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Use of Pesticides in Plant Use of Pesticides in Plant Protection with Relation to Bee Protection with Relation to Bee

Keeping Keeping Submitted by:Submitted by: KOLHE PRALHAD SARJERAO

Id.NO.15MSENT038M.Sc.(Ag) Entomology

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGYDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGYSam Higgin bottom Institute of Agriculture,Sam Higgin bottom Institute of Agriculture,

Technology &SciencesTechnology &Sciences(Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute)(Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute)

Deemed-TO-Be UniversityDeemed-TO-Be UniversityAllahabad,UP-211007Allahabad,UP-211007

Dr.ASHWANI KUMARAssociate Professor

Dept. of Agril. Entomology

Advisor:Advisor:

INTRODUCTION

What is beekeeping ?• Beekeeping is the maintenance of

honeybee colonies, commonly in hives

by humans

• A beekeeper (apiarist) keeps bees in

order to collect honey, beeswax, to

pollinate crops or to produce bees for

sale to others

• A location where bees are kept is

called an apiary or "bee yard"

About 50 million bee colonies mostly, Apis mellifera is maintained all over

the world

World production of honey estimated 13.88 lakh M.T

Major honey producing countries are China, USA, Mexico, Argentina,

Ukraine, Turkey, Russia & India

China is only Asian country producing nearly 1.6 lakh M.T of honey, 12800

M.T. of beeswax against 43400 M.T. of world production

China also produces 800 M.T of royal jelly and biggest exporter of honey,

beeswax and other bee products

National bee board, Govt of India 2013

About 14 lakh colonies by 2.50 lakh Beekeepers

Employment to 1.50 lakh persons

Annual honey production 52,000 tones (54.15 % from domesticated and 45.85 % from wild)

Apis cerana and Apis mellifera both are in practice

Average yield of honey 20.11 kg/hive

Value of export of honey approximately 250 crores

Major markets Germany, USA, UK, Japan, France, Italy and Spain

National bee board, Govt of India 2013

Major crops and their reliance on honeybee pollination

Crop Per cent reliance on honey bee pollination

Apple 90Pear 50Peach 60Macadamia 90Almonds 100Avacado 100Mango 90Melons 70Pumpkin 90Orange 30Peas 50Nectarine 60Strawberry 40Apricot 70

National Bee Board, Govt. of India 2013

BENEFITS OF BEE KEEPING

To enhance the productivity of agricultural crops

-keeping colonies

-spraying bee attractants at the time of flowering

which helps to increase in bee visitation

To provides employment and income for the youth

Production from hive activities

Honey

Wax

Sr. No. Treatments No. of seeds/

umbels

Per cent increase over

Test wt (g)

Per cent increase over

Yield of 5 plants in

g

Per cent increase over

OP PWI OP PWI OP PWI

1 Open pollination

1081.3 -- 23.63 5.45 -- 11.00 63.20 -- 35.62

2 Apis cerana 1285.3 18.87 46.96 6.55 20.18 33.40 87.96 39.18 88.75

3 Apis mellifera 1164.0 7.65 33.09 6.16 13.07 25.46 81.20 28.48 74.25

4 Apis florea 1376.0 27.25 57.33 7.09 30.09 44.40 108.99 72.45 133.89

5 Bee-Q 15 g/lit 1202.0 11.16 37.43 5.81 6.60 18.33 72.96 15.44 56.57

6 SSS 5% 1237.3 14.43 41.47 5.67 4.04 15.48 67.07 6.12 43.93

7 Bee-Q+SSS

(10g/lit+5%)

1319.3 22.01 50.85 5.99 9.91 22.00 79.93 26.47 71.52

5 Pollination without insect

874.6 -- -- 4.91 -- -- 46.60 -- --

Effect of bee visitation on yield parameters of onion

Mupade et. al. 2009

Pumpkin

cultivar

Seeds/pumpkin Seed wt (g)/pumpkin Seed wt/100 seeds (g)

Without

bees

With bees Without

bees

With bees Without

bees

With bees

Motherlode 551 700 (27%) 78.4 106.4 (36%) 14.8 15.7 (6%)

Autumn King 644 684 (6%) 86.8 100.8 (16%) 13.7 15.1 (10%)

Ichabod 555 633 (14%) 64.4 103.6 (61%) 10.9 16.8 (54%)

Gold Strike 531 609 (15%) 75.6 86.8 (15%) 14.3 14.3 (0%)

Gold Rush 553 595 (8%) 81.2 81.2 (0%) 14.8 13.7 (-7%)

Appalachian 506 595 (18%) 70.0 89.6 (28%) 13.7 15.7 (15%)

Aspen 503 590 (17%) 78.4 109.2 (39%) 15.4 18.8 (22%)

Howden 591 570 (4%) 78.4 86.8 (11%) 13.4 15.7 (17%)

Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seed characters as affected by the presence or absence of honey bee colonies

Walters S. A. 2006

PESTICIDE

FAO defines Pesticide as

Any substance intended for

preventing, destroying, repelling, attracting or

controlling any pest including unwanted

species of plants or animals causing harm

FAO., 2013

Reasons for bee loss

Pest &

Classification of pesticide based on toxicity to honeybees

Highly toxic (acute LD50 less than 2 µg/bee)

Moderately toxic (acute LD50 2 µg /bee to

10.99 μg/bee)

Slightly toxic (acute LD50 11 µg/bee to 100

μg/bee)

Non-toxic (acute LD50 more than 100 μg/bee)

to adult bees

Insecticides affect honeybees by

1) Contact poison :Absorbed through the integument

2) Stomach poison: Absorbed through the alimentary canal when taken

internally through feeding or cleaning activities

3) Fumigation: Absorbed through the spiracles affecting respiratory

system

Dead bees near the entrance of hive, colonies or

top of framesLack of recognition of guard bees Abdomen become distended Regurgitation of gut contents Aggressiveness Fighting among beesQueen stops laying eggs or lay eggs in irregular

pattern Paralyzed bees crawling on near by objects Sudden decline in food storage and brood rearing Poor recognition of pollen and nectar by bees Depleted population of the colony Finally results in contamination of bee products

Class of pesticides Symptoms

Organophosphorus Regurgitation Disorientation Irritability Perhaps distended abdomen Erratic attempts to clean selves Tumbling about Paralyses and ultimately diewings held away from body but usually remaining hooked

together High percentage of poisoned bees die near the colony

Chlorinated hydrocarbons Erratic movements TumblingHind legs dragged as if paralyzed and wings held away from

body but usually remaining hooked together High percentage of bees die in the field or near apiary

Carbamates Aggressiveness Erratic movements Unable to fly Most bees usually die at the colony Queens often cease egg laying Hive bees initiate supercedure Rearing queens before egg laying resumes

Botanicals Regurgitation from highly toxic Pyrethrins together with

erratic movements then inability to fly followed by

paralysis and death Bees often die between foraging area and colony

Dinitrophenyl Similar to symptoms of chlorinated hydrocarbons Most affected bees usually die at colony

Comparative phenotypic characters of normal and unhealthy bees resulting from cells treated with different insecticides

Sharma and Abrol 2006

Bees with deformed wings developing from brood poisoned with carbaryl, ethiprole and betacyfluthrin + imidacloprid

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECT ON HONEY BEES DUE TO INSECTICIDES

Get killed by Insecticides in field (Direct exposure)By two ways

Thomson et al., 2007 ; Chauzat et al., 2011

Thomson et al., 2007 ; Chauzat et al., 2011

Indirect effects of pesticides usages to honey bees Reduced foraging activity Influence bee behavior like dance rhythm, flight velocity, walking speed,

wing beat frequency etc.Repeated application of pesticides can cause physiological injury to

beesPesticide contaminated food/nectar may cause bees to cease feeding or

there may be reduced consumption and collection of nectar

Mortality 24 hours after the topical application of neonicotinoid insecticides and acetamiprid metabolites to the dorsum of the honey bee thorax

Iwasa et al., 2003

TREATMENT (conc.) Bee Species No.of bees/100flowers/min

Percent reduction after spray

2 DAYS 7 DAYS

Malathion 50 EC 0.05 % A. mellifera 70.00 (56.79) 43.00 (40.98)

A. cerana. 60.00 (50.57) 47.00 (43.28)

A. florea 78.00 (62.03) 66.00 (54.33)

A. dorsata 70.00 (56.79) 39.00 (38.65)

Carbaryi 50 WP 0.10 % A. Mellifera 65.00 (53.73) 48.00 (43.85)

A. cerana 65.00 (53.73) 47.00 (43.28)

A. florea 74.00 (59.34) 55.00 (47.87)

A. dorasata 64.00 (53.13) 39.00 (38.65)

Percent reduction in visit of different Apis species due to application of insecticides and biopesticides

Metasystox 25 EC 0.02 % A. melllifera 46.00(42.71) 34.00(35.67)

A. cerana 55.00(47.87) 29.00(32.58)

A. florea 70.00(56.79 ) 54.00(47.29)

A. dorsata 70.00(56.79) 40.00(39.23)

Chloropyriphos 20 EC 0.02 % A. mellifera 63.00(52.53) 35.00(40.98)

A. cerana 55.00(47.87) 29.00(32.58)

A. florea 74.00(59.34) 63.00(52.53)

A. dorsata 50.00(45.00) 31.00(33.83)

Neem Oil 25 EC 0.30 % A. mellifera 44.00(41.55) 6.00(14.18)

A. cerana 49.00(44.43) 5.00(12.92)

A. florea 30.00(33.21) 10.00(18.44)

A. dorsata 40.00(39.23) 10.00(18.44)

Cont…..,

Abrol and Anil kumar, 2009

Cypermethrin and permethrin were found to be highly toxic insecticides against

foraging workers of A. cerana indica Fab. with their LC50 values 0.0001832 and

0.0005122 %, respectively. Methyl demeton and phosphamidon were

moderately toxic (LC50 values 0.0083498 and 0.018969 %) while endosulfan was

found to be least toxic with LC50 0.40522 (Reddy, 1997)

Karnatak and Thorat (2006) monitored the effects of

some common insecticides and reported the order

of toxicity as follows: chlorpyriphos >

monocrotophos > imidacloprid > quinalphos >

oxydemeton-methyl > endosulfan

Reddy and Reddy (2006) tested some insecticides

for oral and dermal toxicity tests against Indian

honeybee, Apis cerana. The oral toxicity in

descending order was as follows: carbaryl >

quinalphos > carbosulfan > dimethoate > methyl

parathion > cypermethrin > monocrotophos >

fenitrothion > fenvelarate > alphamethrin >

malathion > chlorpyriphos > endosulfan > diazinon

On the basis of LD50, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, lambda cyhalothrin and

spinosad were found to be highly toxic (0.001-1.99 µg/bee), endosulfan as

moderatley toxic (LD50 2.0-10.0 µg/bee) and azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis

subsp. kurstaki, benzoylphenyl urea, spiromesifen and thiacloprid as relatively

non-toxic with LD50 > 11.0 µg/bee (Choudhary, 2007)

Factors influencing bee poisoning• Pesticide formulation :

Dust formulations are more hazardous to bees than sprays as these contaminate the atmosphere and can be carried to neighboring localities.Wettable powders have longer residual effect than emulsions.

• Period of application :

Bee visits plants during their flowering period, therefore pesticide application during flowering period result in harmful effects on honey bees.

• Time of application :

Bees are generally active during day time and attends pick intensity at afternoon. Pesticide applications during this period are therefore very hazardous to the bees.

• Residual action of pesticide :Many pesticides are made so that they can retain their properties for long after

application.Such chemicals with long residual action are harmful to the bees.

• Location of colonies :

Honey bees normally have a foraging range of 1 to 2 km from the colony. Application of pesticides within 2 km of the colonies, therefore proves

detrimental.

• Temperature :

The most significant factor causing differences in the toxicity of pesticides. Immediate effect may be much grater at higher temperatures whereas, residual effects are likely to be less because the toxic materials breaks down more quickly.

• Age and size of bees :

Smaller bees have a higher surface to volume ratio and contact poison will be more toxic to them to larger bees.

1. Use pesticides only when needed

- Don’t apply any pesticides unless the crop is heavily infested

- If necessary, use those insecticides which are non-toxic or less harmful

to the bees

2. Avoid the application of a pesticide to a crop in bloom

3. Use of safest formulation of a safest insecticide

- Granular formulations are safest for bees

- Dusts are more harmful than the sprays of the same insecticide

- Emulsifiable and water soluble concentrates are safest for the bees

- Adding solvent or an oily substance tends to make the sprays safest for

the bees

4. Method of pesticide application

- Ground application is safer than the aerial application

- Inject systemic insecticides into the ground where ever possible, not

into the plant

- Fine sprays are safer than the coarse ones

- A combined application is often safer as well as cheaper than the

application of separate insecticides at different times

- Repellants may be used to discourage bees from foraging on the

treated crop

5. The timing of application

- Never apply pesticides while the crop is in bloom or while interplant's or

adjacent crops are in bloom.

- Never apply insecticides when bees are flying.

- Take early morning or late evening application of pesticides depending

upon bee activities on the crop are relatively safe.

6. Pesticide dusts and small granules should not be left open or thrown

carelessly anywhere

- Because bees are likely to collect such dusts during acute dearth periods.

7. Early warning to beekeepers

Providing sufficient space in hives

Provide proper ventilation

Shading hives

Covering the hives with net absorbent matting

Provide water inside the hives

Minimizing the period of confinement

Use biocide applications as far as possible outside the blooming

period

Pesticides which have short residual effects are less hazardous to

honey bees

Broad spectrum pesticides should be avoided as they are more

hazardous to bees than the selective pesticides

Both the orchardists and beekeepers should be educated properly

about pesticide applications schedules and how to reduce poisoning

in a particular area

Evening or early morning application of pesticides is always desirable

because foraging bees are at that time in the hive and out of danger

Keep bee colonies away from the treated fields as far as possible

The order of toxicities of insecticide formulation : dust > wettable

powder > Emulsifiable concentrate or soluble or liquid solution >

Granular formulation

Remove all the flowering weeds from the field so that they do not act as

a source of poison to bees.

Primary emphasis should be on the use of an Integrated Pest

Management programme

Which relies on biological, cultural or other non chemical methods of

insect pest control and minimize the use of poisonous chemicals

Colonies may be temporarily shifted if heavy spraying schedule is

fixed

Conclusion

Simply banning pesticides is clearly not the way forward

and not an appropriate option. Instead, we should ensure

that approved pesticides which are safe under normal

field conditions used properly and responsibly.

REFERENCES

•Abrol, D. P. and Anilkumar., 2009, Foraging activities of Apis species on strawberry blossoms as influenced by pesticides. Pak. Entomol., 31: 36-41.•Abrol, D. P. and Devinder Sharma., 2007, Morphogenic and toxic effects of pesticides on honeybee brood. J. Research, SKUAST-J, 6 (2) : 133-148.•Chauzat, M. P. and Faucon, J. P., 2007, Pesticide residues in beeswax samples collected from honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) in france. Pest Manag Sci., 63: 1100-1106.•Choudhary and Sharma, 2007, Dynamics of pesticide residues in nectar and pollen of mustard (Brasica juncea (L.) Czern.) grown in Himachal Pradesh (India). Environ Monit Assess (2008), 144 : 143-150•Christian, H. K., Gregory H. and Rick E. F., Extension Entomologists., 2012, Protecting honey bees from pesticides. J. Apiculture Sci., 24: 156-165.

“No bees, no food for mankind. The bee is the basis for life on this earth.”

As Albert Einstein said

once