using passive ambient air samplers to spatially map … passive ambient air samplers to spatially...
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Using passive ambient air samplers to spatially map POPs across Europe.
Dr. Andy Sweetman, Professor Kevin C. Jones,
Lancaster Environment Centre,Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
Measurement evidence for compliance... UK Toxic Organic Micro-Pollutants network (TOMPs)
OBr
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
UK TOMPs network
London - half life 2.3 to 3.6 years
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Su
mP
CB
(p
g/m
3)
Hazelrigg - half life 4.2 to 7.4 years
0
50
100
150
200
250
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Su
mP
CB
(p
g/m
3)
Site Site type t½ PCBs† t½ PAHs† t½ PCDD/Fs
(TEQ) †
London urban 2.3 to 3.6 4.3 to 6.4 3.2 to 5.9
Manchester urban 5.7 to 12.4 3.1 to 8.4 4.1 to 9.7
Middlesborough urban 3.8 to 6.3 5 to 13.9 3.9 to 11.1
Hazelrigg semi-rural 4.2 to 7.4 6.6 to 24 No decrease
High Muffles rural 3.2 to 20.4 4.5 to 9.0 No decrease
Stoke Ferry rural 1.5 to 5.2 6.0 to 35 No decrease
Passive samplers in air
- samplers developed that provide weekly,
monthly or yearly time integrated air conc.
SPMDs
Polyethylene
PUF
POG
12.7/40.6 cm threaded rod
Spacer for adjusting gap
between upper and lower shields
mounting bracket
PUF disk (14 cm diameter 1.35 cm thick)
gaps / holes topermit air circulation
flat washer, then bracket,then lock washer, then wing nut
flat washer, then wing nut
bushing
ce
(Transparent side view)
12.7/40.6 cm threaded rod
Spacer for adjusting gap
between upper and lower shields
mounting bracket
PUF disk (14 cm diameter 1.35 cm thick)
gaps / holes topermit air circulation
flat washer, then bracket,then lock washer, then wing nut
flat washer, then wing nut
bushing
12.7/40.6 cm threaded rod
Spacer for adjusting gap
between upper and lower shields
mounting bracket
PUF disk (14 cm diameter 1.35 cm thick)
gaps / holes topermit air circulation
flat washer, then bracket,then lock washer, then wing nut
flat washer, then wing nut
bushing
ce
(Transparent side view)
12.7/40.6 cm threaded rod
Spacer for adjusting gap
between upper and lower shields
mounting bracket
PUF disk (14 cm diameter 1.35 cm thick)
gaps / holes topermit air circulation
flat washer, then bracket,then lock washer, then wing nut
flat washer, then wing nut
bushing
Diagram of PUF disk sampling device
Accuracy• Passive samplers and active samplers deployed at the
same site/duration
• Within a factor of 2 for various PAHs
• Including higher molecular weight compounds associated with particles…
0.01
0.1
1
10
0.01 0.1 1 10
Active sampler based air concentration (ng m-3)
Pas
sive
sam
ple
r b
ased
air
con
cen
trat
ion
(n
g m
-3)
Bartkow et al 2004
Jaward et al 2004
x = y
Atlantic Ocean
Black Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Caspian
Sea
Bal
tic
Sea
North Sea
Arctic Ocean
Arctic Circle
Ukraine
Spain
France
Sweden
Finland
Italy
Norway
Poland
Germany
Belarus
Romania
Iceland
United Kingdom
Greece
Bulgaria
Austria
Latvia
Hungary
Ireland
Lithuania
Croatia
Estonia
Slovakia
Czech Republic
Belgium
Portugal
Svalbard
Serbia & Montenegro
MoldovaSwitzerland
Albania
Denmark
Netherlands
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Slovenia
Macedonia
Luxembourg
Jan Mayen
Isle of Man
Andorra
Faroe Is.
Malta
Jersey
San MarinoMonaco
Gibraltar
Vatican City
Spatial Distribution of BaP in ambient air
Range 0.5 to 55 ng per sample
Sampling rate 3 m3 per day (42 days) = 130 m3 = 4 to 420 pg m-3
Atlantic Ocean
Black Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Caspian
Sea
Bal
tic
Sea
North Sea
Arctic Ocean
Arctic Circle
Legend
71
PCB153_132
PCB-153 (pg m-3)
Compounds Detection limit
(ng/sample)
Measured
range
(ng/sample)
H/L ratio Air conc
[pg/m3]
29PCB 0.03-0.64 2.5-280 >100 20-1700
12PAH 0.5 64-10400 >160 500-61200
8PBDE 0.06-1.5 0.06-43 >700 0.5-250
13PCN 0.1-1.3 0.03-34 >1100 0.2-200
HCB 0.13 1.4-9 6 11-50
Summary of European passive sampling results
Sampling rate of 3-4 m3/day (ca 130-170 m3)
Atlantic Ocean
Bal
tic
Sea
North Sea
Arctic Ocean
Legend
2
PBDEs
PBDEs levels in ng/sample for North European Atmospheric Transect survey 2004.
Atlantic Ocean
Black SeaB
altic
Sea
North Sea
Arctic Ocean Legend
18
PAHs
PAH levels in ng/sample for North European Atmospheric Transect survey 2004.
Passive samplers as a model validation tool
Comparison of calculated spatial distribution of PCB-153 contamination
with the results of passive sampling campaign in 2002
Passive sampling,
ng/sample< 1.5
1.5 – 4.5
> 4.5
Passive samplers – valuable tools!
• Used to study variability in space and time;
• Yield important clues about sources and the processes controlling underlying trends
• All this is possible using the PAS as ‘semi-quantitative tools’
• Continued improvements/refinements need to be made… especially to be used in support of regulations
• Possible new uses… source ID; point source screening; adapted in directional samplers; fluxes?