ÅÈQ�nMiX`.a�`��@QT`.`��UV_>WX\�` + ��� " iX`�`3�4`Fn%S�gFY�bG`.ÂGU�dFS�UVPX_�^VgGn.dFS�UVg>PRQ�gFY�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`Â>dF^VWX`FQ�bGg}`FQ�PXg>S�dFhXhR`FdF\�Y�g>\�hX^�dFPX`�c'd.Â}`FQZS�\Md.Â}`.^V^VUVPX_�dF^Vg>PX_�S�iX`/5}ÄZg>\��%ÄTd�5GU�Q%oRU� `��JS�iX`�%ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�gFY�d7hX^�dFPX`7c'd.Â}`�S�\Md.Â}`.^V^VUVPX_7UVP�5}ÄTbGUV\�`Fn%S�UVg>P U�Qfn%g>PRQTSMdFPGS�UVP+�%ÄTbGUV\�`Fn%S�UVg>PdFPRb S�iX`K5}ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�gFY�d7hX^�dFPX`#c'd.Â}`�S�\Md.Â}`.^V^VUVPX_#UVP+�%ÄTbGUV\�`Fn%S�UVg>PvU�Qfn%g>PRQTSMdFPGSfUVP�5}ÄbGUV\�`Fn%S�UVg>PX��YBUVS�i�\�`FQThR`Fn%S�S�g#iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^J_>\�U�bXQ%o4S�iX`fUVPGS�\�gGbGWRn%`Fb�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQg>PvdF\��XUVS�\MdF\�j�_>\�U�bXQ�jGUV`.^�b�n%g>a�hRdF\MdF�X^V`fd>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�UVP*5}ÄTbGUV\�`Fn%S�UVg>PdFPRbdF\�`�UVPvn%g>PGS�\Md>QTSS�gfS�iX`��%ÄTbGUV\�`Fn%S�UVg>P�\�`.^�dFS�UVÂ}`.^Vj�^V`FQ�QZd��4`Fn%S�`Fb��Gj�UVPRn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_�_>\�U�b�UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�UVSTj��.YBiX`.\�`Fd>QS�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%jfgFY-�%ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�U�Q�iXUV_>i�Y�g>\ZiX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^4_>\�U�bXQ��@d>Q�QTWXa�UVPX_�d�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`�g>\�U�Ä`.PGSMdFS�UVg>P d>QfQTiXgFc'P UVP��UV_>WX\�`#Æ��Mo�S�iX`#d>n.n%WX\Md>n%jgFY�S�iX`K5}ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�U�Q�\MdFS�iX`.\f^VgFc��" iX`.\�`%Y�g>\�`#d>bXbGUVS�UVg>PRdF^'bGU�QTS�g>\�S�UVg>PvgFY�d#iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^'_>\�U�b4o�bGg}`FQ�\MdFS�iX`.\fd��4`Fn%S�S�iX`�hX\�`%Än%U�QT`��%ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQJS�iRdFP�S�iX`f^V`FQ�Q�d>n.n%WX\MdFS�`/5}ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ3� Xg>\�iXUV_>iX^Vj#UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQc'UVS�iXg>WXS�dFPGj�QTS�\�WRn%S�WX\�`fS�iX`fbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�gFY'd>n.n%WX\Md>n%UV`FQ�gFY)5}Ä�dFPRb��%ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQZÇRPRdF^V^VjÂ>dFPXU�QTiX`FQ3�~�Â}`.PGS�WRdF^V^Vj}oXc'iX`.P�WRQTUVPX_�`�5GhX^VU�n%UVS'^VgGn.dF^�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�U�dF^�g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�g>PdF\��XUVS�\MdF\�j7_>\�U�bXQ�d>QUVPGS�\�gGbGWRn%`Fb�UVP#S�iXU�Q'cZg>\�k4oXS�iX`�Á�Á�Å a�`.S�iXgGb�hX\�gFÂGU�bG`FQZS�iX`�a�g}QTS�d>n.n%WX\MdFS�`�\�`FQTWX^VSMQ'd>QS�iX`f^VgGn.dFS�UVg>PgFYZS�iX`�QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j�_>\�U�b7hRg>UVPGS�c'UVS�i�\�`FQThR`Fn%S�S�g#S�iX`�QTWX\�\�g>WXPRbGUVPX_#PX`.UV_>iGÄ�Rg>WX\MQ�U�Q�n%g>PRQTU�bG`.\�`Fb7UVPS�iX`�n%g>a�hXWXSMdFS�UVg>PvdF^V_>g>\�UVS�iXa*� � g>PGS�\MdF\�j}o,S�iX`K.-�Á�dFPRb�S�iX`.-�Æ�a�`.S�iXgGb��Rg>S�i#d>Q�QTWXa�`'S�iX`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`ZS�g��R`�n%g>PRQTSMdFPGSJc'UVS�iXUVPfS�iX`'`.PGS�UV\�` .-�ÄTn%`.^V^@oc'iXU�nMif^V`Fd>bXQ�S�g�^VgFcmd>n.n%WX\Md>n%j�`FQThR`Fn%U�dF^V^Vj�c'iX`.P�WRQTUVPX_�^�dF\�_>`�n%`.^V^�Q,gFY,S�iX`(.-�Á a�`.S�iXgGb4oU� `���n%`.^V^�Q%oXS�iRdFS�dF\�`�bG`%ÇRPX`Fb#�Gj7a�g>\�`�dFPRb�S�iX`.\�`%Y�g>\�`�a�g>\�`�bGU�QTSMdFPGS�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ3� " iX`.-�Æ7a�`.S�iXgGbU�Q�Â}`.\�jvQTUVa�UV^�dF\�S�gS�iX`7dFhXhX\�g}d>nMimgFY�l�dF_>PXUV`.\*���2�����vd>QfUVS�dF^�QTgWRQT`FQd�a�UVPXUVa�dF^�PGWXa��R`.\�gFY�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ�bG`%ÇRPXUVPX_d�hX^�dFPX`#gFY�^VUVPX`FdF\fUVPGS�`.\�hRg>^�dFS�UVg>P,o�c'UVS�iS�iX`#`�5GS�`.PRQTUVg>P S�iRdFS�S�iX`#S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`7n.dFPm�R`7dF\��XUVS�\MdF\�jmQTiRdFhR`FbmdFPRb g>\�UV`.PGS�`Fb#� ]�Q�S�iX`.-�Æ#dF^V_>g>\�UVS�iXa*g>PX^Vj�WRQT`FQ�S�iX\�`.`fPX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ�S�g7n%g>a�hXWXS�`�QThRd>n%`�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�g>PS�iX`QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb#_>\�U�b#UVSZU�Q'Â}`.\�jfY@d>QTS.oXc'iXU�nMi#g��4`.\MQ'S�iX`�hRg}Q�QTUV�XUV^VUVSTj�S�gfWRQT`fbG`.PRQT`.\'_>\�U�bXQ'dFPRbhRg>S�`.PGS�U�dF^V^Vj7d>nMiXUV`.Â}`�iXUV_>iX`.\�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j7S�iRdFPvÁ�Á�Å�oRc'UVS�iXg>WXS�n%g>PRQTU�bG`.\MdF�X^Vj#UVPRn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_n%g>a�hXWXSMdFS�UVg>P#S�UVa�`��

� � ¼�¹�¿ �F¾���À.¼�¹

Å�U��4`.\�`.PGS�^VgGn.dF^Zg>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�n.dFPv�R`7bG`FQTUV_>PX`FbS�gn%g>a�hXWXS�`�QThRdFS�U�dF^�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�g>PmdFPdF\��XUVS�\MdF\�j#_>\�U�b#�)Y`�iRd.Â}`�QTiXgFc'P,oRiXgFc S�iX`�_>\�U�b#UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�UVSTj�d��4`Fn%SMQ�S�iX`�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j#gFYS�iX`�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�U�dF^,g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ3� " iX`�g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\��Rd>QT`Fb#g>P7S�iX`�PRdFS�WX\MdF^�Ä@PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\TÄ@a�`.S�iXgGb

Page 10: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

�@Á�Á�Å��,hX\�gFÂGU�bG`FQ�a�g}QTSJd>n.n%WX\MdFS�`�\�`FQTWX^VSMQ�UVPRbG`.hR`.PRbG`.PGSJgFY,_>\�U�bfUV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�UVSTj��.��\�g>�X^V`.a#QgFYZbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�g>P7iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�bXQ�d>Q'UVPGS�\�gGbGWRn%`Fb�UVP#hX\�`.ÂGUVg>WRQZcZg>\�k*�@l�dF_FÄPXUV`.\����7����� É�����, ��iRd.Â}`Z�R`.`.PfhRg>UVPGS�`Fb�g>WXSZdFPRb�dF^V^X\�`FQTWX^VSMQ�cZ`.\�`'n%g>a�hRdF\�`Fb�S�g�QTSMdFPRbXdF\MbÇRPXUVS�`%ÄTbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�a�`.S�iXgGbXQ,g>P�\�`Fn%SMdFPX_>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQ,c'UVS�i�` � WXUVÂ>dF^V`.PGS,PXgGbG`'bG`.PRQTUVS�UV`FQ3� " iX`UVa�hRg>\�SMdFPGSZhX\�g>hR`.\�STj#gFYJdF^V^,g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�bG`FQ�n%\�UV�R`Fb�U�Q%oXS�iRdFS'S�iX`.j#dF\�`�^VgGn.dF^,UVP#S�iX`�QT`.PRQT`S�iRdFS'S�iX`.jfWRQT`�g>PX^Vj�UVPGY�g>\�a#dFS�UVg>P�gFY�d�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>P�UVP�S�iX`�PX`FdF\�`FQTS'PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�iXg}gGb#gFY�S�iX`hRg>UVPGS�c'iX`.\�`�S�iX`#bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`fU�Q�S�g��R`#n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�`Fb#�7]ÈhRg>S�`.PGS�U�dF^ZhRg}Q�QTUV�XUV^VUVSTj�gFY�S�iX`FQT`^VgGn.dF^4g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ'U�QJS�iX`.UV\ZdFhXhX^VU�n.dFS�UVg>P�UVP�^�dF\�_>`�Q�n.dF^V`�QTUVa�WX^�dFS�UVg>PfhX\�g>�X^V`.a#QJd>QZS�iX`.j�dF\�`cZ`.^V^XQTWXUVS�`Fb�Y�g>\�hRdF\MdF^V^V`.^VU �FdFS�UVg>PX��O@PfS�iXU�Q�\�`._}dF\Mb�UVS�U�Q�dF^�QTg�UVa�hRg>\�SMdFPGS�S�iRdFS�S�iX`'UVPRQTUV_>PXU�Y�ÄU�n.dFPGS�^Vj7^V`FQ�Q�d>n.n%WX\MdFS�`K.-�Æ�a�`.S�iXgGb�U�Q�d�Â}`.\�j#Y@d>QTSfdF^V_>g>\�UVS�iXa1Y�g>\fn%g>a�hXWXS�UVPX_#QThRd>n%`bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ%o}`FQThR`Fn%U�dF^V^Vj�c'UVS�i#S�iX`�dFUVa gFYJ`�5GS�`.PRbGUVPX_�S�iX`�a�`.S�iXgGbXQZS�g�Æ.ÄTÅ/�]�bXbGUVS�UVg>PRdF^,\�`FQT`FdF\MnMi7U�Q'\�` � WXUV\�`Fb�S�g�S�`FQTS�S�iX`�g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�UVP�QTUVa�WX^�dFS�UVg>P#dF^V_>g>\�UVS�iXa#Q'gFY`.^�d>QTS�U�n#c'd.Â}`#hX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>P"g>P"dF\��XUVS�\MdF\�jm_>\�U�bXQ3� " iX`7UVa�hX^V`.a�`%PGSMdFUVg>PvgFY��Rg>WXPRbXdF\�jn%g>PRbGUVS�UVg>PRQZc'UVS�i#S�iX`FQT`�g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\MQ�dF^�QTg�bG`FQT`.\�Â}`FQ�Y�WX\�S�iX`.\�QTS�WRbGj��

�)¿��7¹7¼�� ����½�� ����¹�º��

" iRdFPXkXQ'S�g�e�WXPXPRdF\�8}dFiXPXk}`}o���`.^Va�WXSZe�`.�X\MdFPRbG`�dFPRb���dFa�U�QTi�l�d>n%UVPGSTjG\�`'Y�g>\�n%\�UVS�U�n.dF^n%g>a�a�`.PGSMQ�dFPRb#iX`.^VhGY�WX^,bGU�Q�n%WRQ�QTUVg>PRQ'S�g�UVa�hX\�gFÂ}`'S�iXU�QZhRdFhR`.\��

É @

Page 11: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

� ��� ��»���¹�¿ ���

� É�� &Z\MdFWXP,o)8 �7$ l �J|GdFa��X\�U�bG_>`}o É�����+ �Z]ÈPGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^�a�`.S�iXgGb�Y�g>\�QTg>^VÂGUVPX_7hRdF\�S�U�dF^bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�U�dF^J` � WRdFS�UVg>PRQ�g>PviXUV_>iX^VjUV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�`.Â}g>^VÂGUVPX_�_>\�U�bXQ%o������U!F��Mo����,o ��+�+ Ä��� @!�

� à � Å�`.ÂGU 6�Â}`.\.oZ]/�)$)l �ZÅ�`.k}`FQT`.^@o É���� Æ!� � g>a�hXWXS�UVPX_a�WX^VS�U�bGUVa�`%PRQTUVg>PRdF^'Å�`.^�dFWXPRd.jS�`FQ�QT`.^V^�dFS�UVg>PRQ%o� ��� �E�3F3C� ���N�J�V�CM���7��� �E��o � oRÆ É>É ÄTÆ É�� �

� Æ � Å�g>\�a�j}o}~ � $ ]/� " dF\MdFPGS�g>^�dGo É�����+ �RÁ�WXa�`.\�U�n.dF^XQTUVa�WX^�dFS�UVg>P�gFY�`.^�d>QTS�U�n'c'd.Â}`'hX\�g>hGÄdF_}dFS�UVg>P�WRQTUVPX_�d�ÇRPXUVS�`�Â}g>^VWXa�`�a�`.S�iXgGb4o�M������J3T L)��B��� ���B���o ����� oRÃ É Ã>Æ.ÄTÃ É Æ>Æ!�

� ,�� RdF^Vk4o�8 �Vo}~ � " `FQ�QTa�`.\7$"Å/��e�d�6�`.c�QTkGU@o É������ � " WX�R`�c'd.Â}`Za�gGbG`.^V^VUVPX_'�Gj�S�iX`ZÇRPXUVS�`%ÄbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�a�`.S�iXgGbvc'UVS�i Â>dF\�jGUVPX_�_>\�U�b QThRd>n%UVPX_Xo�� U!F��4��C R��)T�TM��������J3TX��o �@��� o��� Ä � Æ!�

� +�� Xg>\�PG�R`.\�_Xo�&��Vo É������ � " iX`hRQT`.WRbGg}QThR`Fn%S�\MdF^�a�`.S�iXgGb� � g>a�hRdF\�U�QTg>PBc'UVS�iBÇRPXUVS�`bGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`FQJY�g>\'S�iX`�`.^�d>QTS�U�n�c'd.Â}`�` � WRdFS�UVg>P,o�����J3T L)��B�GIN�B%o�� ; o ,�� Æ.Ä + @ É �

� ��� Xg>\�PG�R`.\�_XoM&��Vo É������ � " iX`�hRQT`.WRbGg}QThR`Fn%S�\MdF^,a�`.S�iXgGb��]�n.n%WX\MdFS�`�\�`.hX\�`FQT`.PGSMdFS�UVg>P�gFYUVPGS�`.\TY@d>n%`FQJUVP#`.^�d>QTS�U�n�c'd.Â}`�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVg>PRQ%o�����J3T L)��B�GIN�B%o����,o � à + Ä � Æ � �

� ��� Xg>\�S�WXPX`}o�|M�Vo É���� Ã!�)-Jg>\�g>PXg>U�bGU�dF_>\MdFa#Q�dFPRbmÅ�`.^�dFWXPRd.j S�`FQ�QT`.^V^�dFS�UVg>PRQ%oJUVPZO<J QT#U��GIC�V%GIC � U!N3��GIR!����C!����J ���F �Fo4`FbXQ�Å/��A.�4Å�W $ )� ��c'dFPX_XoXYg>\�^�b|Gn%UV`.PGS�U�Ç4n>o|}UVPX_}dFhRg>\�`��

� ��� O@_>`.^@o��/�Vo �.�Rl7g>\Md2$'&��X{'UVg>^V^V`.S.o É�����+ �,]�PXU�QTg>S�\�g>hXU�n�c'd.Â}`�hX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>P�S�iX\�g>WX_>iÇRPXUVS�`%ÄTbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�_>\�U�bXQ%o�����J3T L)��B�GIN�B%o� � o É Ã�@>Æ.Ä É Ã É�� �

� ��� 8}d>QTS�\MdFa�o � �7$ ~ � " `FQ�QTa�`.\.o É�����, �J~�^�d>QTS�U�n�a�gGbG`.^V^VUVPX_#g>Pmd7_>\�U�bgFY�Â}`.\�S�U�n.dF^V^VjÂ>dF\�jGUVPX_�QThRd>n%UVPX_Xo�����J3TX�� F�J�BETX��o �%; oRÆ +�� ÄTÆ � @!�

� É @ � ��`.^V^Vj}o �2��{��VoR{�� Y � YvdF\Mb4o�|M� " \�`.UVS�`.^.$�{���l �R]�^�Y�g>\Mb4o É������ ��|}jGPGS�iX`.S�U�n�QT`.U�QTa�gFÄ_>\MdFa#Q��J]"ÇRPXUVS�`�bGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�dFhXhX\�g}d>nMi,o�����J3T L)��B�GIN�B%o ��� oRÃ.ÄTà � �

� É>É���� d.c�QTg>P,o � � � �Vo É������ ��|}gFY�STc'dF\�`�Y�g>\#" QTWX\TY@d>n%`�UVPGS�`.\�hRg>^�dFS�UVg>P,o4UVP �%���ILM� ���GIN����$ J&%3�8�7��F��Mo -Jg>^��ÆGoG`Fb#�R{'U�n%`}o 8 �VoX]�n.d>bG`.a�U�n(��\�`FQ�Q%oRÁ�`.c!'Jg>\�k#�

� É Ã � l�dF_>PXUV`.\.oR|M��]/�Vo!�.�Xl7g>\Md2$:]/� " dF\MdFPGS�g>^�dGo É�����, �#�UVPXUVS�`�bGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`FQJg>P#a�UVPXUVa�dF^_>\�U�bXQ%o�����J3T L)��B�GIN�B%o���(,o É3, Æ + Ä É3,�, Æ �

� É Æ � l�dF\TY�WX\�S.o��2�D8 �Vo É�����, �>]�n.n%WX\Md>n%j�gFYGÇRPXUVS�`%ÄTbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�dFPRb�ÇRPXUVS�`%Ä@`.^V`.a�`.P}SXa�gGbG`.^VUVPX_gFYJS�iX`�Q�n.dF^�dF\�dFPRb#`.^�d>QTS�U�n�c'd.Â}`�` � WRdFS�UVg>PRQ%o�����J3T L)��B�GIN�B%o � (,o + Æ>Æ.Ä +�,�� �

� É3,�� ��d>bGgFÂ>dFPXU@o}~ �Vo}~ ����\�UVg>^Vg�$ e/�}|}`.\�U�dFPXU@o É�����, � � gFcmdFPRb�iXUV_>ifg>\MbG`.\,ÇRPXUVS�`Z`.^V`.a�`.PGSa�`.S�iXgGb��`�5GhR`.\�UV`.PRn%`�UVP7QT`.U�QTa�U�n'a�gGbG`.^VUVPX_Xo��M�.N�J TX��(N�J�U�B3�GIN�B%o ; oRÆ �}É Ä , Ã>Ã!�

É>É

Page 12: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

� É�+�� |GdFa��X\�U�bG_>`}o>l �Vo�8 ��&Z\MdFWXP�$ �/�>l�n���WX`.`.P,o É�����+ �Re�`.g>hXiGjXQTU�n.dF^GhRdF\MdFa�`.S�\�U �FdFS�UVg>PdFPRbmUVPGS�`.\�hRg>^�dFS�UVg>PmgFY�UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�bXdFSMdWRQTUVPX_vPRdFS�WX\MdF^�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ%o ����J3T L)��B�� �M��3C!�E��o �);�; o � Æ � Ä ��+�� �

� É���� |}a�UVS�i,o�Y ��Å/�Vo É�����+ � " iX`�dFhXhX^VU�n.dFS�UVg>P#gFY�ÇRPXUVS�`%Ä@`.^V`.a�`.PGSJdFPRdF^VjXQTU�QZS�g��RgGbGj#c'd.Â}`hX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>P�hX\�g>�X^V`.a#Q%o�����J3T L)��B���M� /�.��B3�F�� $ J�N���o �%; o ��,!� Ä ����� �

� É���� |}UV�RQTg>P,o�{��Vo É����GÉ ��]:�X\�UV`%Y'bG`FQ�n%\�UVhXS�UVg>P7gFY'PRdFS�WX\MdF^JPX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPGS�`.\�hRg>^�dFS�UVg>P,o4UVP�3C!�E�3FT#F����GIC�V �%U��D�GIH���F3GI���E���/����>oXhXhX�XÃ É ÄTÆ � oR`Fb#� &'dF\�PX`.S)-2�Vo!YBUV^V`.j}o � iXU�nMiX`FQTS�`.\��

� É����/" `FQ�QTa�`.\.oX~ �VoXÅ/�M��g}QT^Vg�� $:]/� &Z`.iX^V`}o É���� Ã!�4~�^�d>QTS�U�n�c'd.Â}`�hX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>PQTUVa�WX^�d.ÄS�UVg>P7UVP�S�`.i#hX\�`FQT`.PRn%`�gFYJQTWX\TY@d>n%`�S�g>hRg>_>\MdFhXiGj}o ����J3T L)��B���M���3C!�E��o ����� o � Ã É Ä � Æ>Ã!�

� É���� -�UV\�UV`.W 54oX8 �Vo É�����, �J| �Èc'd.Â}`fhX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>P UVPviX`.S�`.\�g>_>`.PX`.g>WRQ�a�`FbGU�d���-J`.^VgGn%UVSTj}ÄQTS�\�`FQ�QZÇRPXUVS�`%ÄTbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�a�`.S�iXgGb4o�����J3T L)��B�GIN�B%o � (,o É�� Æ>Æ.Ä É���+�� �

� Ã�@ � -�UV\�UV`.W 54o�8 �Vo É������ � ��Ä�|�- c'd.Â}`'hX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>P#UVP�iX`.S�`.\�g>_>`.PX`.g>WRQJa�`FbGU�d��X-J`.^VgGn%UVSTj}ÄQTS�\�`FQ�QZÇRPXUVS�`%ÄTbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�a�`.S�iXgGb4o�����J3T L)��B�GIN�B%o�� � o ����� Ä � @ É �

� à É�� YvdFSMQTg>P,ofÅ/�D)�Vo É����GÉ � � g>a�hXWXS�UVPX_ S�iX`vPGÄTbGUVa�`.PRQTUVg>PRdF^�Å�`.^�dFWXPRd.j"S�`FQ�QT`.^V^�dFS�UVg>Pc'UVS�i7dFhXhX^VU�n.dFS�UVg>PRQ'S�g2-Jg>\�g>PXg>U�hRg>^VjGS�g>hR`FQ%o<O<J T#U��E� �M��o ;)� o É���� Ä É�� Ã!�

� Ã>à � YvdFSMQTg>P,oRÅ/�D)�Vo É�����+ �RÁ�dFS�WX\MdF^,Á�`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\'|}g>\�S�UVPX_Xo���U�B3�F�����GI��C*O<J T#U��E��M��o � �4oÉ���� Ä É�� Æ!�

� Ã>Æ � YvdFSMQTg>P,oZÅ/�D)�Vo É���� Ã!�/O<J�C!�J�U!F3GIC�V�� � �(U!GIR!���J*�ILM� ��C ������B�G�B4��C R��/G�BETM���#�*J&%$ T ���GI�����/����>oM��`.\�_}dFa�g>P,oMW(5}Y�g>\Mb#�

� à ,�� ARiRdFPX_XoM8 �Vo É������ ���WRd>bG\MdFPX_>^V`%Ä@_>\�U�b#Â}`.^VgGn%UVSTj}ÄTQTS�\�`FQ�Q�ÇRPXUVS�`%ÄTbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`�a�`.S�iXgGbfY�g>\`.^�d>QTS�U�nMÄ@c'd.Â}`%Ä@hX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>P�QTUVa�WX^�dFS�UVg>P,o ����J3T L)��B���M���3C!�E��o � � � o É Ã � Ä É Æ , �

� à +�� ARiRdFPX_Xo�8 ��$ " UV`.^VUVP � �}o É������ ����Ä�|�-�Ä@c'd.Â}`�hX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>PfUVP�iX`.S�`.\�g>_>`.PX`.g>WRQ,a�`FbGU�d��_>\�U�b#a�`.S�iXgGb4o�����J3T L)��B���M���3C!�E��o � ��,o , Æ É Ä , Æ � �

É Ã

Page 13: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

� � �����,ºJÀF¿ � ��� � ���#¾���ºJÀ.¼�¹ �����» �,º1¼f»Z½���»��-���,º����

" iX`�` � WRdFS�UVg>PRQ'gFY�a�g>S�UVg>P�Y�g>\'`.^�d>QTS�U�n�c'd.Â}`�hX\�g>hRdF_}dFS�UVg>PdF\�`

� ��� � ? &������� � )� � ��� ) � ������ � ? . � ����� �� ��� ������� � ? É

à �� ��� � ) ��� �I�

c'iX`.\�`�� �ZdF\�`�S�iX`�n%g>a�hRg>PX`.PGSMQ�gFY'Â}`.^VgGn%UVSTj}o���� ��dFPRb � ��dF\�`�S�iX`�`.^V`.a�`.PGSMQZgFY�QTS�\�`FQ�QdFPRbfa�g>a�`.PGS,S�`.PRQTg>\.o}\�`FQThR`Fn%S�UVÂ}`.^Vj}o � U�Q�S�iX`'a#d>Q�Q�bG`.PRQTUVSTj}o ��� �JdF\�`�S�iX`'`.^V`.a�`.PGSMQ4gFY,S�iX`bG`%Y�g>\�a#dFS�UVg>P7S�`.PRQTg>\.o . � ������dF\�`f`.^�d>QTS�U�n�QTS�U��4PX`FQ�QT`FQ%o�dFPRb � �JdF\�`�Â}g>^VWXa�`.S�\�U�n'Y�g>\Mn%`FQ3��]�QbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ,dF\�`�bGU�Q�n%\�`.S�U �.`Fb�WRQTUVPX_�n%`.PGS�`.\�`Fb�n%^�d>Q�QTU�n.dF^}ÇRPXUVS�`%ÄTbGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`FQ%oFS�iX`'` � WRdFS�UVg>PRQ^V`Fd>b�S�g�dfQTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb#_>\�U�b7d>Q'QTiXgFc'P7UVP0�UV_>WX\�`�Ã!�

� ����»ZÀ�����ºJÀ�� � � ��À�� ��º��

� (+* ,$-/.!021!-34,$576�829;:�<2021�=?576�829.�@]BbG`.SMdFUV^V`Fb�bG`FQ�n%\�UVhXS�UVg>PfgFY,S�iX`�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVg>PfgFY4S�iX`'PRdFS�WX\MdF^RPX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\JcZ`.UV_>iGSMQ�U�Q�_>UVÂ}`.P�Gj#|GdFa��X\�U�bG_>`�`.S'dF^� � É�����+ ��� " iX`�a�`.S�iXgGb�c'd>QZg>\�UV_>UVPRdF^V^Vj�bG`.Â}`.^Vg>hR`FbfY�g>\�QTg>^VÂGUVPX_�UVPGÄS�`.\�hRg>^�dFS�UVg>P�hX\�g>�X^V`.a#Q�gFY,UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�^Vj�bGU�QTS�\�UV�XWXS�`FbfbXdFSMd!� " iX`�a�`.S�iXgGb�U�QJ�Rd>QT`Fbfg>P�S�iX`S�iX`.g>\�j7gFY<-Jg>\�g>PXg>UJn%`.^V^�Q�dFPRb7S�iX`fÅ�`.^�dFWXPRd.j7S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dFS�UVg>PdF^V_>g>\�UVS�iXa*� " iX`fUVPGS�`.\�hRgFÄ^�dFS�UVg>P�cZ`.UV_>iGSMQJdF\�`�n%g>a�hXWXS�`Fb��Gj�S�iX`�\�`.^�dFS�UVÂ}`�n%g>PGS�\�UV�XWXS�UVg>P�gFY�QT`Fn%g>PRb}Ä@g>\MbG`.\)-Jg>\�g>PXg>Un%`.^V^�QZdFPRb#U�QJY�g>\�a#dF^V^Vjf_>UVÂ}`.P#�Gj

�.�����3�� É% �����! ' �����������.�����3� � , �

c'iX`.\�`)% U�Q�S�iX`�PGWXa��R`.\�gFY�n%g>PRQTU�bG`.\�`Fb�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\MQ%o ' �JdF\�`�S�iX`�dF\�`Fd>Q�gFY�QT`Fn%g>PRb}Ä@g>\MbG`.\-Jg>\�g>PXg>U,n%`.^V^�Q�dFPRb"%"U�Q�S�iX`�S�g>SMdF^,dF\�`Fd�gFY�S�iX`�-Jg>\�g>PXg>U,n%`.^V^RdF�Rg>WXS'S�iX`�hRg>UVPGS2���Zc'iXU�nMiU�Q

%=?������! ' ���������(� � + �

~75GS�`.PRbGUVPX_�S�iXU�Q�a�`.S�iXgGb�S�g�S�iX`�hX\�g>�X^V`.a:gFY�n.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVPX_�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ,U�Q�`Fd>QTUV^VjfbGg>PX`��GjbGU��4`.\�`.PGS�U�dFS�UVPX_�` � WRdFS�UVg>P%� , �Zc'UVS�i#\�`FQThR`Fn%S'S�g�S�iX`�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS'bGUV\�`Fn%S�UVg>PRQ%oG^V`Fd>bGUVPX_fS�g

É Æ

Page 14: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

���.�������/� É% �����! � ' �������3���.������� 2É

% ( � % �����! ' �������3���.������� � � �

c'UVS�iK�87.? É #MÃ��4Y�g>\�S�iX`'Ã.ÄTÅBn.d>QT`���]�P�`�5GS�`.PRQTUVg>P�S�g�Æ.ÄTÅmU�Q�QTS�\MdFUV_>iGS,Y�g>\�c'dF\MbfdFPRb�S�`.\�a#QgFY�dF\�`Fd>Q�g>\�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQ�n.dFP�R`�`Fd>QTUV^Vj7\�`.hX^�d>n%`Fb#�Gj7Â}g>^VWXa�`FQ'g>\�S�`.S�\MdFiX`FbG\Md*�&Z\MdFWXP1�������� É�����+ ���

� (�� � 6���6�.�5 � <;3+0�� 5$=?576�829.�@]*bG`.SMdFUV^V`FbBbG`FQ�n%\�UV�XS�UVg>PBgFY�S�iX`vn.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVg>PmgFY�ÇRPXUVS�`�Â}g>^VWXa�`7cZ`.UV_>iGSMQ�U�Q�_>UVÂ}`.PB�GjÅ�g>\�a�jf`.S�dF^� � É�����+ ��� " iX`�a�`.S�iXgGb�U�QJ�Rd>QT`Fb�g>Pe�dFWRQ�Q�ARbGUVÂ}`.\�_>`.PRn%`�S�iX`.g>\�`.a�o}c'iXU�nMiUVP#S�iX`�Ã.ÄTÅ:n.d>QT`�n.dFP7�R`�c'\�UVS�S�`.P7d>Q

������� ���*? ����� �!� � � � �c'iX`.\�`'Y,U�QJd�Â}`Fn%S�g>\�ÇR`.^�b4o �!�4S�iX`'g>WXSTc'dF\Mb�PXg>\�a#dF^XÂ}`Fn%S�g>\JdFPRb S�iX`'�Rg>WXPRbXdF\�j�gFY,S�iX`n%`.^V^,QTWX\TY@d>n%` � �" iX`�bGU�Q�n%\�`.S�`�Y�g>\�a�WX^�dFS�UVg>P�gFY'e�dFWRQ�Q�ARS�iX`.g>\�`.aÈ^V`Fd>bXQ'S�g

0 � � � �������! 0 � ����� ����� ����� � �����! 0

� ����� ��� � � � �

]�Q�S�iX`ZPX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPX_�hRg>UVPGSMQ�bG`%ÇRPX`'S�iX`ZÂ}`.\�S�U�n%`FQ4gFY4S�iX`ZÇRPXUVS�`ZÂ}g>^VWXa�`Jn%`.^V^G`Fd>nMi�PX`.UV_>iGÄ�Rg>WX\�U�Q'cZ`.UV_>iGS�`Fb#�Gj#S�iX`�QTWXa gFYZiRdF^�YZgFYZS�iX`fd>b�6Md>n%`.PGS�STcZg#n%`.^V^�QTU�bG`FQ'a�WX^VS�UVhX^VUV`Fb��GjS�iX`�n%g>\�\�`FQThRg>PRbGUVPX_�PXg>\�a#dF^,Â}`Fn%S�g>\MQ3�

É3,

Page 15: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

a b

�UV_>WX\�` É � �@d��<�UVPXUVS�`�bGU��4`.\�`.PRn%`'_>\�U�bfY�g>\Za�gGbG`.^V^VUVPX_�UVP�n%jG^VUVPRbG\�U�n.dF^Rn%g}g>\MbGUVPRdFS�`FQ3�JÁ�g>S�`S�iX`ZPX`Fn%`FQ�Q�dF\�j�bG`.hXS�iGÄTbG`.hR`.PRbG`.PGS�_>\�U�b�QThRd>n%UVPX_�S�g�n%g>a�hX^Vj�c'UVS�i�S�iX`ZQTSMdF�XUV^VUVSTj�n%\�UVS�`.\�UVg>PX����#� " \�U�dFPX_>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�b�Y�g>\�a�gGbG`.^V^VUVPX_fd�n%jG^VUVPRbG\�U�n.dF^4hX\�g>�X^V`.a UVP7n.dF\�S�`FQTU�dFP�n%g}g>\MbGUVPRdFS�`FQ3�Á�g>S�`�S�iX`�dFhXhX\�g�5GUVa#dFS�`.^Vj*� ��U!���G_>\�U�b#QThRd>n%UVPX_�S�iX\�g>WX_>iXg>WXS�S�iX`�QT`Fn%S�UVg>P

vx

σxx σzz

zv

σxz

ijσ

jv

a b

�UV_>WX\�`�����@d���~75XdFa�hX^V`�gFY�d#QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb_>\�U�bQ�nMiX`.a�`�Y�g>\�d#QTSMdFPRbXdF\Mb ��_>\�U�b7c'UVS�i� WRd>bG\MdFS�U�n�_>\�U�b#n%`.^V^�Q(��`�� _ �7-�UV\�UV`.W 5 ������ �������#�Z~75XdFa�hX^V`�gFYZdfQTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb#_>\�U�b#Q�nMiX`.a�`Y�g>\�dFP#UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\'_>\�U�b�c'UVS�i#S�\�U�dFPX_>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�b#n%`.^V^�Q

�+

Page 16: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

q = 1.00 q = 0.96

q = 0.78q = 0.89

z

x

�UV_>WX\�`�Æ��%Xg>WX\#bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�QT`Fn%S�UVg>PRQfgFY�_>\�U�bXQ�c'UVS�im` � WRdF^�PXgGbG`bG`.PRQTUVSTj dF\�`QTiXgFc'PX�O@PRn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_�_>\�U�b�UV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�UVSTj#^V`Fd>bXQ�S�g7bG`Fn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_#d.Â}`.\MdF_>`�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V` � WRdF^VUVSTj��7�f]�^�QTgPXg>S�`�S�iX`#dFhXhR`FdF\MdFPRn%`7gFY�Â}`.\�j�^VgFcZÄ � WRdF^VUVSTj�S�\�U�dFPX_>^V`FQ�UVPviXUV_>iX^VjUV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\�_>\�U�bXQ3� " gS�`FQTS�g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\fd>n.n%WX\Md>n%UV`FQ�QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb��@QT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�jM��_>\�U�b�hRg>UVPGSMQ�dF\�`�UVPXUVS�U�dF^VU �.`Fb�UVPS�iX`n%`.PGS�`.\ZgFYJ_>\Md.ÂGUVSTj�gFY�`Fd>nMi#hX\�UVa#dF\�j�_>\�U�b#n%`.^V^�

��

Page 17: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

N 1

N 2

N 3

N 4

N 5

�UV_>WX\�` , � � dF^�n%WX^�dFS�UVg>P�gFY�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�g>P#dfÃ.ÄTbGUVa�`.PRQTUVg>PRdF^RUV\�\�`._>WX^�dF\J_>\�U�b�WRQTUVPX_�Y�WXPRnMÄS�UVg>P#Â>dF^VWX`FQ'dFS�PX`.UV_>iG�Rg>WX\�UVPX_�hRg>UVPGSMQ�% É #:9�9�9 #�% + �

��

Page 18: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

f

f

f

f

4

3

21 ox

f

ff1 2

3

px

zp

xo

x

z

a b

∆x x∆

�UV_>WX\�` + � �@d��)�Å"_>\�U�b�n%`.^V^.�@QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb#Q�nMiX`.a�`��,S�gfn%g>a�hXWXS�`)#1�� 4��.�����3�ZdFSZS�iX`�n%`.PGS�`.\gFY�S�iX`�n%`.^V^��Á�g>S�`�S�iRdFS'S�iX`�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^RbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQZdF\�`�bG`%ÇRPX`Fb#dFS������ ���#� " \�U�dFPX_>WX^�dF\_>\�U�bBn%`.^V^/�@QTSMdF_>_>`.\�`Fb"Q�nMiX`.a�`���gFY�diX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�bBS�g n%g>a�hXWXS�` #1�� 4��.�����3��dFS�S�iX`n%`.PGS�`.\�gFY�S�iX`#n%`.^V^�7Á�g>S�`�S�iRdFSfiX`.\�`�S�iX`�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^�Â>dF^VWX`�gFY)#1 �.��������U�Q�bG`%ÇRPX`FbvdFS��U� `���UVPGS�`.\�hRg>^�dFS�`FbS�g!��hRg>UVPGS � 1�dFPRb #4��.�����3��dFS�hRg>UVPGS � 4�� " iX`7dFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^ZÂ>dF^VWX`FQgFY;#1�� 4��.�������'dF\�`�`.Â>dF^VWRdFS�`Fb7dFS)���FoRS�iX`�^VgGn.dFS�UVg>P7gFYZS�iX`�_>\�U�b#hRg>UVPGS�g>P�S�iX`fQT`Fn%g>PRbXdF\�j_>\�U�b#�

�UV_>WX\�` � � " cZgFÄTbGUVa�`.PRQTUVg>PRdF^RQTUVPGWRQTg>U�bXdF^XY�WXPRn%S�UVg>P�S�g�S�`FQTS�g>hR`.\MdFS�g>\�d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j��Gj�n%g>a�ÄhRdF\�UVPX_�dFPRdF^VjGS�U�n.dF^,bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQJc'UVS�i#PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^V^Vjfn.dF^�n%WX^�dFS�`Fb�bG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`�Â>dF^VWX`FQ3�

��

Page 19: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

20 40 60 80 1000

2

4

6x−derivative

erro

r [%

]

20 40 60 80 1000

2

4

6

erro

r [%

]

20 40 60 80 1000

2

4

6

gridpoints / λ

erro

r [%

]

20 40 60 80 1000

2

4

6z−derivative

20 40 60 80 1000

2

4

6

20 40 60 80 1000

2

4

6

gridpoints / λ

32 34 36 38 40 32 34 36 381.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

2

2.1

2.2

FVN

FV3

NNDq=0.988

q=0.842

q=0.842

q=0.842

q=0.842

q=0.842

q=0.842

FD FDMagnierMagnier

Magnier

�UV_>WX\�` � ��l7`FdFPmdF�RQTg>^VWXS�`7`.\�\�g>\MQ��K�@d>Q�hR`.\Mn%`.PGSMdF_>`#gFY�S�iX`#a#d�5GUVa�WXa1Â>dF^VWX` .��gFYS�iX`�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^V^Vj�n%g>a�hXWXS�`Fb�5}ÄJdFPRb"�%ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ�gFY�S�iX`�S�`FQTSZY�WXPRn%S�UVg>P#dF\�`�QTiXgFc'P�Y�g>\S�iX`�S�iX\�`.`�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�a�`.S�iXgGbXQ3�#e�\MdFhXiRQfdF\�`�bG\Md.c'PY�g>\�PXUVPX`�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�_>\�U�b � WRdF^VUVS�UV`FQ\MdFPX_>UVPX_#Y�\�g>a @@9 ��, à � ! � É 9D@�@�@!� " iX`#d>n.n%WX\Md>n%UV`FQ�g>�XSMdFUVPX`Fb�Gj�S�iX`K�Å�_>\�U�bdFPRbS�iX`�hR`.\TY�`Fn%S'iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^�_>\�U�b#dF\�`�dF^�QTg�_>UVÂ}`.P#d>Q'\�`%Y�`.\�`.PRn%`FQ(��S�iXU�nMk�^VUVPX`FQ����

��

Page 20: UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb >^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg> >jrses.anu.edu.au/~malcolm/papers/pdf/kisb01.pdf · S g'\ `._>UVg>PRdF^GdFPRb _>^Vg> RdF^GQT`.U QTa g>^Vg>_>j |}g'Y@dF\.oFPGWXa `.\ U n.dF^FQTg>^VWXS

20 40 60 80 1000

1

2

3

4

5

6

erro

r [%

]

q = 1.000

20 40 60 80 1000

1

2

3

4

5

6q = 0.988

20 40 60 80 1000

1

2

3

4

5

6q = 0.930

erro

r [%

]

gridpoints / λ20 40 60 80 100

0

1

2

3

4

5

6q = 0.842

gridpoints / λ

20 40 60 80 1000

1

2

3

4

5

6

erro

r [%

]

q = 1.000

20 40 60 80 1000

1

2

3

4

5

6q = 0.988

20 40 60 80 1000

1

2

3

4

5

6q = 0.930

erro

r [%

]

gridpoints / λ20 40 60 80 100

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

gridpoints / λ

q = 0.842

a

b

Magnier, NND,FV3,FVN

FD FD

FD FD

FD

FD FD

FD

Magnier,NND,FV3,FVN

NNDFV3

FVN

NNDFV3

FVN

NNDFV3

FVN

FVN

FVN

NNDFV3

NNDFV3

NNDFV3

FVN

�UV_>WX\�` � �Z~�\�\�g>\MQZgFYJS�iX`�PGWXa�`.\�U�n.dF^V^Vjfn%g>a�hXWXS�`Fb25}ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ(�@d��ZdFPRb �%ÄTbG`.\�UVÂ>dFS�UVÂ}`FQ���#��gFY�S�iX`fS�`FQTS�Y�WXPRn%S�UVg>PvdF\�`�QTiXgFc'PY�g>\�Y�g>WX\�bGU��4`.\�`.PGS�_>\�U�bXQ�c'UVS�ivd.Â}`.\MdF_>`fS�\�U�dFPX_>^V`� WRdF^VUVS�UV`FQ�!*? É 9D@�@�@�# !%? @@9 ����� # !%? @@9 � Æ�@�dFPRb+!*? @@9 ��, Ã!�Á�Á�Å n%^V`FdF\�^Vj7U�Q�a�g>\�`d>n.n%WX\MdFS�`�S�iRdFP .-�Æ�g>\/.-�Á/�,Á�g>S�`fS�iX`�bG`Fn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_7d>n.n%WX\Md>n%j7c'UVS�ivbG`Fn%\�`Fd>QTUVPX_�_>\�U�b� WRdF^VUVSTj �7� " iX`7d>n.n%WX\Md>n%UV`FQ�g>�XSMdFUVPX`Fb�GjS�iX`4�Å _>\�U�bvdFPRbvS�iX`#hR`.\TY�`Fn%S�iX`�5XdF_>g>PRdF^_>\�U�b#dF\�`fdF^�QTgf_>UVÂ}`.P7d>Q'\�`%Y�`.\�`.PRn%`FQ3�

�@