using apa style - universiti tunku abdul rahman · using apa style the material in this guide is...

Using APA StyleUsing APA Style

Mr Chang Tiam ChauMr Chang Tiam Chau

Senior LibrarianSenior Librarian

5th edition of APA's Publication Manual

Using APA StyleUsing APA Style

The material in this guide is not a comprehensive list of all the types of materials that can be cited.

For complete and thorough information about using APA style, gostraight to the source. Copies of the Publication Manual of the APAare available in Red-Spot collections in all libraries.

The call number is BF76.7 .P83 2001

ContentsContents

●●Why should you acknowledge your Why should you acknowledge your

sourcessources??

●●Why use APA style? Why use APA style?

●●Citation reference in the textCitation reference in the text

●●Reference listReference list

Why should you acknowledge Why should you acknowledge

your sourcesyour sources??●● Citations reflect the careful and thorough work

you have put into locating and exploring your sources

●● Citations are a courtesy to the reader, who may

share your interest in a particular area of scholarship

●● By citing sources, then, you demonstrate your

integrity and skill as a responsible participant in the conversation of scholarship

●● Failure to provide adequate citations constitutes

plagiarism

Why Use APA StyleWhy Use APA Style??

●●This is the most common format for This is the most common format for

documenting sourcesdocumenting sources

●●This format is widely used for course This format is widely used for course

papers and journal articles in psychology papers and journal articles in psychology

and also in the social sciences, education, and also in the social sciences, education,

engineering, and businessengineering, and business

APA INAPA IN--TEXT CITATIONSTEXT CITATIONS

The APA style specifies the use of a parentheticalreference system (abbreviated source informationin parentheses) in the text of the paper tied to analphabetical References list (located at the end of your paper) which contains full source and publication information for your cited sources.

Remember that all in-text parenthetical referencesmust correspond to a source cited in theReferences list.


One Work by One AuthorOne Work by One Author

When using APA format, follow the authorWhen using APA format, follow the author--date method of date method of

inin--text citation:text citation:

Reference in the text:Reference in the text:

Walker (2000) compared reaction times …Walker (2000) compared reaction times …

In a study of reaction times (Walker, 2000) …In a study of reaction times (Walker, 2000) …

References (References (at the end of your paper)

Walker, M. M. Walker, M. M. (2001). Transfer of lexical information in adults (2001). Transfer of lexical information in adults

with reading disorders. with reading disorders. Perceptual and Motor SkillsPerceptual and Motor Skills, 93, 93 (1),(1),

257257--267.267.


One Work by One Author (Cont.)One Work by One Author (Cont.)

Cite by author and year only even when reference Cite by author and year only even when reference

includes includes month or datemonth or date::


Mak (2006) found workers are happier Mak (2006) found workers are happier ……


Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers. Mak, J. (2006, October 4). More public holidays for workers.

The Star,The Star, p. N6.p. N6.


One Work by Two authorsOne Work by Two authors

Always cite both names every time the reference Always cite both names every time the reference

occurs in text. Use the word "and" between the occurs in text. Use the word "and" between the

authors' names within the text and use "&" in the authors' names within the text and use "&" in the

parentheses:parentheses:


Serlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problems Serlin and Lapsley (1985) discovered the problems ……

A survey on the problems in A survey on the problems in …… ((Serlin and Lapsley, Serlin and Lapsley,

1985) 1985)


Serlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality in psychologSerlin, R. C., & Lapsley, D. K. (1985). Rationality in psychological ical

research: The goodresearch: The good--enough principle. enough principle. American Psychologist, 40American Psychologist, 40, ,

7373--83.83.

APA INAPA IN--TEXT CITATIONSTEXT CITATIONSOne Work by Multiple authors (3One Work by Multiple authors (3--5 authors)5 authors)

Cite all authors the 1Cite all authors the 1stst time the reference occurs; in subsequent time the reference occurs; in subsequent

citations, include only the surname of the 1citations, include only the surname of the 1stst author followed by author followed by

““et al.et al.”” and the year if it is the 1and the year if it is the 1stst citation of the reference within citation of the reference within

a paragraph. a paragraph. ((et al.et al. means means and others)and others)


Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993 did a survey on did a survey on ……

(Use as 1(Use as 1stst citation in text)citation in text)

Skinner et al. (1993) found Skinner et al. (1993) found …… (Use as subsequent 1(Use as subsequent 1stst

citation per paragraph thereafter)citation per paragraph thereafter)

Skinner et al. also found Skinner et al. also found …… (Omit year from subsequent (Omit year from subsequent

citations after 1citations after 1stst citation within a paragraph)citation within a paragraph)


Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P. Skinner, M. E., Cornell, R. C., Sun, K. F., & Harlow, R. P.

(1993). Small group learning,(1993). Small group learning, Psychological Bulletin, 26, Psychological Bulletin, 26,

5757--63.63.


Work Has Six or More Authors Work Has Six or More Authors

For works with 6 or more authors, cite only the For works with 6 or more authors, cite only the

surname of the 1surname of the 1stst author followed by author followed by ““et al.et al.”” and and

the year for the 1the year for the 1stst and subsequent citations.and subsequent citations.

(In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the(In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the

11stst six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to ““et al.et al.””))


Martin et al.Martin et al. (2001) studied the use of (2001) studied the use of ……


Martin, S., Smith, L., Forehand, M. R., Mobbs, R., Lynch, T. F.,Martin, S., Smith, L., Forehand, M. R., Mobbs, R., Lynch, T. F.,

Renfrew, E. J., et al. (2001). Use of collaborative technologRenfrew, E. J., et al. (2001). Use of collaborative technology y

in business, in business, The Academy of Management ExecutiveThe Academy of Management Executive, 19, , 19, 130 130

--138.138.


Groups as AuthorsGroups as Authors

If group author is readily identified by its abbreviation, If group author is readily identified by its abbreviation,

you may abbreviate the name in the second and you may abbreviate the name in the second and

subsequent citations:subsequent citations:


11stst citation:citation:

American Psychological Association [APA], (2003)American Psychological Association [APA], (2003)

Subsequent text citation:Subsequent text citation:

(APA, 2003)(APA, 2003)


American Psychological Association. (2003). American Psychological Association. (2003). Publication Publication

manual of the American Psychological Associationmanual of the American Psychological Association. .

Washington, DC: Author.Washington, DC: Author.


Works With No AuthorWorks With No Author

For periodical, book, brochure or report with no For periodical, book, brochure or report with no

author, cite author, cite the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title of the article

or book) and the year.


… (Studies of Alcohol, 1999).


Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10). Alcohol and the risk of cancer. (2006, October 10). The Straits The Straits

TimesTimes, p. 32. , p. 32.


Authors With the Same SurnameAuthors With the Same Surname

To avoid confusion, use initials with the last names To avoid confusion, use initials with the last names

if your reference list includes two or more authors if your reference list includes two or more authors

with the same last name.with the same last name.


Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . .Research by J. Young (1989) revealed that . . .

Survey by E. Young (1990) proved that …Survey by E. Young (1990) proved that …


Young, J. (1989). Young, J. (1989). The Purification PlanThe Purification Plan.. New York: Rodale Books.New York: Rodale Books.

Young, E. (1990). Young, E. (1990). Caring for the VulnerableCaring for the Vulnerable.. London: Jones and London: Jones and

Bartlett PublishersBartlett Publishers..


Personal CommunicationPersonal Communication

Interviews, memos, letters, eInterviews, memos, letters, e--mail, and similar mail, and similar

unpublished personunpublished person--toto--person communications person communications

should be cited as follows:should be cited as follows:


One of Atkinson’s colleagues, who has studied the effect of One of Atkinson’s colleagues, who has studied the effect of

the media on children’s eating habits, has contended that the media on children’s eating habits, has contended that

advertisers or snack foods will need to design ads advertisers or snack foods will need to design ads

responsibly for their younger viewers (F. Johnson, personal responsibly for their younger viewers (F. Johnson, personal

communication, October 20, 2004).communication, October 20, 2004).


Do not include personal communications in your reference list.Do not include personal communications in your reference list.


Secondary SourcesSecondary SourcesReference in the text:Reference in the text:

Name original work and (as cited in secondary source)Name original work and (as cited in secondary source)

Berger was attributed to have first used the term Berger was attributed to have first used the term

electroencephalogramelectroencephalogram (EEG) (as cited in Masterpasqua & (EEG) (as cited in Masterpasqua &

Healey, 2003).Healey, 2003).

Original:Original:

Berger, H. (1929). Uber das electrenenkephalogramm des menschen Berger, H. (1929). Uber das electrenenkephalogramm des menschen

[On the electroencephalogram of humans]. [On the electroencephalogram of humans]. Archives von Pscyhiatrica Archives von Pscyhiatrica

Nervkrankh, 87Nervkrankh, 87, 527, 527--570.570.

In references, list secondary source.In references, list secondary source.


Masterpasqua, F. & Healey, K. N. (2003). Neurofeedback in Masterpasqua, F. & Healey, K. N. (2003). Neurofeedback in

psychological practice. psychological practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Professional Psychology: Research and

practice, 34practice, 34, 652, 652--656.656.


QuotationsQuotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to

include the author, year of publication, and the page include the author, year of publication, and the page

number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce

the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the

author's last name followed by the date of publication in author's last name followed by the date of publication in

parenthesesparentheses..

According to Jones (2004), "Students often had difficulty using According to Jones (2004), "Students often had difficulty using APA APA

style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).


Jones, L. (2004). Jones, L. (2004). How to research.How to research. London: Open University London: Open University

Press.Press.


QuotationsQuotations

For longer quotations (indent without For longer quotations (indent without ““ ““), and ), and

Use Use …… to indicate omitted words.to indicate omitted words.

We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded:We agree with Obrue (2002), who concluded:

Neurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as anNeurofeedback is perhaps best viewed not as an

alternative to conventional psychopharmacologicalalternative to conventional psychopharmacological

agents but ratheragents but rather…… (p. 8).(p. 8).


Obrue, K. (2002). Obrue, K. (2002). Neurofeedback practice.Neurofeedback practice. New York: McGrawNew York: McGraw--

Hill.Hill.

Formatting Your Reference Formatting Your Reference

ListList

�� APA requires a hanging indent for its citations APA requires a hanging indent for its citations

�� PLEASE BE SURE TO USE DOUBLE SPACE PLEASE BE SURE TO USE DOUBLE SPACE

CITATIONSCITATIONS

�� Documents only sources used in research and Documents only sources used in research and

preparationpreparation

�� Alphabetize the worksAlphabetize the works

The Basics

Reference List OrderReference List Order

�� Alphabetical by author’s nameAlphabetical by author’s name

�� Chronological by same authorChronological by same author

�� Alphabetical by titleAlphabetical by title

•• Alleyne, R. L. (2004a). Alleyne, R. L. (2004a). MManaging information …anaging information …

•• Alleyne, R. L. (2004b). Alleyne, R. L. (2004b). MMultimedia management …ultimedia management …

•• HHewlett, L. S. (ewlett, L. S. (20052005). Critical thinking about …). Critical thinking about …

•• Hewlett, L. S. (Hewlett, L. S. (20062006). Doing quantitative research …). Doing quantitative research …

•• Hewlett, L. S., Hewlett, L. S., BBaheti, J. M., Marthur, A. L., …aheti, J. M., Marthur, A. L., …

•• MMellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative …ellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative …

Book ReferenceBook Reference

Single AuthorSingle Author

General FormatGeneral Format

Author, A. A. (Year). Author, A. A. (Year). Title of bookTitle of book

(Edition). Location: Publisher.(Edition). Location: Publisher.

Example:Example:

Zautra, AZautra, A. J. (2006). . J. (2006). Emotions, stress, and Emotions, stress, and

healthhealth, , New York: Oxford University Press.New York: Oxford University Press.


SSingle Authoringle Author (Cont.)(Cont.)

When the author and publisher areWhen the author and publisher are

identical, use the word "Author" as the identical, use the word "Author" as the

name of the publisher.name of the publisher.

Example:Example:

American Psychiatric Association. (1994).American Psychiatric Association. (1994).

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental

disorders disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.(4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.


Multiple AuthorsMultiple Authors

●● 3 authors3 authors

Playfair, J. H.Playfair, J. H., & , & Bancroft, G. J.Bancroft, G. J. (2004). (2004). Infection Infection and immunityand immunity.. (2nd ed.). (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Oxford: Oxford University Press.University Press.

●● More than 6 authorsMore than 6 authors

Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Craig, K., Peterson, R., et. al. (1967). Craig, K., Peterson, R., et. al. (1967). Nerve cells Nerve cells and insect behavior.and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.University Press.

When a work has up to (and including) six authors, When a work has up to (and including) six authors,

cite all authors. When a work has more than six cite all authors. When a work has more than six

authors cite the first six followed by "et al."authors cite the first six followed by "et al."

Examples:Examples:

Book ReferenceBook ReferenceCorporateCorporate AuthorAuthor


Corporate Author. (Year). Corporate Author. (Year). Title ofTitle of

bookbook. Location: Publisher.. Location: Publisher.

Example:Example:

Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006).Institute of Banking & Finance. (2006).

Managing personal fund. Managing personal fund. Toronto: Toronto:

Midwestern.Midwestern.

Book ReferenceBook ReferenceUnknown or NoUnknown or No AuthorAuthor


Title of book. Title of book. (Year). Place of publication: (Year). Place of publication:

Publisher.Publisher.

ExampleExample::

Education Handbook. (2005). London: Longman.

Begin the entry with the workBegin the entry with the work’’s title. Titles s title. Titles

of books are italicized.of books are italicized.

Edited Book ReferenceEdited Book ReferenceGeneral FormatGeneral Format

Editor, A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year). Editor, A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year). Title ofTitle of

bookbook. Location: Publisher.. Location: Publisher.

Examples:Examples:

One editor:One editor:

Michael, G. (Ed.). (1988). Michael, G. (Ed.). (1988). PsycholinguisticsPsycholinguistics. Beijing: . Beijing:

Peking University Press.Peking University Press.

More than one editorMore than one editor

Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.). (1968). Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.). (1968). EarlyEarly

language developmentlanguage development. New York: McGraw. New York: McGraw--HillHill..

Publisher InformationPublisher Information●Give city and state only when city is not well known or ambiguouse.g. Hillsdale, NJ or Cambridge, MA

● For state, use US postal code 2-letter abbreviation and spell out other states/countriese.g. Oxford, England: Blackwell

● Give publisher in brief but must still be cleare.g. New York: McGraw-Hill

● Spell out name of publisher especially associations, corporations, university presses

● Leave out terms like Publisher, Co, Inc● Retain terms like Books, Press

More Than One Publisher More Than One Publisher

LocationLocation

If the book lists more than one publisher location, use the first one or the home office if specified.

Example:

New York, London: MacMillan

��Cite as New York: MacMillan

Book Chapter ReferenceBook Chapter Reference


Author, A. A. (2004). Title of chapter. In Title of book (p.). Location: Publisher.

Example:Example:

Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research. Blaxter, L. (1996). Thinking about research.

In In How to researchHow to research (p. 19).(p. 19). Buckingham: Buckingham:

Open University Press.Open University Press.

Journal Article ReferenceJournal Article Reference

One AuthorOne Author


Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Journal Title,

VolVol (no), pages.(no), pages.

Examples:Examples:

Wheelan, S. A. (2003). An Initial exploration of the Wheelan, S. A. (2003). An Initial exploration of the

internal dynamics of leadership teams. internal dynamics of leadership teams. Consulting Consulting

Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 55, 179, 179--

188.188.

McGill, K. (2006). McGill, K. (2006). Reading the valley: performance Reading the valley: performance

as a as a rhetoricrhetoric of of dimensiondimension, , Text and Performance Text and Performance

Quarterly, 26Quarterly, 26(4)(4), 389, 389--404404..

Journal Article Reference Journal Article Reference Two AuthorsTwo Authors

List all authors with List all authors with && preceding lastpreceding last

author.author.

Example:Example:

Racette, A., Racette, A., && Bard, C. (2006). Making nonBard, C. (2006). Making non--

fluent aphasics speak. fluent aphasics speak. Journal of Logic and Journal of Logic and

Computation, Computation, 1818, 27, 27--4545

Journal Article ReferenceJournal Article ReferenceMore Than Six AuthorsMore Than Six Authors

After 6After 6thth author name, use author name, use et al.et al.

Example:Example:

Bjokr, R. N. Auerbach, J. S., Piaget, J., Tein, J. Bjokr, R. N. Auerbach, J. S., Piaget, J., Tein, J. Y., Kwok, O. M., Haine, R. A., Y., Kwok, O. M., Haine, R. A., et al. (2003). et al. (2003). Classroom Interaction in Science: Teacher Classroom Interaction in Science: Teacher questioning and feedback to students' questioning and feedback to students' responsesresponses. . International Journal of Science International Journal of Science EducationEducation,, 63, 5763, 57--60.60.

Magazine Article ReferenceMagazine Article Reference

Example:

Reppel, F. G. (2003, February 13). Conflict and cognitive control. Natural Science, 33, 969-970.


Author, A. A. (Year, Month day). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume if given, page-numbers.

Newspaper Article ReferenceNewspaper Article Reference

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of

article. article. Title of NewspaperTitle of Newspaper, pages., pages.

Example:

Lee, S. (2006, October 3). Malaysia off the Lee, S. (2006, October 3). Malaysia off the priority watch list for pirated movies, priority watch list for pirated movies, music. music. New Straits TimesNew Straits Times, p. 6., p. 6.


UMI Thesis ReferenceUMI Thesis Reference

Author, A. (Year). Author, A. (Year). Title of thesisTitle of thesis. (Level of . (Level of

thesis, University). thesis, University). Dissertation Abstracts Dissertation Abstracts

International, volInternational, vol (no), page. (UMI No. (no), page. (UMI No.

xxxxx)xxxxx)

Example:

Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant Bower, D.L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors. of referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54Dissertation Abstracts International, 54(01), (01), 534. (UMI No. 9315947) 534. (UMI No. 9315947)


Unpublished Thesis ReferenceUnpublished Thesis Reference

Author, A. (Year). Author, A. (Year). Title of thesisTitle of thesis. Unpublished . Unpublished

level thesis. University, Place.level thesis. University, Place.

Example:

Kondo, T. (1991). Kondo, T. (1991). The making of a corporate The making of a corporate elite adult targeted comic magazines of elite adult targeted comic magazines of Japan.Japan. Unpublished master’s thesis. McGill Unpublished master’s thesis. McGill University, Canada.University, Canada.


Web Page ReferenceWeb Page Reference

Author, A. A. (Year). Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work.Title of work.

Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Retrieved Month Day, Year, from

source.source.

Example:Example:American Psychological Association. (2003). American Psychological Association. (2003).

Electronic referencesElectronic references. Retrieved October 8, 2006, . Retrieved October 8, 2006,

from from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html..


Article in an InternetArticle in an Internet--only Journalonly Journal

Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Journal

Title, volTitle, vol (no), pages. (no), pages. Retrieved Month Day,Retrieved Month Day,

Year, from source.Year, from source.

Example:Example:

Christopher, P. (2006). Unleashing Change: A Study of Christopher, P. (2006). Unleashing Change: A Study of

Organizational Renewal in Government. Organizational Renewal in Government.

AAdministrative Science Quarterlydministrative Science Quarterly,, 5151(2), 117(2), 117--123. 123.

Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Retrieved October 8, 2006, from

http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=106http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=106

0945191&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&0945191&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&

VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=116088443VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=116088443

8&clientId=635208&clientId=63520


Pay Specific Attention toPay Specific Attention to

●●Consistency in how you apply APAConsistency in how you apply APA

●●Punctuation (period, comma, semiPunctuation (period, comma, semi--colon)colon)

●●Location and publisher for booksLocation and publisher for books

●●Volume, issue and page numbers for Volume, issue and page numbers for

articlesarticles

●●Complete and correct information Complete and correct information

●●SpellingSpelling

Free APA Style ConverterFree APA Style ConverterThe APA Style Converter is a web-based tool with which authors may prepare their references in APA style according to the APA Publication Manual(5th ed.).

In order to generate a citation in APA format, the user just needs to enter the bibliographic information in the columns such as author, title, publisher, etc. Then, the concerning APA citation will be generated.

The website is http://www.noodletools.com

Look for Free Tools, and click NoodleBib Express, then click APA.

The EndThe End