using integrated pest management to reduce crop production …€¦ · small grain disease...
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Using Integrated Pest Management to Reduce Crop Production Costs
Janet J. Knodel North Central Research Extension Center
NDSU, Minot
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Integrated Pest Management IPM
“IPM is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health, and environmental risks”
National IPM Network
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IPM is ECOLOGICAL Based Pest Management
Maintain profitability by using control only as needed
Minimize environmental impact Minimize pest selection
pressures
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Pest Biology When are Pest Common? SPRING WHEAT Early season pests: weeds,
wireworms, cutworms, grasshoppers, seedling blights
Mid-late season pests: aphids, grasshoppers, wheat midge, scab, leaf diseases
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Biology Where are pests coming from? Grasshopper
• laying eggs in uncultivated fields during late summer • Sunflower • Pinto beans • Soybeans • Pastures
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Wheat Leaf Rust Pathway
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Pest Identification
What species of new beetle is this?
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Pest Forecasting Systems Small Grain Disease
Forecasting System • Fusarium head blight,
tan spot, Stagnospora (Septoria)
• use weather data (temperature, R.H., rainfall), spore counts, crop growth stage
• predict risk of infection • apply fungicide to avoid
yield loss
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Trapping – Pheromone/Other Canola Insect Pests
Bertha Armyworm
Diamondback Moth
Crucifer Flea Beetle
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Examples of Pest Surveys
Provide data on relative pest prevalence, severity and location
Canola Disease Survey Small Grains IPM Survey Sunflower Survey Wheat Midge Soil Survey
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IPM Alternatives Cultural or Agronomic
practices • Selecting resistant or tolerant
varieties • Crop rotation • Cultivation • Planting dates • Sanitation • Planting trap crops
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HRSW Variety Response to Tan spot/Septoria Susceptible Intermediate Most tolerantRuss Sharp GunnerKulm Bacup KeeneGrandin AcCora Verde2375 Trenton AmidonOxen Parshall Lars
ReederMcNeal
Forge2398
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Oilseed Crops & Sclerotinia
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Safflower
Sunflower
Crambe
Mustard
Canola
Soybean
Flax
lbs/A % infectionSchatz, 1990-92, unpub.
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Cultural Strategies Sunflower Beetle Planting Dates Location Planting
Dates Yield
(gm/head) %
Defoliation
Carrington Early (15 May)
44a
11.4a
Mid (28 May) 57b 5.0b
Late (12 June)
55b 0.7c
Minot Early (22 May) 73a 8.5a
Mid (29 May) 78a 8.0a
Late (8 June) 77a 5.5c
Charlet, Harbour, Knodel, 1998, unpub.
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Wheat Stem Sawfly Management
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IPM Alternatives
Mechanical • Hand weeding • Trapping
devices Physical
• Heat • Cold
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IPM Alternatives Biological
• Augmentation of natural
enemies • Introduction of parasites or
predators • Propagation of diseases of
pests
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Biocontrol Agents of Leafy Spurge: Aphthona complex of flea beetles
A. flava A. lacterosa
30% of releases successful in reducing leafy spurge densities in ND
A. nigriscutis
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Macroglenes penetrans Egg-larval parasite of the Wheat Midge
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NDSU Department of Entomology North Dakota Extension Service North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station
Parasite Distribution
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Biocontrol of Crucifer Flea Beetle Dr. Denise Olson
Beauveria bassiana Common soilborne
fungus Spray direct at
overwintering sites 1999 Field success
<5% infection in Mohall and Minot NDSU Ext. Service
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IPM Alternatives Chemical
• Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides
• Miticides, Nematicides, Rodenticides, Avicides
• Biorational pesticides • Defoliants/Dessicants
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Economic Threshold (E.T.)
Tool to make objective decisions Integrates crop value and
management costs with biological information • pest injury and yield
Questions asked: • Is action necessary? • If so, what tactics should be used? • When to use tactic(s)?
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E.T. for Common Insect Pests Wheat
• Wheat midge = 1 per 4-5 wheat heads
Canola • Crucifer Flea beetle = 25% foliar damage • Diamondback moth = 20 larvae per
square foot Sunflower
• Red seed weevil = 6-9 per head (oil sunflower) vs. 1 weevil per head (confection sunflower)
Bertha Armyworm
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Factors Affecting E.T. Red Sunflower Seed Weevil on Oil Sunflowers cost of the
insecticide treatment per acre
market price of crop in dollars
plant population per acre
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Cutworms on Oil Sunflower Know population
of sunflowers in field? • If low (<15,000 plants/A) tolerate
less damage • If high (>20,000 plants/A) tolerate
more damage Determine size of larvae?
• Small larvae will eat more plants • Large larvae will eat fewer plants -
done feeding
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% ND Farmland Acreage Treated
44.2 43.147.3
4.5 2.1 3.21 1.4 1.6
42.8
6.31.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
1984 1989 1992 1996
Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides
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% ND Farmland Acreage Treated
05
101520253035404550
Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides1984 1989 1992 1996
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Use of Alternative Practices by ND Producers (1996 Pesticide Use & Pest Management Practices Survey)
Practice % Using Practice
% Using for Pest Control
Crop Rotation 76 78 Variety Selection
57 68
Row Crop Cultivation
41 76
Moldboard Plow
35 69
Harrow/RH 38 62 Beneficial Insects
10 58
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Other Pest Management Practices used by ND
Producers - 1996 Practice % Producers Using
Ag Consultant 17
Field Monitoring 75
Economic Thresholds 60
Growth Staging 66
Weather Forecasting 63
IPM 25
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The IPM Continuum
chemical based
cultural controls
resistant varieties
pest monitoring
predictive model
biocontrol
biorational
information based
calendar sprays “hard” chemicals
rotation sanitation
physical chemical
field scouting trapping
insect, weed disease, crop
Bt, Naturalytes mating disruption
parasites predators
The IPM Continuum
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chemical based
cultural controls
resistant varieties
pest monitoring
predictive model
biocontrol
biorational
information based
calendar sprays “hard” chemicals
rotation sanitation
physical chemical
field scouting trapping
insect, weed disease, crop
Bt, Naturalytes mating disruption
parasites predators
example: Orange Wheat Blossom Midge
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IPM Technologies and Services Available NDAWN - ND Ag Weather
Network
Hotlines - Potato, cercospora, wheat midge, other
DTN, Crop Pest Reports, Ag Alerts
Internet - World Wide Web sites
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