Symbiosis

Brian O’MearaEEB464 Fall 2019

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dzWBEAhAY8

Definitions of symbiosis

Understanding how and why symbioses can change through time

Making inferences about biology from graphs

Symbiosis = close, often long-lasting (for at least one partner) associations between organisms.

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Both benefitOne benefits, one neutral

One benefits, one loses

SymbiosisSymbiosis

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Both benefitOne benefits, one neutral

One benefits, one loses

+

Benefit to less-helped host

0 -

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Both benefitOne benefits, one neutral

One benefits, one loses

+

Benefit to less-helped host

0 -

+

Benefit to less-helped host

0 -

+

Benefit to less-helped host

0 -

Dur

atio

n of

inte

ract

ion

for

shor

ter-

lived

spe

cies

Brief

Life-long

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4xrdeagyYM

+

Benefit to less-helped host

0 -

Dur

atio

n of

inte

ract

ion

for

shor

ter-

lived

spe

cies

Brief

Life-long

remora-shark

National geographic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLtUk-W5Gpk

+

Benefit to less-helped host

0 -

Dur

atio

n of

inte

ract

ion

for

shor

ter-

lived

spe

cies

Brief

Life-long

remora-shark

wasp-aphid

+

Benefit to less-helped host

0

Dur

atio

n of

inte

ract

ion

for

shor

ter-

lived

spe

cies

Brief

Life-long

remora-shark

wasp-aphid

-

predation

Merlin Crossley, http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/lyca/evagor.html

Martin Purvis, http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/lyca/evagor.html

Pierce et al. The costs and benefits of cooperation between the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, and its attendant ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1987) vol. 21 (4) pp. 237-248

• Ant attendance reduces predation on caterpillars/pupae

Pierce et al. The costs and benefits of cooperation between the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, and its attendant ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1987) vol. 21 (4) pp. 237-248

• Ant attendance reduces predation on caterpillars/pupae

• Ants heavier after leaving the caterpillars/pupae

Pierce et al. The costs and benefits of cooperation between the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, and its attendant ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1987) vol. 21 (4) pp. 237-248

• Ant attendance reduces predation on caterpillars/pupae

• Ants heavier after leaving the caterpillars/pupae

• Adults reared with ants smaller than ones reared without ants

+

Benefit to less-helped host

0

Dur

atio

n of

inte

ract

ion

for

shor

ter-

lived

spe

cies

Brief

Life-long

remora-shark

wasp-aphid

-

predation

ant-butterfly(x-axis butterfly)

http://www.newscientist.com/articleimages/dn18439/0-zoologger-the-very-hungry-caterpillar-usurps-a-queen.html

Als et al. The evolution of alternative parasitic life histories in large blue butterflies. Nature (2004) vol. 432 (7015) pp. 386-390

+

Benefit to less-helped host

0

Dur

atio

n of

inte

ract

ion

for

shor

ter-

lived

spe

cies

Brief

Life-long

remora-shark

wasp-aphid

-

predation

ant-butterfly(x-axis butterfly)

butterfly-ant(x-axis ant)

http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/key_issues/climate_change/climate_change_and_the_great_barrier_reef/what_is_coral_bleaching

+

Benefit to less-helped host

0

Dur

atio

n of

inte

ract

ion

for

shor

ter-

lived

spe

cies

Brief

Life-long

remora-shark

wasp-aphid

-

predation

ant-butterfly(x-axis butterfly)

butterfly-ant(x-axis ant)

coral-zooanthellae

Huelsenbeck et al. Statistical tests of host-parasite cospeciation. Evolution (1997) vol. 51 (2) pp. 410-419

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_24