user's manual gpp 5.0, 7.5 & 9 - smith- · pdf fileportable electrofishers w/ kohler...

#09461

USER'S MANUALGPP 5.0, 7.5 & 9.0(Gas Powered Pulsator)Portable Electrofishers w/ Kohler Generator

GPP-�2006

GPP: Generator Powered Pulsator

KOHLER SHORE MOdEL

© Smith-Root, Inc. Vancouver, WA - USA • 2006

ContentsIntroduction......................................................................... 1

Unpacking........................................................................... 2

Choosing.a.Location........................................................... 2

Power.Supply.Controls....................................................... 3

Electrofisher Controls......................................................... 3

Electrofisher Connections................................................... 4

Operating.Procedure........................................................... 4

Typical.Hookups................................................................. 5

Maintenance........................................................................ 6

GPP Specifications Spreadsheet.......................................... 7

Electrofisher Control Panel............................................... 12

Electrofishing Safety....................................................... 10

Preventing.Electrical.Shock.............................................. 12

Planning.For.Safety........................................................... 13

Do's.&.Don'ts.................................................................... 14

Introduction to Electrofishing........................................... 15

Types.of.Current............................................................... 17

Electrode.Design............................................................... 18

Field.Techniques............................................................... 22

Electrofishing Reference & Training Materials................ 23

Troubleshooting............................................................... 26

Warranty.Information........................................................ 36

Items manufactured by companies other than Smith-Root carry the original manufactures warranty. Please contact product manufacturer for return instructions.All Smith-Root, Inc. manufactured products are covered by a one year warranty.

09461 Rev.0

GPP-��2006


KOHLER SHORE MOdEL

5.0 / 7.5 / 9.0 GPP Combo Package Includes the Following:

Model Quantity Description LineNumber

1........................................ 5.0.GPP.Control.Box...................................................................... 34201........................................ 5.0.GPP.Generator......................................................................... 46661........................................ Output.Cable................................................................................. 34151........................................ Single.Foot.Switch.w/15.ft..Cable.&.Plug...................................... 33092........................................ Electrofisher.Certification............................................................... 5465

1........................................ 7.5.GPP.Control.Box...................................................................... 34211........................................ 7.5.GPP.Generator......................................................................... 46671........................................ Single.Foot.Switch.w/15.ft..Cable.&.Plug...................................... 33091........................................ 7.5.GPP.Cathode.Cable................................................................. 34162........................................ 7.5.GPP.Anode.Cables................................................................... 29622........................................ Electrofisher.Certification............................................................... 5465

1........................................ 9.0.GPP.Control.Box...................................................................... 38671........................................ 9.0.GPP.Generator......................................................................... 46681........................................ Single.Foot.Switch.w/15.ft..Cable.&.Plug...................................... 33091........................................ 9.0.GPP.Cathode.Cable................................................................. 60502........................................ 9.0.GPP.Anode.Cables................................................................... 79762........................................ Electrofisher.Certification............................................................... 5465

5.0GPP

7.5GP

9.0GPP

GPP-�2006


KOHLER SHORE MOdEL

A typical shore hook-up with electrode pole and control box.

INTRODUCTION

Smi th -Root Genera to r Powered Pu l sa to r (GPP). electrofishers. are.unsurpassed. in.quality.and. performance.. Our. years. of. experience. in.manufacturing. electrofishers. has. helped. us. to.produce.the.most.complete.line.of.generator.powered.electrofishers ever offered. Ranging from 1.5 to 9kW, Smith-Root manufactures electrofishers to handle all fresh or brackish water conductivities.

A.complete.electrofishing.system.consists.of.an.engine, a generator, an electronic pulsator, an anode, a cathode, cables, and switches.

Our.GPP.generators.are.custom-wound.to.supply.the.optimum voltages for electrofishing, and eliminate bulky and hot power transformers.

All. electrofisher. pulsators. are. supplied. in. an.aluminum.case.with.carry.handles.

A 7.5 GPP Combo

GPP-�2006


KOHLER SHORE MOdEL

UnPaCkInG

Carefully.remove.the.GPP.and.its.power.supply.from.the.shipping.container.and.examine.closely.for.shipping.damage..If.any.parts.are.missing or the unit is damaged, notify the transportation company and immediately file a claim for the amount of damage. Record the model and serial number of your electrofisher in the spaces provided below:

Model Number._______________________________________

Serial Number.________________________________________

When ordering parts, always include the power supply model and serial number located on the unit’s nameplate. This is essential to ensure.the.correct.replacement.part.is.shipped.to.you..Please.keep.this.manual.and.refer.to.it.when.making.adjustments.or.ordering.parts. Additional copies are available for a nominal charge from your distributor.

ChoosInG a LoCatIon

In choosing the best location for your GPP, the following factors should be taken into consideration:

FIRE HAZARDS..Locate.the.power.supply.at.least.3.feet.(1.meter).away from buildings or structures. Keep the power supply away from flammable trash, rags, lubricants, and explosives. Do not use the power supply near any forest, brush, or grassland unless the exhaust system is equipped with a spark arrestor that is effective. Have a fire extinguisher accessible.

SECURITY. Choose a location where everyone, especially children, can be kept away, to protect them from burns and electrical shocks. Take precautions to prevent unqualified personnel from tampering with.or.attempting.to.operate.the.power.supply..

SURFACE. Choose a level surface. If the power supply is tilted, fuel spillage.may.result.

MOISTURE..Do.not.stand. the.unit. in.water.or.on.wet.ground..Protect.electrical.equipment.from.excessive.moisture.that.will.cause.deterioration.of.the.insulation.and.may.result.in.short.circuits.

DIRT. Install the unit in a clean location. Abrasive materials such as dust, sand, or lint cause excessive wear to both engine parts and generator parts. Grass and leaves are a fire hazard.

Where.natural.ventilation.is.inadequate.install.a.fan.to boost circulation.

CONFINED SPACE. Restricted air flow can cause overheating.and.damage.the.engine.and.generator..Operation in an enclosed compartment is also a fire hazard and is not authorized.

EXHAUST. Whenever an engine is used indoors, the exhaust must be vented to the outside. Exhaust from a gas engine is extremely poisonous, containing carbon monoxide, an invisible odorless gas that can cause.unconsciousness.or.death.

AUXILIARY WIRING.. Use. sufficiently. thick.insulated.wire.to.hook.up.to.the.auxiliary.windings..The gauge depends on the length of the wire, the voltage drop, and the amount and kind of load. Consult.a.competent.electrician.and.national.and.local.codes.

GROUNDING..If.grounding.is.called.for.in.local.codes, or radio interference necessitates it, drive a 3/4.or.1.inch.pipe.into.the.ground.as.close.to.the.unit.as possible. This pipe must penetrate moist earth. To the.pipe.connect.a.ground.clamp.and.run.a.No.10.wire from it to the battery negative terminal on the control panel, or to the generator ground stud. Do not connect to a water pipe or a ground used by a radio system. When used in boats, ensure that generator frame is grounded to boat hull. This will prevent a shock.during.an.electrical.failure.

GPP-�2006


KOHLER SHORE MOdEL

FREQUENCY VARIATION..The.AC.frequency.is.around.60.cycles.per second. The inevitable variations in engine speed produce slight variations.in.the.AC.frequency.MODIFICATIONS.to.the.power.supply that are not authorized may impair the function and safety of the.unit.

ELECtroFIshEr ControLs

MODE.selects.the.type.of.output.pulses..The.DC.output.is.fast-rising.slow-falling pulses. The DC pulse rate is selectable in PULSES PER SECOND. For AC output the switches must be in the AC position and in.the.120.pps.position..All.other.positions.will.give.a.pulsed.DC..The.AC frequency is fixed at 60 cycles per second. Note the 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 GPPs can produce AC output, but AC is not available on the 9.0 GPP..RANGE selects the output voltage range, or switches the output OFF.PERCENT OF RANGE.limits.the.peak.voltage.of.the.pulses.to.a.percentage of whatever RANGE was selected above. Pulse width is also automatically adjusted between 5 and 1 millisecond pulse duration.HIGH VOLTAGE.indicates.when.voltage.is.present.on.output.power.terminals.ENUNCIATOR VOLUME.controls.the.audio.alarm.that.indicates.an.output.voltage.OUTPUT CURRENT METER shows the current flowing between the anode and cathode in amps. LOW RANGE indicates that the RANGE switch should be moved to the LOW position. For 7.5 and 9.0 GPPs follow the output table. TIME IN SECONDS.records.the.actual.shocking.time..It.counts.only.when.high.voltage.is.applied..The.timer.helps.evaluate.capture.effectiveness. The counter can be reset to zero by pushing the small red button on front panel.EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN.provides.a.local.override.of.remote.switches.

PowEr sUPPLy ControLs

GENERATOR. Your GPP is powered by a specially manufactured.gas-powered.generator..The.generator.is. wound. so. that. the. output. voltages. are. taken.directly from the generator, eliminating the need for a transformer or voltage-doubler. The generator has a self-excited revolving field. The stationary Stator has a separate excitation winding, and multiple windings to.supply.AC.power..

12 VAC.terminals.on.the.generator.provide.up.to.500.watts.of.12.volts.AC.power.on.each.circuit..This.will.run 12 volt lights, or with an external rectifier will recharge batteries. The 5.0, 7.5 and 9.0 GPP have two output.circuits..ENGINE. This instruction book covers mainly the electrofisher and the generator, but not the engine..Please.read.all. instructions. in. the.engine.manufacturer’s manual. The engine manufacturer has established an excellent worldwide service organization. Engine service is probably available from an authorized engine dealer near you: check your.Yellow.Pages..ENGINE GOVERNOR. The engine must be run at.3600.rpm.to.supply.the.power.it.was.designed.to.produce..The.governor.on.the.engine.holds.the.speed.as nearly constant as possible. The governor is set at.the.proper.speed.in.the.factory..Do.not.adjust.the.governor.without.proper.tools..VOLTAGE VARIATION..All.engines.slow.down.when.a.load.is.applied..When.the.electrical.load.on.the generator is increased, the engine speed drops. This.results.in.a.lower.voltage.when.the.generator.is. loaded. to. its. full. capacity. than.when. running.unloaded..

GPP-�2006


KOHLER SHORE MOdEL

overfill the tank. Leave half an inch of the top of the tank.to.allow.space.for.expansion..Make.sure.the.fuel.cap.is.tightly.closed.

5. If fuel was spilled, wipe it away carefully. Wait until the fuel has dried before starting the engine.

6.. Connect.the.Anode.and.Cathode.to.the.OUTPUT.PWR receptacle/s

7. Plug the remote control cable (foot switch) into the 4-pin.receptacle.

8. Attach the generator cable/s into the male plug/s labeled INPUT PWR.

9. On the Electrofisher set the MODE selector switch to.the.desired.mode..If.you.are.not.sure.which.mode.you desire, start with 120 pps DC.

10. Set the PERCENT OF RANGE to the minimum.11. Set the RANGE selector switch to LOW.12. Set EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN switch to ON13. Set the ENUNCIATOR VOLUME to midrange.14. Place the anode and cathode in the water, not

touching.each.other.15..Activate.the.remote.control.switch..The.high.voltage.

indicator lamp and audio alarm should both come on and the ammeter will deflect.

16. Deactivate the REMOTE CONTROL SWITCH while adjusting the PERCENT OF RANGE and RANGE selector switches to achieve optimum response by the fish. Damage to the range selector switch may result from switching under load. Experimentation will be required to learn what mode and voltage settings are best for various water conditions and types of fish.

17. If the ammeter shows LOW RANGE and the RANGE selector is in the HIGH position, switch to.the.LOW.position..The.low.voltage.windings.on.the generator are capable of delivering more current than.the.high.voltage.windings..If.erratic.operation.occurs in the high range, switch to the low range. Do not operate the generator above the power ranges indicated on the meter, or possible engine and generator damage may occur..

18. If you have a 7.5 or 9.0 GPP, and have been running it hard, run it for another five minutes under no load before shutting it down. This allows the electrical components to cool-down slowly, extending their life considerably.

19. To avoid burns or fires let the power supply cool before transporting. Keep the engine horizontal to.prevent.fuel.spillage..Do.not.support.the.power.supply.from.the.top.of.the.frame.for.any.extended.period.of.time.

ELECtroFIshEr ConnECtIons

Hookup your electrofisher using the receptacles on the back panel. See diagrams:

INPUT PWR is a seven-pin male plug for the generator cable. The 5.0.GPP.uses one plug. The 7.5 two, and 9.0 GPP has three input power.plugs.

OUTPUT PWR.is.a.female.receptacle.for.the.electrodes..The.5.0.GPP uses only one receptacle for both anode and cathode. The 7.5 and 9.0 GPPs have separate receptacles for anode, anode 2, and cathode.

CONTROL.is.a.4-pin.receptacle.for.the.remote.switch.that.actuates.the.main.output.circuits.

oPEratInG ProCEdUrEBefore operating the power supply, remove wristwatch, rings and any other.jewelry..Do.not.operate.the.power.supply.while.smoking..Do.not.operate while under the influence of alcohol, drugs or medication. 1.. First.check.the.engine.oil. level..Consult.your.Generator's.OEM.

Manual. Do not overfill.2. Refuel the engine outdoors. Keep away from any open flame, pilot

light, furnace, heater, or clothes dryer. Stop the engine and allow it.to.cool.prior.to.refueling..Never.fuel.the.engine.while.it.is.hot.or.running to avoid fire, explosion, bodily injury, or property damage.

3.. Use.gas.with.a.minimum.rating.of.85.octane..Do.not.use.leaded.gas.because it produces combustion deposits that may shorten the life of the exhaust system. Do not mix oil with the gasoline. Use a clean, properly.marked.and.approved.safety.container.for.storing.fuel..

4.. Fill.the.gasoline.tank.with.clean.fresh.unleaded.gasoline..Do.not.

5.0 GPP

GPP-52006


KOHLER SHORE MOdELtyPICaL hookUPs

Shore Hookup with Prode Pole

GPP Electrofisher

Input from Generator

Prod pole

Stake cathode(buried in ground)

Metal plate cathodein the water.

Rat tail cathodeSingle foot switch

Cathode options

Shore Hookup with Anode Poles*

*Not applicable to 7.5 or 9.0 GPP’s

GPP Electrofisher

Input from Generator

IN USE IN USE

OFF OFFRCB-6B

JUNCTION BOX

ANODE #1

ANODE #2

ANODE #3

CATHODE SMITH-ROOT INC. VANCOUVER WA.

RCB-6B

Stake cathode(buried in ground)


Whisker anode Diamond anode 6" anode ring

Extension cable

Anode poles always have their own switch on the handle

Rat tail cathode

Anode pole with 6’ cordand 11" anode ring

RCB-6B

Cathode options

Anodepole #1

Anodepole #2optional


Boat Hookup with Prod Pole

Power supply

Pulsator

Metal hull boat

Boat hull is used as the cathode

Extension cable

Prod poleFoot switch


SFS-6’ or SFS-15’Single foot switch

DFS-6’Double foot switch

ON

ON

FHS-6’Foot/Hand switch

Prod pole with 15’ cord and 11" anode ringOutput controlledby foot switch.

Boat Hookup with Anode Poles*

*Not applicable to 7.5 or 9.0 GPP’s

Powersupply

Pulsator

Non-conductive boat hull

RCB-6B

Cathode options

Anodepole #1




Rat tail cathode

Metal plate cathode on hull bottom

IN USE IN USE

OFF OFFRCB-6B

JUNCTION BOX

ANODE #2

ANODE #1

ANODE #3

CATHODE SMITH-ROOT INC. VANCOUVER WA.


Extension cable

Anode pole with 6’ cordand 11" anode ring

RCB-6B

Boat Hookup with Boom Arrays

Boat Hookup with Boom Arrays

GPP-�2006


KOHLER SHORE MOdEL

MaIntEnanCE

For more specific instructions regarding the maintenance and proper operation of your generator, please consult your Kohler OEM.Manual.Before.cleaning.or.inspecting.make.certain.all.moving.parts.have.stopped..Disconnect.the.spark.plug.wire.and.keep.the.wire.away.from.the.plug.to.prevent.accidental.starting..Do.not.put.hands, feet, tools or other objects near rotating parts. Always wear.eye.protection..

1.. CHANGE. ENGINE. OIL. after. first. five. hours. of.operation. Thereafter, change oil every 25 hours of operation..

2. SERVICE AIR CLEANER. Clean and re-oil the pre-cleaner at three month intervals, or every 25 hours, whichever occurs first. Remove paper cartridge yearly, or every 100 hours, whichever occurs first and clean by tapping gently on a flat surface. Replace if very dirty. Keep hands and face away from the carburetor when the air cleaner is removed. A sudden backfire can cause serious burns.

3.. CLEAN.COOLING.SYSTEM.yearly.or.every.100.hours, whichever occurs first.

4. SPARK PLUG. Consult your Generator's OEM Manual.

5. FUEL. Every 250 hours replace the in-line fuel filter or clean the screen and bowl.

6. CHECK GUARDS. Operate the power supply only with. the.guards.and.shields. in.place.and.working.correctly..If.rotating.parts.are.left.exposed.they.are.hazardous.

7. MUFFLER. Inspect periodically and replace if necessary..Do.not.operate.the.power.supply.without.a.muffler. Inspect spark arrestor screen every 50 hours and.replace.if.damaged.

8. INSPECT GENERATOR BRUSHES after every 1,000 to 1,500 hours of operation and replace when worn.to.3/8.inch.(1cm).or.less..Consult.OEM.Manual.regarding removal of Brushes. Replace brushes in the same position. Always replace brushes in sets.

GPP-72006


KOHLER SHORE MOdEL

GPP SPEC�f�CAt�ONS SPREAdSHEEt

specification subject to change without notice.* note: 12 volts auxiliary power subtracts from electrofisher power available.

MOdEL 5.0 - GPP 7.5 GPP 9.0 - GPPConductivity 10-5,500 10-11,000 100-25,000microSiemens/ccRated Output Power 5,000 7,500 9,000 Rated Output 16.amp 62.amp 150.amp.Max. Current12 volt AC [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Power * 42.amp 42.amp 42.ampOutput Pulse Modes Pulsed Pulsed Pulsed

DC Output Peak voltAC.&.DC0-500 V Low

AC.&.DC0-1000

DC0-680 V

AC Output RMS volt0-1000 V High0-350 V Low

in.4.steps0-700 V

in.4.stepsN/A

Output Pulse Frequency0-700 V High7.5, 15, 30

in.4.steps7.5, 15, 30

7.5, 15, 30

Output Current Metering60& 120 HzAC.&.DC

60 & 120 HzAC.&.DC

60 & 120 HzAC.&.DC

High voltage0-25.ampPanel.Lamp

0-199.ampPanel.Lamp

0-199.ampPanel.Lamp

Output Indicator &.Audio.Tone &.Audio.Tone &.Audo.ToneOutput and Foot.Switch.& Foot.Switch.& Foot.SwitchSafety Control Panel.Switch Panel.Switch Panel.SwitchSeconds TimerLCD Display 0-999999 0-999999 0-999999

Cooling Method Convection Convection Fan.Cooled

Output Connectors CPC.with15" Cable

CPC.with15" Cable

POS..CAM.CONN.15" Cable

Pulsator Weight 20 lbs. 30 lbs. 35 lbs.

GPP-�2006


KOHLER SHORE MOdEL

ELECtROf�SHER CONtROL PANEL

ELECTROFISHER CONTROLS

1 - RANGE: Selects the output voltage range between high and low or switches the output to OFF.2 - TIME IN SECONDS: Records the actual shocking time. It counts only when high voltage is applied. 3 - EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN:.provides.a.local.override.of.remote.foot.switches.4 - OUTPUT CURRENT: this meter shows the current flowing between the anode and cathode in amps. 5 - MODE: Selects the type of output pulses, AC, DC or OFF (Caution!: The position of this switch should not be changed when current is flowing i.e. foot switches engaged!)..6 - LOW RANGE: Indicates that the RANGE switch should be moved to the LOW position. For 7.5 and 9.0 GPPs, follow the output table. Damage to the range selector switch may result from switching under load. 7 - PERCENT OF RANGE: Adjusts the output pulses to a percent of the selected range, i.e. high/low. Pulse width is also automatically adjusted between 6 and 1 millisecond pulse duration.8 - HIGH VOLTAGE: Red indicator lamp shows when voltage is present on output power terminals.9 - PULSES PER SECOND: Selects the number of pulses in the output wave form.

Since 1964, the leader in effective, safe, and reliable products for fisheries conservation.

Knowledgeable field biologists depend upon

Smith-Root equipment.

Electrofishing Safety & Principles

��2006. . www.smith-root.com

ELECtROf�SH�NGPR�NC�PLES

© 2006 Smith-Root, Inc. Vancouver, WA - USA

Electrofishing Safely

Safe fishing......................................................................................................................................10

. Preventing.electrical.shock..............................................................................................................12

. Planning.for.safety...........................................................................................................................13

. Do's.&.Don'ts...................................................................................................................................14

. Electrofishing Principles

Introduction to electrofishing...........................................................................................................15

. Types.of.current...............................................................................................................................17

. Electrode.design...............................................................................................................................18

. Field.techniques...............................................................................................................................22

References........................................................................................................................................23

Contents: Electrofishing safety & Principles



ELECtroFIshInG saFEty

saFE FIshInG Electrofishing equipment uses voltages and currents that can be lethal to humans. The operators must always keep in mind that.the.chance.of.receiving.an.electrical.shock.is.multiplied.in or near water. Using an electrofisher is like using a firearm: if.used.properly.and.with.good.judgment.it.is.perfectly.safe;.lose.respect.for.it.and.you.can.lose.your.life!Electrical equipment used in a moist field environment is always subject to deterioration that could lead to dangerous electrical shock. Field equipment is also subjected to vibration and.impact.during.transporting.and.while.in.operation..Often.equipment shared by different crews does not receive proper maintenance.or.a.complete.checkout.Follow the safety guidelines, and use good common sense to handle.unforeseen.circumstances.All personnel involved in electrofishing should be taught the fundamentals of electricity, and have an understanding of the safety.requirements..The most important factor in electrofishing efficiency and safety.is.the.training.and.experience.of.the.crew..At.least.two members of the crew should be qualified to administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation. As opportunities arise, all crew members should attend a course in basic life-support training.

ELECtrICaL shoCkIt.is.the.current.that.passes.through.the.human.body that does the damage. The voltage is relevant, because it is the force that “pushes” the current through the body. Experiments show that 20 to 500 Hz AC current is more dangerous than DC, or higher.frequencies.of.AC..The voltages used by electrofishing gear cause death by one of three means:Ventricular FibrillationVentricular fibrillation is uncoordinated contraction of. the.muscles.of. the.heart..The.heart.quivers.rather than beats. Electrical current through the chest.can.cause.this.condition..Once.a.person.goes.into ventricular fibrillation, the only way to stop the quivering is to use a defibrillator that applies a.pulse.shock.to.the.chest.to.restore.heart.rhythm..Cardiopulmonary.resuscitation.may.help.to.keep.a.victim alive until he can be defibrillated. Respiratory Arrest The respiratory center is at the base of the skull. Thus, shocks to the head can cause the breathing to stop. Artificial respiration by the mouth-to-mouth method should be used in this case.AsphyxiaAsphyxia is caused by contraction of the chest muscles...



When a current is above a certain level, a person cannot let go of an electrically hot wire. Currents above this level may not cause ventricular fibrillation, but may be enough to cause contraction of the chest muscles. If the current is not stopped, or the victim is not removed from the point of electrical contact, asphyxia will result. Artificial respiration or cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be necessary.To prevent electrical shock all electrical equipment should be carefully inspected before each field operation. With all electrical equipment in good operating condition, and all insulation, junction boxes, bonding, and connections intact, there is much less danger of receiving an electrical shock.

PrEvEntInG ELECtrICaL shoCkElectricity.needs.to.have.a.complete.electrical.circuit.in order for current to flow. The only way that you can get shocked is if you become the electrical conductor to.complete. the.circuit..The.current. flows. from.the.cathode.to.the.anode.through.the.water..The.water.is.the.electrical conductor. If you touched both the anode and the cathode you would become an electrical conductor and.complete.the.circuit.path.and.get.a.severe.electrical.shock. If you were to touch only one of the electrodes, you.would.not.complete.the.electrical.circuit.and.not.get.shocked.WARNING: Touching any e lectrode is not recommended. Unless all conductive objects you come into contact with are connected to the same electrode, you will be shocked to find a current path that is not obvious, e.g., the water, or the boat.Preventing.electrical.shock.means.preventing.electrical.current from entering and flowing through parts of the body. The skin is a partial but variable barrier, because it.offers.resistance.to.the.passage.of.electrical.current..Tough skin has more resistance than tender skin, and dry skin.more.then.wet.skin..But.tough.dry.skin.alone.does.not offer enough protection for electrofishing. Rubber lineman’s gloves, rated 5,000V minimum should always be worn.Even while wearing rubber gloves and waders, never touch an electrode while the circuit is energized.

Do.not.work.on.the.electrical.system.while.the.generator.is.running..Do.not.enter.the.water.while.the.current.is.on during boom shocking operations. A severe electrical shock from electrofishing gear may result in the need for artificial respiration; therefore it is imperative.that.no.one.ever.works.alone.

PLannInG For saFEty1. Never electrofish alone! A minimum of two properly

trained people are required for every electrofishing crew..

2. A crew leader shall be appointed for al l electrofishing. The crew leader is responsible for the safety of the crew, and the enforcement of all safety.regulations.

3. The crew leader, and at least one additional crew member, shall receive training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and First Aid.

4. All electrofishing personnel shall receive training in fundamentals.of.electricity.and.safety.

5. Check your electrofisher before each operation, to ensure.that.it.is.in.good.working.order..

6. Turn off your electrofisher before making any connections.or.part.replacements.

7. When not in use, and when transporting the unit, disconnect.the.power.supply..

8. Check that the electrofisher gives an audible signal when.there.is.voltage.present.at.the.anode.

9.. Do. not. make. any. field. modifications. to. your.electrofisher.without.written.approval. from.the.manufacturer or a qualified electrical engineer.

10..Use.only.dip.nets.with.insulated.handles.11. Wear personnel flotation devices.12. Wear lineman’s gloves, rated 5,000V minimum.13. Never reach into the water in vicinity of an electrode,

even if rubber gloves are being worn.14. Take frequent breaks. Stress and fatigue endanger

the.crew.



BaCkPaCk saFEty1. Before each operation, check that the frame

emergency.release.is.in.working.order.and.check.that.the.tilt.switch.shuts.off.power.if.the.unit.is.tipped.more.than.45°

2. Wear hip boots or chest-high waders, with non-skid soles..

3. Wear polarized sunglasses to help you detect sub-surface hazards and obstacles. Beware of turbid water that can hide unseen sub-surface obstacles and sudden drop-offs..

4. Shut off your electrofisher before entering or leaving a.stream..

5...Do. not. operate. an. anode. pole. when. carrying. a..backpack unit weighing more than 20 pounds when in hazardous conditions.

6. If you get water in boots, waders, or gloves, stop work immediately.and.get.dry.clothing

7..Operate.slowly.and.carefully..Footing.in.most..streams.is poor, and most falls often occur when operators are hurrying.

Boat saFEty1. Ground the generator to the boat hull.2. Be sure that all the metal parts on the boat are bonded

to.each.other.electrically.3. Run all cables through electrical conduit, or use a

heavy-duty rubber-covered cord recommended for wet.locations.

4..Make.all.electrical.connections.in.water-tight.junction.boxes.

5..Each.dip.netter. should.have.his.own.foot. switch.to control the output. The switch should be wired in series with the emergency off switch of the boat operator.

6. When wading with a boat, even in shallow water, chest waders should be worn. An operator may trip, end.up.in.a.kneeling.or.sitting.position.in.the.water.and.receive.a.shock.

7. All crew members must be alert Operators who control the power switch must be constantly aware of the netters in the electrical field.

do's & don'ts

do’s:1. Always be sure that all personnel are clear of the

electrodes before turning on the power.2. Know how to administer first aid treatment for

electrical.shock.3. Wear flotation devices.4. Have electrical circuits checked only by qualified

technicians.5. Disconnect the power supply when the electrofisher

is.not.in.use...

don’ts:1. Don’t electrofish alone!2. Don’t continue to electrofish if your boots or gloves

get.wet.inside.3. Don’t operate an electrofisher if you have had any

prior.heart.ailments.4. Don’t operate generators without covers or screens.5. Don’t operate generators without a spark arrester.

�52006. . www.smith-root.com


IntrodUCtIon to ELECtroFIshInGFor many years it has been known that fish react to electric current passed through water. Electricity was first used for fishing in 1863 when a British patent was granted. Major efforts to apply electricity as a tool in fisheries management.did.not.occur.until.after.1950..Since.then.detailed studies have been made on the physiological effects.of.electricity.on.aquatic.organisms.

rEsPonsE oF FIsh to ELECtrICItyTo collect fish by electrical means we must create an electrified zone of sufficient amplitude to stun fish. In the basic electrofishing circuit, shown in Figure 1, a current is passed between submerged electrodes. A fish between these electrodes forms part of a closed circuit and some current flows through its body.The effectiveness of the electrofisher is affected by nine

factors: voltage, electrode shape, water conductivity, water temperature, conductivity of the stream bed, fish’s distance, size, species, and time in the field.If these environmental factors are too far out of line, poor electrofishing will result. To some extent, the effects of changes in water conductivity may be compensated for by changing the output voltage.

watEr CondUCtIvItyThe conductivity of the water and that of the fish’s flesh are the factors that affect electrofishing most. The.conductivity.of.water.depends.on. the.quantity.of. dissolved. salts. and. minerals. in. the. water.. The.conductivity of potable waters in the United States ranges from 20 to 2,000 microSiemens/cc. Sufficient current at realistic power levels will flow through water in this range to electrofish successfully.Figure 2 illustrates the field patterns caused by the presence of a fish in water. In (a) no distortion is caused by the presence of the fish. In low conductivity water, (b), the distortion of the electric field is such that the voltage near the fish is less than it was before the fish was.present..The.reverse.is.true.in.(c).where.the.water.conductivity is more than that of the fish. In this case the distortion is caused by the current concentrating in the water surrounding the fish. In both (b) and (c) not as much power is transferred into the fish’s body as in (a).

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Volts

2V

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Volts

8V

b. Fish more conductive c. Water more conductive

100mm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Volts

5.3V

a. Equal conductivities

53mm

Electrode

Water

Electrical Field

Voltage Source

Electrode

Figure1.Thebasicelectrofishingcircuit.

Figure2.Electricfieldpatternscausedbyfish.



Low CondUCtIvIty watErDistilled.water.is.a.very.good.insulator..It.has.a.conductivity.range.of.0.5.to.5.0.microSiemens/cc..If.a.normal.voltage.is applied in distilled water, very little current will flow. Power flow is too low to be effective for electrofishing. The current passing through a fish decreases as the power flow decreases. To get the same response from fish, the current can be maintained by either increasing the voltage, or by keeping the resistance low.If a higher voltage is used, up to 1,200 volts may be necessary. High voltages create three problems, special electrical equipment is required, safety is reduced for the operators, and conditions are lethal for fish close to electrodes..The resistance can be kept low by increasing the size of the electrodes. The only limitations to this are the availability of larger electrodes, and the weight of electrode that can be handled by the operator.

hIGh CondUCtIvIty watErHigh conductivity is over 2,000 microSiemens/cc. If a high voltage is applied, most current will flow easily through the water and the fish will hardly be affected. The electric current follows the path of least resistance and bypasses the fish completely. Therefore use low voltages and high currents. Currents as high as 60 amps are common, the limiting factor being the rating of the power-supply. Some brackish water and industrial waste water have conductivities over 10,000 microSiemens/cc. Here smaller power-supplies are unable to deliver enough power to stun fish. Waters in this range can only be electrofished effectively.with.the.larger.model.GPPs..The Smith-Root 7.5 GPP outputs 62 amps through 8 gauge stranded cables. This unit can stun large fish in the interface between fresh and salt water. For example, Striped Bass can be stunned for taking brood stock. Theoretically high conductivity could be dealt with by using smaller electrodes, but this would reduce the range.and.also.create.damaging.current.densities.near.the.anode.

FIsh CondUCtIvItyA fish will receive the maximum shock through its body when.the.conductivity.of.the.water.is.the.same.as.the.conductivity of the fish’s flesh. Unfortunately, this is rarely.the.case..

Fish flesh conductivity ranges from 500 to 1,500 microSiemens/cc.. Each. species. has. a. different.conductivity. This affects their susceptibility to electric current..Conductivities for some fish species are:Trout 1,220 microSiemens/ccPerch 1,089 microSiemens/ccCarp... 870.. microSiemens/ccGrudgeon. 814.. microSiemens/cc E. Halsband - Vilbert 1967

FIsh sIZEAmong fish of the same species, the larger fish are more sensitive to electrical currents. Fish absorb power as a function of body surface area. This is important to remember if you are shocking for small fish and large fish are also present. The large fish are going to receive a much greater shock than the small fish.

tEMPEratUrEWater. conductivity. and.effective. fish. conductivity.increase.with.higher.temperature.Conductivities reported for Carp: 5°. 372.. microSiemens/cc10°.543.. microSiemens/cc15°.714.. microSiemens/cc20° 1,026 microSiemens/cc25° 1,969 microSiemens/ccWhitney.and.Pierce.1957

sUBstratECertain bottom substrates will conduct electrical current. These weaken the electric field in the water, making fish capture.less.effective..

adJUstInG thE voLtaGEBy adjusting the output voltage, the effects of the water’s conductivity on electrofishing can be reduced.The current flowing through the water is directly related to the voltage applied. The higher the voltage, the greater the current will be.



When.adjusting. the.output.voltage. the.major.consideration is the power being used. This is especially true for battery powered electrofishers. Power is equal to the voltage multiplied by the.current..When. figuring. the.power. for.an.electrofisher, the fact that it is usually putting out pulsed DC must be taken into consideration. The instantaneous power during a pulse may be quite high, but if the electrofisher is only producing pulses at a 25% duty cycle, the average power would be approximately 25% of the instantaneous power.

tyPEs oF CUrrEnt

aLtErnatInG CUrrEntAlternating.Current.(AC).is.an.electrical.current.in which the direction of current flow reverses a number of times per second.In an AC field, the fish takes a position transverse to the electrical field lines and attempts to face the anode and cathode successively, in rhythm with. the.AC. cycle..When. the. field. strength.increases, tetany occurs, and the fish is stunned. Strong contractions of the body muscles make the fish feel rigid. At high voltages, the larger fish may be killed, the muscular contractions being so severe that vertebrae are fractured and the brain damaged. Hence AC electrofishing is only successful with small fish in low conductivity water .

dIrECt CUrrEntDirect. Current. (DC). is. the. term. given. to.electrical current that flows only in one direction. The current flows from the negative electrode (cathode).to.the.positive.electrode.(anode).The.reaction.of.fish.to.direct.current. is.quite.different.from.their.reaction.to.alternating.current..The first reaction of the fish is to turn toward the anode.and.start.to.swim.toward.it.until.it.reaches.

an.electrical.field.strong.enough.to.stun.it..Being.stunned.is.called.galvanonarcosis..The.severe.muscle.contractions.caused.by AC do not occur, and the fish recover much faster. Mortality rate.is.much.lower.with.direct.current.

PULsEd dIrECt CUrrEntEven greater anode attraction is possible with pulsed direct current. Pulsed direct current is made by interrupting steady DC.with.an.electronically.controlled.switch..The.switch.gives.several on-off pulses per second. The number of pulses per second.(pulse.frequency).and.the.on.time.(pulse.width).have.different effects on different species of fish. In a pulsed DC field a fish’s body flexes with each pulse, and returns to normal between pulses. This flexing and straightening accentuates the involuntary swimming towards the anode, called galvanotaxis..

Smith-Root Programmable Output Waveforms give you complete control over your electrofisher output. This patented method of synthesizing waveforms makes it possible to produce virtually any waveform, so you can select the one that is safest for the fish. POW allows you to create narrow pulses to achieve the.same.results.as.wide.pulses..Narrower.pulses.put.less.power.into the water. This has three benefits: you have less chance of damage to the fish, your battery or fuel lasts longer, and you can.work.in.very.conductive.water.that.overloads.conventional.electrofishers.

rEsPonsE oF FIsh to dC FIELdsAn electric field in water can be considered to have three separate areas. The outer peripheral area is a weak field that the fish is indifferent to. The next area, closer to the electrodes, has a stronger electrical field, but not enough to stun the fish. In this area, the involuntary swimming action will occur and the fish will swim towards the anode. The innermost area has the strongest electrical field, and the fish within it are immobilized.

Zone of IndifferenceWhen electrofishing first starts fish are usually hiding up to three meters away, so high power is required to attract them out of hiding. But as the fish nears the anode, high power can injure it.

Galvanotaxis:InpulsedDCafish'sbodyflexeswitheachpulse.

straight flexed straight flexed straight

+0

off on off on off



Zone of Potential Fish Injury

Fish.close.to.the.anode.receive.a.very.high.head-to-tail.voltage..Most.fish injuries occur within half a meter from the anode. This is called the Zone of potential fish injury. We can minimize the injury by reducing.the.time.the.electricity.is.turned.on..

duty-Cycle

Duty-cycle.is.the.percent.of.on-time..It.is.a.product.of.the.pulse.width.and the pulse frequency. The duty-cycle can be lowered in three ways: by reducing the pulse width, by reducing the pulse frequency, or by using gated bursts, where the power is off for a period between each burst of pulses. Fish close to an anode with a low duty-cycle are far less likely to be injured than with a high duty-cycle.

ELECtrodE dEsIGn

The way in which voltage and current distribute around electrofisher electrodes is complex. Figure 4 shows the field pattern created by a pair of closely spaced ring electrodes, and the voltage gradient between them. Note that the current density and voltage.gradient.are.highest.near.the.electrodes.

The.dimensions.of.the.electrodes.are.very.important.in determining the voltage distribution around electrofisher electrodes. Figure 5 compares a 10cm and.a.20cm.ring.anode.carrying.200.volts.in.open.water. The cathode dimension is considered to be infinite. Note that the 20cm anode reaches out much

As the fish nears the anode it receives a very high head-to-tail voltage.

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.2

50 28018 306.25 9.5

Field Intensity, V/cm

Distance from anode, m

Voltage across fish

120 4 0 070402212.56.25

GoodGalvanotaxis

1.0m2.0m3.0m

Zone ofPotential

InjuryLimitedGalvanotaxis

60

10

20

30

40

50

DU

TY

CY

CLE

%

0

TIME

Varying Width Pulses

Varying Frequency Pulses

ON

OFF

0.5m

Ano

de

DISTANCE

ON

OFF

Duty Cycle

2 4 6 8 10 120 14

Fish Attraction to Anode



further, producing a 33 volt potential at 1.2 meter. But.the.10cm.anode.produces.the.same.potential.at.only.0.6.meter.from.the.electrode.Figure.6.further.illustrates.the.effect.of.electrode.diameter..The.voltage.is.applied.head-to-tail.to.a.20cm long fish. The applied voltage is 200 volts with.10cm.and.20cm.diameter.ring-electrodes..Note that the 20cm electrode reaches out farther, producing 7 volts head-to-tail between 1.0 and 1.2 meter.from.the.electrode;.as.opposed.to.only.4.volts.for.the.smaller.electrode.at.the.same.distance..Note also that the voltage the fish receives closer to.the.electrode.is.less.for.the.larger.electrode.(100.volts.instead.of.144.volts)..Larger.electrode.thus.offers two advantages: greater range, and lower maximum.gradient..One drawback is that a larger electrode also has greater circuit loading, and thus draws more current. for. the. same.voltage. (twice. as.much.for the double size electrode). Thus, a larger electrode.requires.a.larger.generator..This.dictates.

Figure 4. The field pattern, and the variation of gradient between two electrodes.

Distance

Ele

ctro

de V

olta

ge

Gradient

Current lines Constant voltage lines

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2Distance from electrode centers (meters)

volts

1r 2r 3r 4r 5r

200 100 66 50 40

200 100 66 50 40 33

1r 2r 3r 4r 5r

33

10cm

20cm

volts

Figure5.Comparisonoftwosizesofanode.

Figure6.Comparisonofeffectsoftwosizesofanode.

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

volts

1r 2r 3r 4r 5r

200 100 66 50 40 33

200 100 66 50 40 33

1r 2r 3r 4r 5r 6r 7r 8r 9r 10r

28 25 22 20 18

100 44 16 10 7

144 4volts

Distance from electrode centers (meters)

10cm

20cm

a practical upper limit on electrode size for a given generator and water conductivity. Except for this limitation, the larger the electrode, the better the fishing effectiveness and the easier it is on the fish.Figure 7 shows that larger electrodes increase the fish collection area. The shaded areas have a voltage gradient between 0.12 and 1.2 volts per cm, and are suitable for electrofishing. The applied.voltage.is.300.volts.

ELECtrodE BEhavIor1. Larger electrodes have lower resistance, need more current

at given voltage, reach out farther, and have lower maximum voltage.gradient.



2 4 6 44 46 48Distance from center of anode (meters)

00

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

50

Tota

l vol

tage

Suf

ficie

nt

gr

adie

nt z

one

Cathode Indentical to anode: 600V, 6.3kW

0.5m2 grid cathode: 350V, 3.7kW

10m2 wire netting cathode: 310V, 3.2kW

ano

de

cath

od

e

Figure 8. Variation of voltage for three kinds of anode.

The required voltage is reduced by diminishing the resistance of the cathode field. This compensates for.the.reduced.resistance.so.that.the.current.does.not. vary..The. power. consumption. is. directly.proportional.to.the.voltage.used..One.advantage.of.a.large.cathode.is.that.the.risk.of.accidental.electrocution.is.much.reduced..A.large.cathode.has.very.low.potential.with.respect.to.the.soil.and.the.water.around.it..The.resistance.between the cathode and the water is halved each time the surface of the cathode is doubled. For example, a 100 square foot cathode would need another.100.square.foot.added.to.pass.from.9.to.4.5.ohm..However.a.cathode.larger.than.100.square feet would be inconvenient to handle for shore-side electrofishing.Figure.9.compares.small.and.a.large.cathodes..With a standard grid cathode, the anode voltage falls.distinctly.from.324.to.265.volts.when.using.two.anodes..However.with. a.very. large.wire.netting cathode efficiency falls only slightly from 324.to.302.volts.when.using.two.anodes.For shore-side operations, the cathode surface presents.the.least.resistance.when.it.is.divided.into.several.parts.placed.several.meters.apart..An.electrode.is.more.effective.when.its.form.is.least.concentrated. For example, a 3'x12' strip is more effective.than.a.square.of.6'x6'.

Figure7.Largeranodesincreasethefishingarea.

10cm

20cm

35cm

60cm

Ele

ctro

de d

iam

eter

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

16.63m2

12.57m2

10.18m2

6.16m2

Distance from electrode centers (meters)

2. Small electrodes pose a hazard to fish because of high current.density.and.voltage.gradient.

3. Electrodes placed farther apart use less current, but the savings.are.not.large..

4.. The.resistance.of.an.electrode.varies.in.direct.proportion.to.water.resistivity.

rInG ELECtrodEs1. Once spacing exceeds 10 radii, the distance between

electrodes is insignificant.2. The region affected by the electrode is limited to 5 to 10

radii.3. Electrode.resistance.is.primarily.dependent.on.electrode.

radius, and varies in inverse proportion to radius.4. For ring electrodes, the cross section diameter of the ring

material.is.of.little.importance..If.the.ratio.of.cross.section.diameter.to ring radius is held constant, resistance varies inversely.with.ring.radius.

CathodEsIn electrofishing it is desirable to have a high voltage gradient around the anode, and a low voltage gradient around the cathode.Figure 8 shows variation of voltage, as a function of the distance from the fishing anode, for three types of cathode. It shows that it.is.advantageous.to.have.the.potential.of.the.water.as.near.as.possible to that of the cathode.



Figure 10 illustrates the variation in both voltage and gradient between the electrodes. Whenever possible, the cathode should be placed in.parts.of.the.stream.that.you.do.not.wish.to.fish, or even in parts completely separated from the stream itself. The anode should never be allowed.to.come.close.to.where.the.cathode.is.located..

Boat CathodesMany aluminum electrofishing boats use the boat hull as the cathode and the boom electrodes as the anode..This.is.perfectly.safe.as.long.as.you.never.come.in.contact.with.the.anode.and.complete.the.electrical.circuit..The.National.Safety.Council.in.their.data.sheet.#1-696-85.does.not.recommend.using the boat hull as the cathode, but we have yet to hear of any accidents occurring because of.it.Figure 11 shows a Smith-Root tote barge designed.for.stream.wading.operations..Note.the large cathode plate attached to the bottom of the fiberglass hull. The anode is a pair of ring electrodes about 28cm (11") in diameter mounted on fiberglass poles. With this arrangement, the resistance.of. the.anode.pair. is.four. times.the.

cathode resistance. Thus, four times as much voltage. appears. in. the. anode. field. as. in. the.cathode field, and consequently 80% of the applied.voltage.appears.at.each.electrode..

The situation could be further improved by enlarging the cathode, but a point of diminishing returns is reached. Doubling the cathode size would halve the cathode resistance and give an 8 to 1 ratio between anode and cathode resistance. Now 88% of.the.voltage.would.appear.at.the.anode..This.is.only.an.8%.improvement, and is not worth the additional physical problems associated.with.the.larger.cathode.The SR-6 field tested with two 28cm anodes and a voltage of 240 volts, showed good fishing effectiveness in 400 microSiemens/cc.conductivity.with.a.current.of.3.to.4.amperes..In lower conductivities of 40 microSiemens/cc, a current of 1 to 1.5 amp is effective. This data may serve as a useful bench-mark.to.judge.whether.a.unit.is.operating.under.conditions.such.that fish should be caught. If the electrical performance is close to this reference point, and fish are not being caught, it is safe to conclude there are few fish in the area.

35 9 9resistance ohms

of anode field 90 50 90 50between anode and cathode 125 85 99 59

Potential difference voltsbetween cathode and water 126 185 32 54

324 265 324 302

a. oneanode

standard 0.5m2

grid cathode

b. twoanodes anode anodes

Large wire- netting cathode

Figure 9. Comparison of two sizes of cathode.

326450 450 356

3.61.62

5.92.38

3.61.28

6.02.15

between anode and water

c. one d. two

total

Current ampsPower kilowatts

35of cathode

Resistivity of the water in all cases=143µmho/cm

Figure9.Comparisonoftwosizesofcathode.

Figure11.BottommountedcathodeplateonSR-6.

2 4 46 48

Tota

l pot

entia

l (vo

lts)

Distance from center of anode (meters)

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0.5

3.5

An

od

e

Cat

ho

de P

oten

tial g

radi

ent (

volts

/cm

)

Potential

Gradient00

100

200

300

Figure 10. Variation of potential and gradient.Figure10.Variationofpotentialandgradient.



FIELd tEChnIqUEsAn operator engaged in electrofishing must wade or float, depending.upon.the.depth.and.swiftness.of.the.water..

wadInGIn.shallow.slow-moving.waters.the.operators.can.wade.and.probe the anode into likely fish habitat. Wading upstream eliminates the effects of turbidity caused by bottom sediment. Furthermore, if collections are for food habitat study, stunned prey are not swept downstream and consumed by predators. Fish that manage to escape are often captured a.short.distance.downstream..Closing.a.stream.with.seine.nets.at.each.end.of.the.study.area.helps.prevent.the.loss.of.stunned and frightened fish.

BoatsBoat.electrofishers.are.used.in.lakes.and.in.streams.that.are.too.deep.or.swift.to.wade..Boats.have.the.advantage.of.being able to carry large generators and holding tanks for the stunned fish. Electrofishing boats typically have two insulated booms extending from the bow. From the end of the booms electrodes hang into the water. Usually one boom is used as the anode and the other as the cathode. The boat operator guides the boat while the electrofishing crew activates the electrofisher when approaching likely habitat.

nIGht FIshInGElectrofishing at night with lights is five to ten times more effective than daytime fishing, especially in lakes. In streams the reflection of the spotlight on the ruffled surface makes the fish difficult to see. Boats have flood lights on the bow to attract the fish and to help locate stunned fish.

sUrPrIsECollecting can be enhanced by introducing the element of surprise through intermittent fishing. The intensity of the anode’s peripheral field often frightens fish, causing them to bolt and hide. Do not work with the power on continuously, but turn it on only in likely habitats. Fish can be enticed from under areas of heavy cover or ice by inserting a portable anode, turning the power on, and withdrawing the anode slowly and smoothly. Fish will follow the anode, under the influence of galvanotaxis, into the open where they can be netted.

CLarIty and dEPthClarity of the water limits the ease of capturing fish. The length of the dip net handles and the visibility of the fish limit the depth of effective electrofishing. In general, waters over ten feet deep cannot be sampled effectively. For daytime fishing polarized sunglasses help in locating stunned fish.

vEGEtatIonAquatic vegetation grows better from certain substrates and can hinder electrofishing by fouling electrodes and entangling stunned fish.

watEr vELoCItyElectrofishing in flowing water is not as effective as in still water, since fish are swept away from the electric field and netting is more difficult. Also, it is more difficult to see a fish in fast flowing water, and operators.can.loose.their.footing..Flows.greater.than.5 feet per second usually produce poor electrofishing efficiencies..



REFERENCES The following are books, research papers, and other references on various aspects of electrofishing. The ideas and findings presented in them form the basis for much of the current practice in electrofishing.

1. Bryan R. Cowdell and Richard A. Valdez, 1994 “Effects of Pulsed DC Electrofishing on Adult Roundtail Chub from the Colorado River in Colorado,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 14

2. I. G. Cowx and P. Lamarque, 1990, “Fishing With Electricity—Applications.in.Freshwater.Fisheries.Management,” Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd. lSBN 0-85238-167-0

3. L. G. Cowx, 1990 “Developments in Electrofishing,” Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Publications Ltd..lSBN.0-85238-166-2

4. N.G. Sharber and S.W. Carothers, 1988 “Influence of Electrofishing Pulse Shape on Spinal Injuries in Adult Rainbow Trout,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 8: 117-122

5. Michael A. Bozek and Frank J. Rahel, 1991 “Comparison of Streamside Visual Counts to Electrofishing Estimates of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout Fry and Adults,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 11

6. D. W. Novotny and G. R. Priegel, 1971 “A Guideline for Portable Direct Current Electrofishing Systems,” Technical Bulletin No. 5l, Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin

ELECtROf�SH�NG REfERENCE & tRA�N�NG MAtER�ALS

7. D. E. Snyder and S. A. Johnson, 1991 “Indexed Bibliography of Electrofishing Literature,” Larval Fish Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

8. M. Burridge and G. Goodchild, 1988 “A Bibliography of Electrofishing,” Ministry of Natural Resources, Fisheries Branch, Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

9. Alec G. Maule and Matthew G. Mesa, 1994 “Efficacy of Electrofishing to Assess Plasma Cortisol Concentration in Juvenile.Chinook.Salmon.passing.Hydroelectric.Dams.on.the Columbia River,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 14

10. N.G. Sharber, S.W. Carothers, J.P. Sharber, J.C. DeVos, D.A. House, 1994 “Reducing Electrofishing-Induced Injury of Rainbow Trout,” North American Journal of Fisheries.Management..14

11. Jeffery C. Barnet and Gary D. Grossman, 1988 “Effects of Direct Current Electrofishing on the Mottled Sculpin,” North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 8

GPP tROUbLESHOOt�NGKOHLER SHORE MOdEL

Contents

Check Generator AC Voltages.......................................... 27

Test for Continuity and High Voltage Output................... 28

Test.GPP.Control.Box....................................................... 29

Test.GPP.Control.Box-.Cont............................................. 30

Building.a.Test.Load......................................................... 31

5.0.GPP.Wiring.Diagram.................................................. 32



�7www.smith-root.com


PROBLEM: NO OUTPUT FROM GPP ELECTROFISHER

Procedure A: Check Generator 12 AC Voltages (all models)

GPP Electrofishers have two 500-watt accessory 12 Volt AC windings.

•.Set the GPP Control Box Voltage rangeswitch.to.off..Adjust.generator.engine.speed.to 3600 RPM using a vibrating tachometer which is available at most small engine shops.

•.Check the 12 Volts AC using an AC Voltmeter (See Fig. A.1).

They should read approx.14.5 Volts, 60Hz.

-5.0 GPP Only:•.Check the 12 Volts AC on the output

connector. Pairs: 5 & 6 (See Fig. A.2).

If the Voltages are OK, go to procedure B.

.

If 12 Volts AC are not present, check winding resistances per table on wiring diagrams (pgs. 32-33)..

Fig. A.1V

Fig. A.2

5

6

12

345

67

IMPORTANT!High Voltages are present when Generator is running. Only qualified personnel

should attempt High Voltage measurements. We suggest forming a barricadearound the test area and posting appropriate High Voltage warning signs.

! ! ! !

��www.smith-root.com


SHUT DOWN GENERATOR!.Check.all.the.connector.pairs.resistance.to.Generator.ground.

5.0 GPP: 1 & 2 / 3 & 4 (See.Fig..B.1)7.5 GPP: 1 & 2 / 3 & 4 / 5 & 6 (See.Fig..B.2)9.0 GPP: 1 & 2 / 3 & 4 / 5 & 6 (See.Fig..B.3)

All.of.the.pairs.should.show.open.or.high.resistance.(>0.5.Meg-ohm)..

•.Next, check insulation between winding pairs. If resistance measures low, the wire or generator insulation is bad.

•. With generator running, check for High Voltage on generator.connectors..(See.wiring.diagrams.at.the.end.of.this.document).

5.0 GPP: Check each of the High Voltage terminal pairs on the output connector for aprx. 360 Volts RMS AC. Pairs: 1 & 2 and 3 & 4 (See.Fig..B.1)..

7.5 GPP: Check each of the Voltage terminal pairs on both of the output connectors for approximately 115 Volts RMS AC. Pairs: 1 & 2, 3 & 4 and 5 & 6 (See.Fig..B.2).

9.0 GPP: Check each of the Voltage terminal pairs on both of the output connectors for approximately 67 Volts RMS AC. Pairs: 1 & 2, 3 & 4 and 5 & 6 (See.Fig. B.3). Also, check for 115 Volts RMS AC on the smaller 2-pin connector.

If the Voltages are OKAY, go to procedure C.

IMPORTANT!High Voltages are present when Generator is running. Only qualified personnel

should attempt High Voltage measurements. We suggest forming a barricadearound the test area and posting appropriate High Voltage warning signs.

! ! ! !

12

345

67

1&2

3&4

12

345

67

3&4

5&6

1&2

12

345

67

3&4

5&6

1&2

1&3 13

42

Procedure B: Test for Continuity and High Voltage AC Output

Fig. B.1

Fig. B.2

Fig. B.3

.5.0.GPP

9.0.GPP

7.5.GPP


GPP tROUbLESHOOt�NGKOHLER SHORE MOdELProcedure C: Test GPP Control Box

A B C

Fig. C.1

Fig. C.2

Fig. C.3

Fig. C.4

Connector Audio Alarm Bd.

A

B

D

C 4-Pin male plugas seen from end

Audio Alarm board is located on inside chassis of 5.0 GPP, and on inside of rear panel on 7.5 and 9.0. Observe correct Connector orientation when reattaching.

5 AmpFast-BlowFuse

•.Test.a.single.or.dual. foot.switch.pedal.using.an.ohmmeter..Carefully.connect. the.ohmmeter.connectors. to.pins. (A.&.B).on.the.4-Pin.male.plug..Use.care.to..not.allow.the.ohmmeter.connectors.to.touch.when.connecting.them.to.the.pins.on.the.4-Pin.male.plug..(See.Fig.C.1).•.The.ohmmeter.should.measure.OPEN.ohms.with.the.switch.off and ZERO ohms with the switch on. If it does not you may have a broken wire or a bad switch inside the pedal. If foot switch is inoperative, return to Smith-Root, Inc. for service. Test. dual. foot. switches. with. an. ohmmeter. using. the. same.method as shown above. Connect the ohmmeter to pins (A.&.B).on.the.4-Pin.connector.for.switch.#1.and.to.pins.(C.&.D).for.switch.#2.(See.Fig..C.1)..•.Connect.the.generator.to.GPP.Control.Box.•.Connect.the.foot.switch.to.GPP.Control.Box.• Connect a test load to output cables (see Procedure E).WARNING! Keep all personnel clear of the Test Load while the generator is running!•.Switch.mode.switch.to.120.PPS.• Turn Percent of Range to 50%.• Switch the output Voltage selector to low range.• Switch the “Emergency Shutdown Switch” to OFF position (See Fig. C.2, A).•.Start.the.generator.• Switch the “Emergency Shutdown Switch” to ON position (See Fig. C.2, B).•.Press.the.foot.switches.• The red light (See Fig. C.2, C) on the front panel should now be illuminated and the amp meter should indicate amperage.•..If.the.red.light.is.not.illuminated.and.the.amp.meter..indicates no amperage: . •.Turn.the.generator.off.. • Check the light bulb. • Check the Fuse on the GPP main circuit board . ...(See.Fig..C.3).Replace fuse if blown. A blown fuse may indicate a short in the Audio Alarm. Disconnect the Audio Alarm (See Fig. C.4) before retesting.

Return to start of Procedure C. If Red light and amp meter indicates output go to Procedure D.



Procedure D: Test GPP Control Box

•.Maintain.GPP.settings.from.Procedure.C.•.Start.the.generator.•.Press.foot.switches.•.When the Red Light (See Fig. D.1, A) is illuminated, the “Current Meter” (See Fig. D.1, B) should show amperage and the “Seconds Counter” (See Fig. D.1, C) should be counting.•.If there is no display in the seconds counter, replace the “N” cell batteries in the counter *(See Fig. D.2). •.Adjusting the “Percent of Range” (See Fig. D.1, D) up to.100%.will.increase.the.amperage.shown.on.the.Current.Meter.•.Set the “Percent of Range” to 50%.•.Switch the “Mode” switch (See Fig. D.1, G) from 120 PPS to 60 PPS. The amperage should drop by half.CAUTION: Never switch the Voltage Range while the output is ON.•.Retest settings in the high range.

NOTE: If output current is absent return the Control Box to Smith-Root, Inc.

* The “N” cell batteries should be replaced EVERY five years (See Fig. D.2).

+

+

Fig. D.2

Fig. D.1

ABCD

Counter Module battery compartment accessible from back of control panel

F



Procedure E: Build a Test Load

WARNING – KEEP ALL PERSONNEL CLEAR OF TEST LOAD WHILE GENERATOR RUNNING.

• Construct a test load using a plastic bucket with the metal handle.removed.(Fig..E.1).• Connect the test load to the GPP Electrofisher as shown (Fig..E.2).• Add tap water to the bucket.• Set the “Mode Switches” on the GPP Control Box to AC & 120.PPS/.60.AC.•.Start.the.generator.• Control the GPP output with the “Emergency Shut Down” switch.or.Foot.switch.• By turning the “Percent of Range” control up to 100% and checking the amp meter on the GPP Control Box, the correct load can be determined. See below:

•.The.amp.meter.will.increase.to.the.maximum.as.you.turn.up.the “Percent of Range”.• The load may be increased by slowly adding table salt to the water in the bucket.• If the load is too great for the range selected, the GPP will operate.erratically.•.If.the.amp.meter.starts.to.show.a.decrease.in.amps.or.is.erratic as the “Percent of Range” nears 100% the generator is over-loading. The water may need to be changed, or decrease the.portions.of.electrodes.immersed.in.the.water.

IMPORTANT!Danger! High Voltage is present during test load procedure.

Every effort should be made to keep all personnel away from test load bucket. It may be necessary to form a barricade around testing area and post appropriate signs

warning of High Voltage.

! ! ! !

Water

From Anode

Plastic Bucket

Aluminum PlateFrom Cathode

Output Plug of GPP

Ring Lugs bolted to PlatesFig. E.2

Fig. E.1

Maximum GPP Amperage (2.5 - 5.0)Model High Low

2.55.0

8 Amps16 Amps

4 Amps8 Amps

7.5 120 V 170 V 62.5 A31.3 A20.8 A10.4 A

240 V360 V720 V

340 V500 V

1000 V150 A60 V 85 V75 A120 V 170 V

37.5 A240 V 340 V18.8 A480 V 680 V

9.0

Maximum GPP Amperage (7.5 - 9.0)Model DCAC Amperage



5.0 GPP Generator Stator Wiring

2

2

1

7

8

9

10

11

12

5

5

3

3

7 6

6

GPP Connector

Ground12V Connectors

12V Connectors

4

4

1

350V

12VAC

12VAC

350V 2.4 Ohms

2.4 Ohms

0.2 Ohms

0.2 Ohms

5.0 GPPGenerator.Terminals1 - 2 = 115 Volts @ 883 VARespectively through11 - 12 = 115 Volts @ 883 VA

(Pairings.of.Odd.#.on.Left.&.Even.#.on Right.)

All Wires to GPP Connector14 Ga.

14 Ga.

10 Ga.

[email protected] wires 12 Volts @ 500 VAWhite wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA

Voltage Regulation WindingsB1.to.B2 0.2.Ohms44.to.33 6.2.Ohms55.to.33 2.7.Ohms

Rotor to Brushes 3.7.Ohms

See Kohler OEM Manual TP-5985 and Kohler Service Manual TP-5986 for additional.information




7.5 GPP Generator.Terminals1 - 2 = 115 Volts @ 1250 VARespectively through11 - 12 = 115 Volts @ 1250 VA

(Pairings.of.Odd.#.on.Left.&.Even # on Right.)

2 1

5 3

7 6

4

2

2

1

7

8

9

10

11

12

5

5

3

3

7 6

6

GPP Connector

Ground12V Connectors

12V Connectors

4

4

1

GPP Connector

12VAC

12VAC

115V

115V

115V

115V

115V

115V

0.8 Ohms

0.8 Ohms

0.8 Ohms

0.8 Ohms

0.8 Ohms

0.8 Ohms

0.2 Ohms

0.2 Ohms

*All Wires to GPP Connectors14 Ga.





10 Ga.




9.0 GPP Generator.Terminals1 - 2 = 67 Volts @ 1500 VARespectively through11 - 12 = 67 Volts @ 1500 VA

(Pairings.of.Odd.#.on.Left.&.Even.# on Right.)

123

4

2 1

5 3

7 6

4

2

2

1

7

8

9

10

11

12

5

5

3

3

7 6

6

GPP Connector

4-Pin Connector Ground

12V Connectors

12V Connectors

4

4

1

88

89

GPP Connector

12VAC

12VAC

110VAC

67V

67V

67V

67V

67V

67V


4-Pin.Connector110 Volts AC

*All Wires to GPP Connectors12 Ga.




10 Ga.

MAINTENANCENOTES

WARRANTY

Smith-Root, Inc. original products have a 1-Year Limited Warranty.

Smith-Root, Inc. warrants that it’s Products are free from defects in material and workmanship that result in Product failure during normal usage, according to the following terms and conditions:

1. The limited warranty for the Product extends for the length of ownership beginning on the date of the purchase of the Product by the original purchaser (“Consumer”) of the Product and is not assignable or transferable to any subsequent purchaser or user.2. The limited warranty extends only to Consumers who purchase the Product from Smith-Root, Inc. or an authorized distributor.3. During the 1-year limited warranty period, Smith-Root, Inc. will repair, or replace, at Smith-Root, Inc.’s sole option, any defective parts, or any parts that will not properly operate for their intended use with new or refurbished replacement items if such repair or replacement is needed because of product malfunction or failure during normal usage. No charge will be made to the Consumer for any such parts. Smith-Root, Inc. will also pay for the labor charges incurred by Smith-Root, Inc. in repairing or replacing the defective parts. The limited warranty does not cover defects in appearance, cosmetic, labels or structural items, including framing, and any non-operative parts. Smith-Root, Inc.’s limit of liability under the limited warranty shall be the actual cash value of the Product at the time the Consumer returns the Product for repair, determined by the price paid by the Consumer for the Product less a reasonable amount for usage. Smith-Root, Inc. shall not be liable for any other losses or damages. These remedies are the Consumer’s exclusive remedies for breach of warranty.4. Upon request from Smith-Root, Inc., the Consumer must prove the date of the original purchase of the Product by a dated bill of sale or dated itemized receipt.5. The Consumer shall bear the cost of shipping the Product to Smith-Root, Inc. Smith-Root, Inc. shall bear the cost of shipping the Product back to the Consumer.after.the.completion.of.service.under.this.limited.warranty.6. The Consumer shall have no coverage or benefits under this limited warranty if any of the following conditions are applicable:a) The Product has been subjected to abnormal use, abnormal conditions, improper storage, exposure to moisture or dampness, unauthorized modifications, unauthorized connections, unauthorized repair, misuse, neglect, abuse, accident, alteration, improper installation, or other acts which are not the fault of Smith-Root, Inc., including damage caused by shipping.b) The product has been damaged from external causes such as collision with an object, or from fire, flooding, sand, dirt, windstorm, lightening, earthquake or damage from exposure to weather conditions, an Act of God, or battery leakage, theft, blown fuse, or improper use of any electrical source, or damage caused by the connection to other products not recommended for interconnection by Smith-Root, Inc.c) Smith-Root, Inc. was not advised in writing by the Consumer of the alleged defect or malfunction of the Product within fifteen (15) days after the expiration of the applicable limited warranty period.d) The Product serial number plate or the accessory data code has been removed, defaced or altered.7. If a problem develops during the limited warranty period, the Consumer shall take the following step-by-step procedure:a) The Consumer shall return the Product to Smith-Root, Inc. for repair or replacement processing.b) The Consumer contacts the Customer Service Department at Smith-Root, Inc., at the number listed on the bottom of this page, for repair or replacement processing.c).The.Consumer.shall.ship.the.Product.prepaid.and.insured..Expenses.related.to.removing.the.Product.from.an.installation.are.not.covered.under.this.limited.warranty.d) The Consumer will be billed for any parts or labor charges not covered by this limited warranty. The Consumer will be responsible for any expenses related to.reinstallation.of.the.Product.e) Smith-Root, Inc. will repair the Product under the limited warranty within 30 days after receipt of the Product. If Smith-Root, Inc. cannot perform repairs covered under this limited warranty within 30 days, or after a reasonable number of attempts to repair the same defect, Smith-Root, Inc. at its sole option, will provide a replacement Product or refund the purchase price of the Product less a reasonable amount for usage.f) If the Product is returned during the limited warranty period, but the problem with the Product is not covered under the terms and conditions of this limited warranty, the Consumer will be notified and given an estimate of the charges the Consumer must pay to have the Product repaired, with all shipping charges billed to the Consumer. If the estimate is refused, the Product will be returned freight collect. If the Product is returned after the expiration of the limited warranty period, Smith-Root, Inc.’s normal service policies shall apply and the Consumer will be responsible for all shipping charges.8. The Product consists of newly assembled equipment that may contain used components that have been reprocessed to allow machine compliance with Product performance and reliability specifications.9. ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE DURATION OF THE FOREGOING LIMITED WRITTEN WARRANTY. OTHERWISE, THE FOREGOING LIMITED WARRANTY IS THE CONSUMER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. SMITH-ROOT, INC. SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF ANTICIPATED BENEFITS OR PROFITS, LOSS OF SAVINGS OR REVENUE, PUNITIVE DAMAGES, LOSS OF USE OF THE PRODUCT OR ANY ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, COST OF CAPITAL, COST OF ANY SUBSTITUTE EQUIPMENT OR FACILITIES, DOWNTIME, THE CLAIMS OF ANY THIRD PARTIES, INCLUDING CUSTOMERS, AND INJURY TO PROPERTY, RESULTING FROM THE PURCHASE OR USE OF THE PRODUCT OR ARISING FROM BREACH OF THE WARRANTY, BREACH OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL OR EQUITABLE THEORY, EVEN IF SMITH-ROOT, INC. KNEW OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF SUCH DAMAGES. SMITH-ROOT, INC. SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR DELAY IN RENDERING SERVICE UNDER THE LIMITED WARRANTY, OR LOSS OF USE DURING THE PERIOD THAT THE PRODUCT IS BEING REPAIRED.10. Some states do not allow limitation of how long an implied warranty lasts, so the above warranty limitation may not apply to you (the Consumer). Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental and consequential damages, so certain of the above limitations or exclusions may not apply to you (the Consumer). This limited warranty gives the Consumer specific legal rights and the Consumer may also have other rights which vary from state to state.11. Smith-Root, Inc. neither assumes nor authorizes any authorized service center or any other person or entity to assume for it any other obligation or liability beyond that which is expressly provided for in this limited warranty including the provider or seller of any extended warranty or service agreement.12. This is the entire warranty between the Smith-Root, Inc. and the Consumer, and supercedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements or understandings, oral or written, relating to the Product, and no representation, promise or condition not contained herein shall modify these terms.13. This limited warranty allocates the risk of failure of the Product between the Consumer and Smith-Root, Inc. The allocation is recognized by the Consumer and is reflected in the purchase price.14. Questions concerning this limited warranty may be directed to:

Smith-Root, Inc.14014 NE Salmon Creek Ave.

Vancouver WA, 98686

*Smith-Root, Inc. is a registered trademark of Smith-Root, Inc.

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