usepa office of research and development homeland security … · stephen reese • center for...
TRANSCRIPT
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Insert Title
USEPA Office of Research and Development
Homeland Security Research Program
Science to support water infrastructure
decontamination following a contamination incident
Jeff Szabo, John Hall, Jim Goodrich, Steve Reese and Hiba Ernst
May 8, 2018
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Presentation Outline
• EPA Homeland Security Research Overview
• Water Security Test Bed Research
– Decontamination of distribution system infrastructure with physical scouring (pigging)
– Decontamination of home plumbing
• Summary
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Program Design: A Systems Approach
to Incidents
Return to Service
Increasing resilience Cyber security for water systems
On-line monitoring of contaminants / Sensor and software testing
Contaminant fate and transport
Self help decontamination and risk reduction measuresSampling and analysis for
water and waste water
Decontamination of water infrastructure & water treatment
Wastewater treatment
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Water Security Test Bed:
• Simulates intentional and inadvertent distribution system contamination (chem, bio, rad) and disruptions (cyber-attacks)
• Supports diverse applied research
• Located at Idaho National Lab (INL) (near Idaho Falls, Idaho)
Water Security Test Bed Video: https://youtu.be/olCs_kbegBA
Water Security Test Bed
Phase I of the test bed is a once through system:
• ~445’ of 8” cement mortar lined, ductile iron pipe (water main)
• 6 × 1” service connections/sample ports, 2 hydrants
• 15’ pipe material coupon section for sampling the interior of the pipe surface
• Above ground system, underlined by secondary containment
• 28,000 gallon lagoon/high rate groundwater pump/storage tank
• ~200 ‘ of 1” Cu service line to building, with home appliance and removable plumbing pipe coupons
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Why have we invested in this
capability?
Flow
Pump House
Storage Tank
Water Security Test Bed
Premise Plumbing
WSTB Start
Upstream Sensor Box and Injection Point
Copper Service Line
Well
Downstream Sensor Box and Auto Flush Hydrant
WSTB End
Flow
Flow
28,000 Gallon Lagoon
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Operational Pictures
Injection Point
Triggered Flushing
Chlorine and TOC Sensors with Cellular Modem
8” Ductile Iron
4” Cast Iron
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Removable Coupons and Pipe Available
for Decontamination Experiments
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Pipematerialcoupons
8” ductile iron
4” cast iron33
Forty year old conveyance pipes (cement mortar lined ductile iron) servicing a decommissioned building was dug out of the ground at INL
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28,000 Gallon Lagoon, Tanker Truck
and Treatment System
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Premise Plumbing Decontamination
1” Copper Service Line to Indoor Plumbing
(~ 200’)
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WSTB Premise Plumbing
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Microbial Decontamination
• WSTB pipe was contaminated with Bacillus globigii (BG) spores – BG injected at 106 cfu/ml in the bulk water
phase
• Decontamination with chlorine dioxide– Target concentrations
• 25 mg/L per pilot experiments
• 100 mg/L in the field
– Chlorine dioxide concentration difficult to maintain due to heat and pipe demand
– Only 2-log reduction in spores compared to 5-log in the pilot scale experiments
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Bacillus globigii Experiments
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
0 10 20 30 40 50
CH
LOR
INE
DIO
XID
E C
ON
C. (
MG
/L)
ATT
AC
HED
BG
SP
OR
E D
ENSI
TY (
CFU
/IN
2)
TIME AFTER SPORE INJECTION (HR)
Attached BG and bulk water chlorine dioxide
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CH
LOR
INE
DIO
XID
E C
ON
C. (
MG
/L)
ATT
AC
HED
BG
SP
OR
E D
ENSI
TY (
CFU
/IN
2)
TIME AFTER SPORE INJECTION (HR)
Attached BG and bulk water chlorine dioxide
Cl02
Spore density
Data from Pilot Scale Decontamination Loop at EPA’s Test & Evaluation Facility
• No spores detected on cement-mortar after treatment with 25-30 mg/L Cl02
Data from Full Scale WSTB at INL
• Spores persisted on cement-mortar in the presence of up to 100 mg/L Cl02
• Pipe demand, temperature fluctuation and dead end spaces impacted decontamination
• Spores found on surfaces even after WSTB was mothballed for winter
Cl02
Spore density
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Decontamination Using Ice Pigging
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Ice Pigging
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Ice Pigging Decontamination Data
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Decontamination with Pigging
(KEG chain cutter)
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Chain Cutter Pigging
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Pipe Interior Before and After Pigging
Before pigging:
After pigging:
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BG Decon with Chain Cutter Pigging
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BG Decon with Physical Scouring
Ice Pigging (450 ft pipe)
Chain Cutter Pigging(450 ft pipe)
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Premise Plumbing Decon
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Plumbing Microbial Decontamination
• BG spores injected at 106
cfu/ml
• Disinfection and Flushing:– Amended bleach added to
plumbing and allowed to sit for 1 hour (1-part bleach:11.75-part water:1-part vinegar)
– Cold water and refrigerator flushed for 20 min (hot water off)
– Hot water heater drained, refilled, then hot water flushed for 75 min
– The flushing process was repeated the next day
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Response to Bakken Crude Oil Spills• Examined flushing and adding a surfactant as
decontamination methods• Coupons and water samples were analyzed
⁻ BTEX- Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, Xylene ⁻ ORO- Oil Range Organics ⁻ GRO -Gasoline Range Organics ⁻ DRO -Diesel Range Organics
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Bakken Crude Oil Decontamination
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Bakken Crude Oil Flushing Experiment
• Bakken Crude oil components (Benzene) were not detected on the coupon surfaces
• Flushing alone was effective to remove the soluble fraction of crude oil from the system
• Surfactant addition was unnecessary, and could be counterproductive as it did persist (surfactant may be needed for higher petroleum product loading)
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Plumbing Decontamination Data
• Bakken crude oil injected in the same manner as in the big pipe previously (water soluble fraction containing dissolved compounds)
• Flushing:– Cold water and refrigerator
flushed for 20 min (hot water off)
– Hot water heater drained, refilled, then hot water flushed for 75 min
– The flushing process was repeated the next day
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WSTB Experiments Summary
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Full-Scale 8” Pipeline BG Spore Decontamination• Only 2-log reduction in spore removal versus 5-log reduction in the pilot scale
experiments with chlorine dioxide• Temperature and disinfectant demand impeded performance at full scale• Ice pigging was not as effective as expected
− 1 to 2-Log removal at best• Physical scouring preformed better than ice pigging
-4-log spore removal with pigging and chlorination on cement mortar-Similar results on iron, but more spores left behind
Plumbing and Appliance Decontamination (BG spores and Bakken oil)• Flushing with acidified bleach solution not entirely successful at removing spores
after 2 days• Longer term/sequential flushing and sampling likely necessary to decontaminate
premise plumbing• Bakken crude was readily flushed, but some organics remained on appliances like
the dishwasher and refrigerator
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WSTB Current and Future Experiments
• Additional PFAS treatment• Detection/Decontamination of
radionuclides• Aerosolizing of biological agents
via points of use• Pipe lining technologies
Accomplished Planned Experiments
SME RecommendedFuture Opportunities
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• Persistence of Bg spores • Efficacy of Chlorine dioxide• Physical scouring of pipes• Bakken crude oil flushing• Premise plumbing decon• Wash water treatment• PFAS water treatment
• Build a larger distribution grid (2 or more city blocks)
• Evaluate other contaminants especially other types of crude oil
• Evaluate detergent impacts on premise plumbing
• Integrate cyber-security activities
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Acknowledgements
EPA
• Matthew Magnuson
• Vince Gallardo
• Lahne Mattas-Curry
• Eletha Brady-Roberts
• Ramona Sherman
INL
• Michael Carpenter
• Stephen Reese
• Center for Advanced Energy Studies (CAES)
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Thank you
Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA through its Office of Research and Development funded the research described in this presentation. It has been reviewed by the Agency but does not necessarily reflect the Agency’s views. No official endorsement should be inferred. EPA does not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial products or services. This project was supported in part by an appointment to the Internship/Research Participation Program at the National Homeland Security Research Center, Water Infrastructure Protection Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and EPA.
www.epa.gov/homeland-security-research
“Priority Activity: Improve detection, response, and recovery to contamination incidents” – 2017 Roadmap to a Secure and Resilient
Water and Wastewater Sector, Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council