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8/3/2019 Uses of Saturn

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SATURN HISTORY DOCUMENTUniversity of Alabama Research Ins t i t u t eHistory of Sc ience G Technology GroupDate-------'--OC.NO. -----&.


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USZS OF SATURN

Satu rn a n d Apollo bardware w i l l n o t have r e a l i z e d t h e i r u l t i m at e p o t e n t i a lf o r s p ac e ex p l or a t io n a f t e r t h e p r o j e c t l u n a r land in^ i s complete. To ac-complish the Apollo lunar landing brogram, an immense hack loq of t e c h n a l o ~ ,f a c i l i t i e s , a nd b oo s tk r c ap a b i l i t y s w i l l have been bu i l t up, and we beli evep r o p e r u t i l i z a t i o n of t h i s r e s o u r c e w i l l f i l l t h e needs f o r ~ l a n e t a r y , u na r,and e a r t h o r b i t a l s p ac e ex p l o r a t i on f o r g ea r s t o cpme. I n ~ c h i e v i n g h eApollo lunar ob jec t ive , l a r ee investmen ts w i l l have been m ~ d e n launchF ~ c i l i t i e s r a c k i n e s ys te ms , p r op u ls i on te ch no lo py , e-entry systems, lunarlanding systems, and rendezvous te ch no lo w, t o name only a few, Mthouphthe se spec i a l i ze d a r eas have been poin ted toward t h e luna r exp lo ra t ion m i s -si on , numerous st ud ie s by NASA and indust ry have demonstra ted th e fe as ib i l i t yof u s i n g t h e s p a c e c r a f t , v e h i c l e s , and opera t ing techniques f o r rnfss ions f a rbeyond th e lun a r land in^. I n t h i s p ap er , I w i l l discuss some of' theseSaturn/Apollo missions which l i e beyond th e Apol2.o l u n a r land in^ nroaram.By i d e n t i f y i n g t h e s e advanced u s e s o f S a t u r n / ~ p o l l o a r d ~ a r e o meet i mp or ta ntna t ion a l goa l s , we can amor t ize the l a rge cos t o f t he Sa tu r n /A ~6 l lo roc ramacross n much wider spectrum of mis sion s.Sa tu rn , t he veh i c le designed fo r one miss ion , w i l l meet t h e needs o f t h ecountry i n s p a ce e x p l o r a ti o n f o r many years t o come. Since both the Saturn I Band S ~ t u r n vers i ons were designed fo r manned anpS. icat ion f r on t h e o u t s e t ,we can expect t he cont inua tion of th e o ut fl ta nd in g r e l i a b i l i t y r e c or d a l r e a 4 vbegun by th e Saturn I vehic le . B y using Saturn over t h e wides t ' base o f m i s -s i o n s , c o s t p e r u n i t w i l l d e cr e as e m d t h e n a t i o n ' s i nv es tm en t i n t h e f u t u r ew i l l pay. r i c h div iden ds i n tiew kncrvledce, pr e st ig e, and world leadersh in .Saturn has a f u t u r e i n space.


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6/31

S a t u r n an4 > p o l l o ' I ~ rdw - t r ~d i l l not hnve r e s l i z e d t h e i r i l l ti m a te p o t a n t i n 1f n r s p a r e e x p l o r a t i o n a f t e r t h e n r o j e r t I ~ l n a r n ~ . d i n ~z comp?ete, To s c -comrl i s h t h e r>nol o ~ U R R ~e n d i n < FroP'm, ?n i ~ m e n s e n c k l o g o f ter*i-inolorr:~,f ~ c i l i t i e s , n dr o s t e r c n p a h i i i t ~ j 1 1 h a v e been b u i l t up, and we b ~ l i c v e* - - - - - - _ + -- - ---* -nronpr u t i l i z e t i o n of t h i s r es o ur ce wi ll f i l l ;fian;r of t h e r,eeclr, f o r r , lnne ta ry , . lunarq-~ _ n t ! e ~ r t h r t ' I t ~ . lD ~ C F ?e x ~ l o r z t i o n o r .refir: to cone. I n achievinp t h ef . ? o l i ~ u n a r c b J e c t iv e , l a r g e i n v e s t - ~ r t rvi 11 hnve tjecknmnde in Irllncb, ?:i-cilities , r ~ c k i n c ystems, propulsicn tee-finolo~~r, r e - e n t r y sys tens , l u n a rl a n d i n g sys tems, and rendezvous C,echno?o~jr, t? nnxe on l y a *ew, tZZt .h i?u~ht h e s e s p e c i a l i z e d Rreas h ~ v e een poin'ed townrd t ,be l u r n r exp;oraf i o n mi?-sion, n u .e ro u s s t u d i r s by IIASP. rtnr! indus.i;r:r have ?emons?ra ted t \ e f c n r - i h i l -i t : , r of u s i n g the s p s c e c r a f t , vehicles, ~ n dn e r n t i n y t ~ c h n i q ~ l e ?o r c i s s i o n sfar beyond t h l luna 11nn?inc, I n t h i s D a r e r , I n i l 1 $iscuss s o r e o f t 9 ~ s rSnturn / .knol lo missions which I + @ Seyond tke Apc l l o Lunn r l a n d i ~ p r o p r m .py identi e i n p t h e s e advarceci uses o P tie : ;at?lrn/!;\311~ hitrdwlire t o m e timportnnt nn t i ona ! b - ~ n l s ,we c a n a r no r L i z ~ h e i ~ r ~ efis+, of' t h e ? ; n t ~ r c / 4 ~ o l : o

Pc r o p r a g across R " U C ~ i ~ c r p e c t r u ~ f nissions.The ;'i3?,urn IB v e h i c l e ( ~ i ~ r u r t1 h ~ seen desipnec! %c p l a c e + b e I r o l l o cor-?--and n o d u l e s e r v j ce nodule f p a r t l o l l ? r I c sdec l ) ~ n r ! u n n r exc t l r s l or! modulei n e a r t h o r b i t f r r y r ~ c t i - e endezvous , rc -ent rv terz ts , ~ n 3 o ~ ~ ~ r i indc ~ n t ~ o lyst'en o p e r a t i o x s . W L e e h i c l e br-7 t h ~nnnhili +,y of a l f a c i r ~ $ ,qWpounds int ,o a 100 n n ~ t i c a l l l e o r t i i t . ;'he Y-'-; 'I3 st,Rpe i t s e l r c : ~ ?nrov i r2e~ t t i t u d e ontrol for h-l/? hours n f t e r i n , i ec t i q ? . X f 9 ?t -nt t?ur t h i r d steam?i s added t o t h i s two s t a r e c a n f i ~ u r n t i o n , h e Sat,urn 13 v:eki4cl@has nn cr-cape c a n a b i l j t y of n p p r o x i n a t e l y !?,COO ~oun6 r ' . " ipure 1 a l s o shows t h et1:ree s+ ,we ve"licita. i'erfrmtznce of t,he !;:iturn T i r i s sho.crn i n T i cu r e s 7and 3, bo t h f o r the t w o ;ta#:e a n d t n r e e r t a E e v e r s i o n s ,qA e third s t a ~ e eing r n n s i d e r e , ! +'or- use d i t c h t h e : ;s t~ i rn I3 vehicl~. s t h e .r e n t o u r . Ynis s tage cnn be used esspn t i :~ l ' : .~ S it i~ de!iipne$ f o r t h e f i t l~ ' iC ~ n t a u r ~plicatirn nd ocly mfnor ch:tr,c*c, +ire r e q ~ i r e r ! o t h e b a s i c E ~ t u r r . i3vehicle to ~ c c e n t t. The C p n t a u r st,nFr i t n e : f i s shown i n Y i p t i r e '. , T t :rr,ec,


7/31

THIRD STAGE (CENTAUR)L I Q U I D H YD RO GE NTANK7 /--JElTISONABLE SHROUD

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11/31

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12/31

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14/31

Fiow, t h e t h r e e s t a g e S a t ur n I3 can p l n c e t h e s e a a y l on d s i n synchronousorbit and o b t a i n t h e ad v an tag e o f f i x i n g t h e payload w i t h r e s p e c t t o ap e o g r a p h i c s l p o i n t over t h e c a r t , h , I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o note t h a t at ont i l t i t u d e of 22,000 m i l e s , t h e s y n c h r ? n ou s ' o r b i t a ! t it u d e, t h e r e e x i s t .tw o nodal p o i n t s where a s a t e l l i t e vi 11 be i n s t ~ h l e r b i t . This. r e s u l t sf r om the f a c t that t h e s h ap e o f t h e e a r t h i s distorted from a p e r f e c t l yr , y mr , e tr i ca l, & l a t e s p he r oi i !, A t t n e s e po i r l t s , w h i c h are Lonr t i t~ ide130Vand 5'33, t h e o r e t i c a l l y , n o g r o p e l l : ~ n t s ~ r & e q u i r e d f o r orbit keepinr ,nnd t h e s a t e l l i t e w111. remain sta+.iont?.qv. bt R:I o t h e r n o l n t s nr! t h i ~or t ? i t over t h e e q u a t o r, some s t ~ t i a n e ep i nr p ro pe l l an ts are r e a u i reC,but even at w o r s t , these r equ i rements are q u i t e sma11, R S s h o w n I nFig u r e 8.The t h r e e s tage S a t u r n 13 c q u l d ~ 1 : ; o e uses "or other b j q h enerrr;y -is-s i o n s o f i n t e r e s t i n p l n ne t ~ i r y~ x > l r a t i o n . For o x w p l e , w i t h a h i p he n e r q fo u r t h s t a ~ e , O00 pounds o f p o y l c ~ C an be s e n t o n n s o l a r prove,f a r n l ~ n t t ~ l o r a t i o n i t l? rt pnylr%d of 1000 pounds, and out,-of-the-e c l i p t i c pro be s w i t h nayloafis of paun6q. I E each n f t h e s e m i s ~ i o n s ,t h e s olSA n r o p e l l ~ n t r x in e s coulc! be t h e s w e ns %"it c c r r i e r ! i~ t h e' I o y~ p e r r e t r o i n p u l s e a t ! :n rs ,

A n o t h e r n i s s i o n % e i n p considerec? f o r t,t?e t h r e e ..tape S a t u r n i r t h e c i r c ~ r r -l u n a r P e p a s u s f l i g h t , The S a t u r n : u k i :le ~ R Sa ~ n e ' Y ~ r 7 P ~ ~ R " . u s!lt,olow enrth orbit, ~ n dw o nizre a re n l a n n e d . I;nwever, n f t ? r t h e s e f:jph?,.;,the q u e s t i o n of n i - r o r ? ~ t e c r o i r l nvironr:,ent i tL r.tns!:lnnr nnr! t i ~ c i t . r l u r ? rf l i g h + , w511 still remp:in u n ~ n s w e r - d . The % t u r n T9 pravieer , PQ i , ? e s l~ 1 s t f r t - r f c r thi; g i s s i s ~ , i c r e t c-pn boost, 17,000 cnunfis to * l t l c n r .escnpe vc1o:i';y. :li t h t,hi s csc.nsc r 'bj ' t;i , n n r d f *i PI! ? ' ' pp i - t -~ r ( r> I P I ITP817) c o ~ l d e s e n t ' ; q t r ? n "iq\:rc. e i p h t ? i n s : on arnim:! t h e "f;-n nnr! n r o v i r i ~rtdvanced d n t a orr t h e -x.rj r o n n e ~ t bl i rf ; r w , l I *> v i : 1 e:.co z t ~ r l it ' ; I ~ J P P TP l qi l t .


15/31

Cf c o u r s e , t h e r e a r e advanced ~ s s i g n ~ e n t so r t h e Saturn I9 vehi c!e whj chwi 11 o c c u r a f t e r lunar e x ? l o r a t i o n hns been initi i t . ~ ? , me vchi c ~ l e an hc1:sed f o r l u n ~ r o i - i s t i c s s u ~ p l : ro r i t c ? n f u r n i r , h :! c o~ m un i c a t i o ns 0te:-1-e +,a o r b i t around t h e "non i n s u z ~ o r t f extended l u n n r ~ x ~ l o ~ ~ t i ~ nnc,b a c k s i d e rormun?c a t i o n .

%us, i t appears tha', t h e : ;aturn i9 w i t L i n t ' 7 i r d S ~ R P ~R ~ a t i r , f y R h n q tof p1ar.eta.r; exxplo r a t i c n rissions . I3ecalir:c t ,h is veP:ir ll? ,dill oner:>.t.c +orl aunch pads 3Li and 77 a l r e s d v i n existence ~t YS?, t h o s e m i s s i o n s cam bc 'mounted w i t b o u t i r , terfercr,ce t o t h e .carxXl~lC - t t u r n '! q q e r a t i n n r ~ t , n - 34 ,"ur the rmorc , tile c~n t in l l e : ' ,Line of t h r :'?,turn v e h i c l e wi 2.; rec?uct. t i - r r o r , tX r e h i c l e f l i s ih ' . t c s a n e t h i ng or t!le o r d e r rbC ::OD n e r ~ n ~ l ' l c !ny, lcve a r t h g r b l t ! kro st.:ipp), ,)r 3 3 3 9 ner po..m,i t n - s r a r e tre! -pi t ; , . 'hezef i q u r e s i n ~ l u d r : e h i c ? e c o s t -tnA ! n l i ~ ~ t ; l aernt!nr, nost., F ~ l t ?o ~t In?: 1dpt r a c k i n g , riat'a ~ c q . i i c ; i t , L on , a:.'?r:irl o r r c s c n r c ? :*nd t ievelnpment :m~rt i - . :3~ , ic~n,I:PSfi i s z o ns i l l e r i r , ~ x e r l ~ s f ili;c;i?ns w i t ? t.he ? s t u r n i' a n ? "at ,lrn "v e h i c l e s kncvn as A Z i !!


16/31

Nationa.1 pre ss medin repo r t i ng on t h i s proRram h ~ v e l so t i iscussed C:~p icn la s s i p n m e n t s f o r AES. These include:1 . 'Trrlnsrnis.;ion of 3' ic?,urer- ~ ~ i r e r t l ; ;o hones on e a r t h3. Mapping a n 6 o b s e r v a t i o n of t h e e a r t h ' s r l ~ r f rF? by A ~ o l l o p r x e c r a f t ,

i n p o l n r orb5 t2. T e s t i n g of new nropuls jon sys tems a n d space s u i t :11, p e t r i e v f i l of Echo b n l l o o n ~5 , Ast,ronomical o b s e r v a t i o n s5, E t u d i es o f l u n a r su rfac t? t omgrayby and surf 'nce c;l-nrrsi t i nn up i t ? r :

m u l t i s p e c t r a l p h o t o ~ r a ~ h ynd relenodtsyT h s ~ ropran w i l l u s e h a r d w ~ r ewl-.ich i:: unnodifierl f r n r . t h e b n s i r yr o l l r ,d es i p n . Thr procrn;. cau!d i nvo lve t h e u r e 9 f s i x St:?.-irn 'J veh: cles nnc!: ix S a t u r n I!! v e h i c l e s p e r y ea r w i t h t h e f i r f ; t nar-ned orbit,al f l i r h t s c m -i n p as e ~ r l y s 1968. T h e uses of : hi s t y p e o f h? rdwnre ?-re e x t - e ~ e l yv a r i e d . For example, or,e a p p l i c a t i o n envis ioned i s t h e e ~ p l f ) y - ? e n t Cs e v e r ~ l iirveyor s n a ce c , rn f t t o t h e su rP%ce of t k p b:~r: :mr? N, orkitin!:cornnand nodule w i t h o u t t h e LEF: s t a p e , :'fie Survryons c ~ u l r !b~ piaced sot h ~ th e i r p at h on t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e converped t o one s p o t , v h e r e nn ? p o l l ocrew could c o l l e c t t h ~ l nw i t h c u t need f o r lo?^ +,err: s h e l t e r .% i s concept hns p i v e n r i s e t o a c a l l f c- 1:r\~~,';'~n


17/31

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18/31

l o d s t i c resupply w i l l he n e c e s s a r j . I n t h e s e l o g i s t i c mi s si o ns , S a t u r n I B .vehicles can p ro v i d e t h e b o o s t e r i m pu l se r eq u i r e? . Crew ch m p es will s l s ob e required , a n d S ~ t u r n D v eh i c l e s ctxn b o o s t An ol l o t o r en dezvo u s v i t h t h eMOFL. A large s pa c e s t a t i o n i n o r b s t i s a l o p i c ~ l ex t s t e p a P t e r t he bEf,Drop ram, h e c ~ u s e t yr ov ide s f o r l o ng e r s t a y tfmes an d n o r t c o r p l e x t x y e r -i m e n t ~ l p pa ra tu s , p r t i c u l n r l y f o r t h v e t y p e s o f ex p e r i m en t s i n v o l v i n rFore than one m a n .!:any S a t u r n flights w i l l be aY?e t,o a c c o r r o d ~ t a uxilfary e x p e r i r e n t s o rp ay l cad s . S i n i l a r t o s t u d i e s p r e s e n t l v b c i n p C o cu se d on t h e a u x i l i E y r npy-l oac? cn r ry i np : ca ra b i l i t y .of t h e c o ma n d, s e r v i c e , 0-nd l u n a r ex cu r s i o n n o ; l u l e s ,',w e are i n v e s t i ~ a t i n g nd d ef in in g n v a r i e t y of experiment volumes on t h eS-IVn s t a p e ( F i g u r e 13) which are s u i f , a b l e f o r n u x i l i ~ r y ayloads . In .a g d i t i o n , we a r e p u b l i s h i ng a S a t u r n Ti! P w l o a ti P l a n n e r ' s C ui de t o a r s i s t ,t h e s p o n s o r of ,an ~ u x i l i a r y a yl oa d ir! n l ~ c i n g i s pnyloacl on : ' n t u r n W v e h i c l ~ ;nuch t h e s m e as ou r A3.rcrnft r>ivi +ion con?ucts n : rc r nt t r o u t e s t u d i e s +,omeet t h e airline's r eq u i r em en t s ,

% tr f o r t h c o c i ng o r b i t a l h: :droren ex p e r i r e t i t I s one e x a m r l e of pn a u x l ' l i z r - ienj-i neeri nf! naylonc? which will Pe t l o w n on Caturn 19. The o b j e c t i v e o f L,Fi sexper i l ren t i s t o s t u d y t h e b eh av i o r o f I i q u f ? h:vrc?roren under 7ero p con?:-t i o n s u nd e r low ~ , c c e l e r a t , i c n s h ~ t n n bc r e l u i r e d t o -l.onnqe t h e n rope l l nn t ,f o r s t a p e r e l i g h t .The S e t u r n V ve h i c l e ? .eprese? .t s th e Inr~;cst , o o s t e r s v n i 7 ~ h l e o t he w 9 r l . l .T t can p l a c e 250,000 pouncis i n low ea r t h o r l r i t ar.2 escane, yay!onds i n ex ces sof 95,000 pound". :!it3 t h i s t y p e of c s p ~ . b i l i t y v ni I n b l e , veyr l aroe s c a l es o l a r s ys te m e x p l o r a t i o n m a y b e u n d e r t ~ k e n , Fo r e xe mp le , t h e S r t u r n Vv e h i c l e o n a d i r e c t n s cen t m i s s io n can s end 90,090 pounds t o t h e ?Toon and&,000 pounds t o tlcrs ( ~ i ~ u r e0 ~ ) . t \ a n opt!d13;r sized f o u r t h sta.pe,t h e perfo rmance t o t h e f a r p l a n e t s can h e s j g n i f i c a n t l y i c c re a se d . F orexample, S a t u r n 1 i n t h i s c as e can send '7000 ponnr!s t o Fl u t o . I n c i d e n t a l l y ,t h i s f o u r t h s t a r e i s q u i t e c l o s e t o t h e C en ta ur a nd t h p problem:: of ms.:inpt h e c e n t du r w i th t h e S-IVn rind ILJ w i l l , o f r o u r s e , 9nve been solved in thet h r e e stage S a t u r n IB v e h i c l e , !Jse of t h e f o u r th s t a ~ e F i p r e 3 1) w i l lnot only permit quite l a r ge pqyloads t o be s e n t t o t h e f a r p l n n e t s , butw i l l r ed uc e t r i p tines s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e n er tr ~ : l m e t s .


19/31

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