using the mmpi-2-rf in forensic assessments -...
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Using the MMPI-2-RF in Forensic Assessments
Yossef S. Ben-Porath
Department of Psychology
Kent State University
Kent, [email protected]
Disclosure
Yossef Ben-Porath is a paid consultant to the MMPI publisher, the University of Minnesota, and distributor, Pearson. As co-author of the MMPI-2-RF he receives royalties on sales of the test.
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Agenda MMPI-2-RF Overview
Using the MMPI-2-RF in Forensic Assessments
Admissibility and “Weight of the Evidence” Considerations
Case Example
MMPI-2-RF Overview
338-item version of MMPI-2 Released August, 2008
Authors: Ben-Porath & Tellegen
Subset of MMPI-2 pool
Norms based on MMPI-2 sample
MMPI-2 remains available as well
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MMPI-2-RF Overview• 51 Scales
• 9 Validity Scales• 3 Higher-Order Scales• 9 RC Scales• 23 Specific Problems Scales
• 5 Somatic/Cognitive• 9 Internalizing• 4 Externalizing• 5 Interpersonal
• 2 Interest Scales• 5 PSY-5 Scales
Using the MMPI-2-RF in Forensic Assessments
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Using the MMPI-2-RF in Forensic Assessments Why?
Efficient, comprehensive, validated assessment of variables of relevance in forensic assessments Self-presentation
Psychopathology
Personality characteristics
Behavioral proclivities
Shorter instrument more likely to produce valid results in individuals who struggle with 567-item inventory
Less time to interpret
More likely to generate reliable interpretation based on standard interpretation guidelines
Using the MMPI-2-RF in Forensic Assessments Why not?
Familiarity (Competence)
Concerns about Admissibility
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Familiarity (Competence)
Documentation
Familiarity (Competence)
Documentation Manual for
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
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Familiarity (Competence)
Documentation Manual for
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
Technical Manual
Familiarity (Competence)
Documentation Manual for
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
Technical Manual
Support competent use of the test
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Familiarity (Competence)
Training National Program of General and Setting-
Specific Workshopshttp://psychcorp.pearsonassessments.com/pai/ca/training/workshops/MMPI.htm
Admissibility
Daubert and Frye Daubert = Scientific Validity Frye = General Acceptance
Admissibility issues also pertain to “weight of the evidence” considerations in cross-examination
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Daubert Factors and the MMPI-2-RF
Daubert Factors
Has the technique been tested?
Has it been subjected to peer review?
What is the technique’s known or potential rate of error?
Are there standards controlling the technique’s operation?
Is the technique generally accepted?
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Has the MMPI-2-RF been tested?
Are empirical data available on the technique? MMPI-2-RF Technical Manual
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Has the MMPI-2-RF been tested?
Empirical Correlates in Mental Health
Outpatient Inpatient
Medical Substance Abuse Treatment Forensic- Civil Forensic- Criminal Non-Clinical
N= 4,336 Men; 2,327 Women 604 Criteria 53,886 Correlations
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MMPI-2-RF: Standard Comparison Groups
MMPI-2-RF Normative (Men & Women) Outpatient, Community Mental Health Center (Men & Women) Outpatient, Independent Practice (Men & Women) Psychiatric Inpatient, Community Hospital (Men & Women) Psychiatric Inpatient, VA Hospital (Men) Substance Abuse Treatment, VA Hospital (Men) Bariatric Surgery Candidate (Men & Women) College Counseling Clinic (Men & Women) College Student (Men & Women) Forensic, Child Custody Evaluation (Men & Women) Forensic, Disability Claimant (Men & Women) Forensic, Independent Neuropsychological Evaluation (Men & Women) Forensic, Pre-trial Criminal (Men & Women) Prison Inmate (Men & Women) Personnel Screening, Law Enforcement (Men & Women Combined) Personnel Screening, Corrections Officer (Men & Women Combined) Personnel Screening, Clergy Candidates (Men & Women Combined)
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Forensic, Pre-Trial Criminal
VRIN-r TRIN-r F-r Fp-r Fs FBS-r RBS L-r K-r
Mean - Men 54 52 75 59 64 60 63 55 46
Standard Dev 10 10 28 15 20 16 19 12 11
Mean - Women 54 50 69 56 66 65 62 54 46
Standard Dev 10 10 23 15 22 16 17 11 11
MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
VRIN-r TRIN-r F-r Fp-r Fs FBS-r RBS L-r K-r
Men (n=551) Women (n=223)
T
Forensic Pre-Trial Criminal
EID THD BXD RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9
Mean - Men 59 62 61 60 60 58 56 64 66 56 60 52
Standard Dev 15 18 12 14 15 14 12 13 18 14 16 11
Mean - Women 61 56 54 61 63 58 52 59 59 56 56 48
Standard Dev 14 15 11 14 15 14 11 12 16 13 14 10
MMPI-2-RF Higher-Order (HOD) and Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
EID THD BXD RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9
Men (n=551) Women (n=223)
Higher-Order Restructured Clinical
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Forensic Pre-Trial Criminal
MLS GIC HPC NUC COG SUI HLP SFD NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF
Mean - Men 59 57 56 61 60 63 55 57 55 56 60 54 53 48
Standard Dev 14 16 13 16 16 24 14 13 12 12 17 13 12 9
Mean - Women 63 62 61 61 59 57 53 59 57 58 62 53 55 55
Standard Dev 13 18 14 15 16 19 13 13 13 12 17 12 13 10
MMPI-2-RF Somatic and Cognitive Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
MLS GIC HPC NUC COG SUI HLP SFD NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF
Men (n=551) Women (n=223)
Somatic Internalizing
Forensic Pre-Trial Criminal
JCP SUB AGG ACT FML IPP SAV SHY DSF AES MEC
Mean - Men 62 62 55 52 54 49 54 51 55 45 57
Standard Dev 14 15 13 13 14 11 12 11 14 10 10
Mean - Women 55 57 50 52 55 52 54 52 52 49 44
Standard Dev 12 13 11 13 14 11 12 11 11 11 7
MMPI-2-RF Externalizing, Interpersonal, and Interest Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
JCP SUB AGG ACT FML IPP SAV SHY DSF AES MEC
Men (n=551) Women (n=223)
Externalizing Interpersonal Interest
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Forensic Pre-Trial Criminal
AGGR-r PSYC-r DISC-r NEGE-r INTR-r
Mean - Men 53 61 60 58 55
Standard Dev 11 18 11 13 12
Mean - Women 47 54 51 59 54
Standard Dev 9 15 10 13 13
MMPI-2-RF Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
AGGR-r PSYC-r DISC-r NEGE-r INTR-r
Men (n=551) Women (n=223)
Prison Inmates
VRIN-r TRIN-r F-r Fp-r Fs FBS-r RBS L-r K-r
Mean - Men 52 51 59 55 54 48 51 57 47
Standard Dev 11 10 17 13 13 11 12 11 10
Mean - Women 54 51 62 56 59 55 55 58 46
Standard Dev 11 11 19 13 16 13 14 11 10
MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
VRIN-r TRIN-r F-r Fp-r Fs FBS-r RBS L-r K-r
Men (n=34933) Women (n=7353)
T
T
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Prison Inmate
EID THD BXD RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9
Mean - Men 50 55 63 52 53 49 58 65 59 50 54 53
Standard Dev 11 13 12 10 11 10 11 12 14 11 12 11
Mean - Women 54 56 58 55 59 51 57 61 58 54 55 51
Standard Dev 11 13 11 11 13 11 11 12 13 12 12 11
MMPI-2-RF Higher-Order (HOD) and Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
EID THD BXD RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9
Men (n=34935) Women (n=7354)
Higher-Order Restructured Clinical
Prison Inmate
MLS GIC HPC NUC COG SUI HLP SFD NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF
Mean - Men 53 51 51 53 51 51 50 50 51 51 53 51 53 48
Standard Dev 9 11 11 12 12 13 11 10 10 10 13 11 11 8
Mean - Women 56 55 57 57 53 51 50 52 53 52 56 52 57 56
Standard Dev 11 14 13 13 13 13 11 11 11 11 14 11 13 10
MMPI-2-RF Somatic and Cognitive Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
MLS GIC HPC NUC COG SUI HLP SFD NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF
Men (n=34935) Women (n=7354)
Somatic Internalizing
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Prison Inmate
JCP SUB AGG ACT FML IPP SAV SHY DSF AES MEC
Mean - Men 65 62 53 50 50 45 49 48 51 46 61
Standard Dev 13 15 12 11 11 8 10 10 11 9 9
Mean - Women 60 59 51 52 52 48 51 50 51 49 46
Standard Dev 12 14 11 12 12 9 10 10 11 10 8
MMPI-2-RF Externalizing, Interpersonal, and Interest Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
JCP SUB AGG ACT FML IPP SAV SHY DSF AES MEC
Men (n=34935) Women (n=7354)
Externalizing Interpersonal Interest
Prison Inmate
AGGR-r PSYC-r DISC-r NEGE-r INTR-r
Mean - Men 57 54 63 52 48
Standard Dev 11 13 11 11 10
Mean - Women 52 55 54 55 50
Standard Dev 10 13 10 12 10
MMPI-2-RF Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
AGGR-r PSYC-r DISC-r NEGE-r INTR-r
Men (n=34935) Women (n=7354)
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Forensic, Disability Claimants
VRIN-r TRIN-r F-r Fp-r Fs FBS-r RBS L-r K-r
Mean - Men 52 51 78 57 70 75 74 56 43
Standard Dev 9 10 22 13 21 14 19 11 10
Mean - Women 51 51 73 55 69 79 73 57 45
Standard Dev 9 10 21 12 22 14 18 11 10
MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
VRIN-r TRIN-r F-r Fp-r Fs FBS-r RBS L-r K-r
Men (n=523) Women (n=480)
T
T
Forensic Disability Claimant
EID THD BXD RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9
Mean - Men 65 58 56 65 74 66 53 55 60 58 59 51
Standard Dev 13 14 12 12 13 14 11 12 14 14 13 11
Mean - Women 64 56 46 64 75 64 49 49 56 58 57 46
Standard Dev 13 12 10 12 13 13 11 11 13 14 12 9
MMPI-2-RF Higher-Order (HOD) and Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
EID THD BXD RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9
Men (n=523) Women (n=480)
Higher-Order Restructured Clinical
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Forensic Disability Claimant
MLS GIC HPC NUC COG SUI HLP SFD NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF
Mean - Men 75 67 68 73 70 61 62 60 57 58 66 58 54 47
Standard Dev 10 17 11 14 15 21 15 12 12 12 19 13 13 8
Mean - Women 75 67 71 71 68 57 58 60 57 58 66 55 57 53
Standard Dev 9 18 11 14 15 19 14 12 13 12 18 12 14 10
MMPI-2-RF Somatic and Cognitive Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
MLS GIC HPC NUC COG SUI HLP SFD NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF
Men (n=523) Women (n=480)
Somatic Internalizing
Forensic Disability Claimant
JCP SUB AGG ACT FML IPP SAV SHY DSF AES MEC
Mean - Men 58 50 55 49 52 47 57 52 56 41 57
Standard Dev 13 10 12 11 11 9 12 10 15 8 9
Mean - Women 50 46 49 50 54 51 55 51 53 46 44
Standard Dev 11 8 10 11 12 10 12 10 13 9 7
MMPI-2-RF Externalizing, Interpersonal, and Interest Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
JCP SUB AGG ACT FML IPP SAV SHY DSF AES MEC
Men (n=523) Women (n=480)
Externalizing Interpersonal Interest
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Forensic Disability Claimant
AGGR-r PSYC-r DISC-r NEGE-r INTR-r
Mean - Men 54 57 55 61 61
Standard Dev 11 13 11 13 14
Mean - Women 48 56 45 60 59
Standard Dev 8 12 9 14 14
MMPI-2-RF Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
AGGR-r PSYC-r DISC-r NEGE-r INTR-r
Men (n=523) Women (n=480)
Forensic, Child Custody Litigants
VRIN-r TRIN-r F-r Fp-r Fs FBS-r RBS L-r K-r
Mean - Men 43 52 47 45 46 50 47 56 59
Standard Dev 8 7 9 6 8 8 9 12 9
Mean - Women 45 52 49 46 48 56 49 55 58
Standard Dev 8 7 10 6 11 11 9 12 9
MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
VRIN-r TRIN-r F-r Fp-r Fs FBS-r RBS L-r K-r
Men (n=244) Women (n=239)
F
F
20
EID T HD BXD RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9
Men (n=244) 42 47 47 43 44 47 43 48 51 40 45 43
Standard Dev 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 9 11 8 8 9
Women (n=239) 46 49 43 47 49 48 43 45 53 44 46 42
Standard Dev 11 9 8 11 11 10 7 9 12 9 7 7
Custody Litigants
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
EID THD BXD RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9
Men (n=244) Women (n=239)
Higher-Order Restructured Clinical
Forensic, Child Custody Litigants
MLS GIC HPC NUC COG SUI HLP SFD NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF
Mean - Men 48 48 46 46 44 46 44 45 42 45 47 42 45 46
Standard Dev 8 8 7 9 8 6 7 6 8 9 8 7 6 8
Mean - Women 50 52 50 49 47 46 46 47 46 49 50 43 48 50
Standard Dev 11 14 11 10 9 4 7 9 10 9 11 8 10 9
MMPI-2-RF Somatic and Cognitive Scales
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
MLS GIC HPC NUC COG SUI HLP SFD NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF
Men (n=244) Women (n=239)
Somatic Internalizing
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JCP SUB AGG ACT FML IPP SAV SHY DSF AES MEC
Men (n=244) 50 47 44 43 44 48 48 43 45 43 55
Standard Dev 10 7 8 9 8 8 8 8 5 8 9
Women (n=239) 46 46 44 45 46 51 47 46 45 47 45
Standard Dev 9 7 7 8 9 10 10 9 6 9 7
Custody Litigants
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
JCP SUB AGG ACT FML IPP SAV SHY DSF AES MEC
Men (n=244) Women (n=239)
Externalizing Interpersonal Interest
AGGR-r PSYC-r D ISC-r NEGE-r INT R-r
Men (n=244) 49 45 50 43 50
Standard Dev 7 8 8 8 8
Women (n=239) 46 47 43 47 48
Standard Dev 7 9 7 9 9
Custody Litigants
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
AGGR-r PSYC-r DISC-r NEGE-r INTR-r
Men (n=244) Women (n=239)
PSY-5
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Has the MMPI-2-RF been tested?
Descriptive Data for following settings: Mental Health Medical Substance Abuse Treatment Forensic Correctional Personnel Screening Non-Clinical Settings
N=~65,000 Samples described in 2nd Edition of MMPI-2-
RF User’s Guide for Reports
Has the MMPI-2-RF subjected to peer review? As of September, 2011, 125+ peer-reviewed papers
on MMPI-2-RF Most on the RC Scales
Growing body of literature on the MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales in forensic settings
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Has the MMPI-2-RF subjected to peer review? MMPI-2-RF Validity Scale studies in forensic settings
Personal Injury/Disability Dionysus, Denney, & Halfaker (2011) Gervais, Ben-Porath & Wygant (2009) Gervais, Ben-Porath, Wygant, & Green (2007) Gervais, Ben-Porath, Wygant, & Green (2008) Gervais, Ben-Porath, Wygant, & Sellbom (2010) Gervais, Wygant, Sellbom, & Ben-Porath (2011) Harp, Jasinski, Shandrea-Oschsner, Mason, & Berry (2011) Nelson, Sweet, & Heilbronner (2007) Rogers, Gillard, Berry, & Granacher (2011) Smart, Nelson, Sweet, Bryant, Berry, Granacher, & Heilbronner (2008) Van Dyke, Axelrod, & Schutte (2010) Wygant, Anderson, Sellbom, Rapier, Algeier, & Granacher (2011) Wygant, Ben-Porath, Arbisi, Berry, Freeman, & Heilbronner (2009) Young & Gross (2011) Young, Kerns, & Roper (2011) Youngjohn, Weshba, Stevenson, Sturgeon, & Thomas (2011)
Has the MMPI-2-RF subjected to peer review? MMPI-2-RF Validity Scale studies in forensic settings
Child Custody Sellbom & Bagby (2008)
Criminal Court Sellbom, Toomey, Wygant, Kucharski, & Duncan (2010)
Wygant, Sellbom, Gervais, Ben-Porath, Stafford, Freeman, & Heilbronner (2010)
MMPI-2-RF in Child Custody Litigants: Archer, Hagan, Mason, Handel, & Archer (2011)
MMPI-2-RF in Correctional Settings: Clegg, Fremouw, Hracek, Cole, & Schwartz (2010)
Forbey, Ben-Porath, & Gartland (2009)
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Has the MMPI-2-RF subjected to peer review? MMPI-2-RF and Psychopathy:
Kastner, Sellbom, & Lillienfeld (In Press)
Sellbom (In Press)
Sellbom, Ben-Porath, Baum, Erez, & Gregory (2008)
Sellbom, Ben-Porath, Patrick, Wygant, Gartland, & Stafford (2011)
Sellbom, Ben-Porath, & Stafford (2007)
Wygant & Sellbom (In press)
The known or potential rate of error of the MMPI-2-RF?
Data on reliability and standard error of measurement of MMPI-2-RF scale scores address this question directly
Classification accuracy statistics for validity scales
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Is the MMPI-2-RF Generally Accepted? Frye Test
Survey data unavailable at this time
MMPI-2-RF being used increasingly in: Forensic (criminal and civil) evaluations
Public safety personnel screening
Medical evaluations
Mental health settings
Indications of MMPI-2-RF Acceptance
MMPI-2-RF interpretive guidelines provided in two leading textbooks:
Graham, J. R. (2011). MMPI-2: Assessing Personality and Psychopathology (5th edition). New York: Oxford University Press.
Greene, R.L. (2011). MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF: An Interpretive Manual(Third Edition). New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Listed among recommended outcome measures in Traumatic brain injury research complied by Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Outcome measures Workgroup convened by NIH:
Wilde et al. (2010). Recommendations for the use of Common Outcome Measures in Traumatic Brain Injury Research. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91, 1650-1660.e17.
Listed as recommended measure in guide to establishing a practice on police pre-employment psychological evaluations:
Gallo, F. J., & Halgin, R. P. (2011). A Guide for Establishing a Practice in Police Preemployment Postoffer Psychological Evaluations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0022493
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Is the MMPI-2-RF Generally Accepted? Frye Test
In many states, case law guides judges to consider “Daubert-like” factors (i.e., scientific validity and reliability)
Option: Administer MMPI-2 and score both versions
Case Example: Mr. M
21 year old, single male
Evaluated in connection with Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity plea
Charged with aggravated assault on a police officer
Increasingly isolated and paranoid in months leading to the act
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Further Information
Interpreting the MMPI-2-RF University of
Minnesota Press
January 2012
Further Information
Interpreting the
MMPI-2-RF University of
Minnesota Press
January 2012
Pearson: [email protected]