us2468753 blanqueo de jabón

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Patented May , 1949 2,468,753 UNITED STATES PATENT‘ OFFICE 2,468,753 . BLEACIHNG OILS AND FATS Lloyd F . Henderson, Reading, and Louis B . Libby, Boston, Mass, assignors to Lever Brothers Com pany, Cambridge, Mass, a corporation o f Maine No Drawing. Application May 5, 1945, Serial No. 593,960 (Cl. 260-423) 9 Claims. 1 This invention relates to the bleaching of oils and fats. A relatively large proportion of the available supply o f oils and fats i s i n the form o f very dark fats and greases. There are many uses where such dark stocks are not suitable and in which lighter colored oils or fats are more desirable. For example, when a dark colored stock i s used as the base for soap making, at least a part of the coloring matter i s carried into the ?nished soap; this makes the soap darker than would b e the case i f the soap had been made from a light colored stock. Such darker colors are undesir able i n soap because o f the great appeal which a white soap or a light colored soap has t o the user. As another example, when an oil or fat i s to b e med s the base stock for a n edible prod uct, such as shortening or a salad oil, it i s very important that it be of light color. Oils and fats used for a variety of other purposes, such a s i n vthe textile and leather industry, require light colored stock. _ ‘When the available supplies of high grade stocks are su?icient, they may be used for the purposes mentioned above. However, with the desire i n industries for lighter colored oils and fats, the supplies of darker stocks have become relatively more available and i t has become in creasingly important t o utilize such dark colored stock to augment the supply o f high grade stocks. ~ Under some circumstances it i s possible to by drolyze or split the oils or fats and distill the fatty acids from the coloring matter. Such a splitting and distilling process often results i n the development of odors from decomposition products because of the high temperatures used, and these odors are carried into the soap. An other process, in which glyceride's are convert ed to the methyl or ethyl esters'and distilled, has been developed in connection with making lighter colored soaps from fatty acids. Such processes require extensive equipment, and oper ating conditions which are uneconcmical except in the case o f very large installations; Such proc esses also are open t o the objection that the oil or fat i s not retained i n its glyceride form and for many ses it must b e in this form. Because of the needs of the industry for the production of lighter glyceride oils and fats from darker stocks,‘ the art has proposed numerous bleaching processes. A wide variety of chemi cals have been proposed a s bleaching agents for oils and fats, including various oxidizing agents, reducing agents, halogen compounds, acids, etc. In general, none oi these have produced emi 1 0 15 2 0 25 3 0 35 4 0 45 50 5 5 2 nently satisfactory results nor have they been adopted commercially on any extensive basis. The most common method o f bleaching oils and fats been o treat them with a bleaching earth, such a s fuller’s earth, or materials known t o the trade as activated earths. These earths ex ert a strong bleaching action, especially i f they are the‘ activated earths, but the extent o f the bleaching o f the oil or fat that can b e accom plished with a reasonable amount o f earth, i n the case of very dark stocks, is not su?lcient t o produce the desired light colored oils and fats. In general it is not economical t o use more than about 6% o f earth in such a bleaching process, for the reason that i n relation t o the bleaching accomplished b y a larger amount, the loss o f the stock that is absorbed i n the earth,to say nothing of the cost of the earth, does not ren der the use of larger amounts economical. I f the stock cannot be bleached su?iciently with about 6% or earth, it is the usual practice t o use the stock i n some manner n which its dark color is not objectionable. In a n earlier ?led application w e have r e ferred t o this state o f the art and have d e scribed a process in which dark colored stocks are bleached by treatment with a n acidic phos phoric compound and an oxygen liberating com pound. Such a n oxygen liberating compound may be hydrogen peroxide; a per” type salt compound, such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, or sodium persulfate; a n oxyhalo» gen compound, such as sodium hypochlorite or sodium chlorite. These compounds liberate oxy gen i n a highly active, sometimes referred t o a s “nascent,” state. It i s not necessary t o have a n understanding of the invention described in said earlier ?led application in order t o under stand this invention, but it is mentioned because o f the fact that although the process works a d mirably, the oxygen liberating compounds used are relatively expensive, and the process does not operate satisfactorily when air i s used a s the source of oxygen. Since air i s the cheapest source o f oxygen, i t would be highly desirable i f air could b e substituted for the oxygen liber ating compound. This prospect, however, did not appear encouraging because, with the exception o f palm oil, the blowing o f glyceride oils o r fats with air darkens them markedly. The treat ment of palm oil by blowing i t with air has long been known and has been regularly used in com mercial practices. The coloration i n palm oil, however, is unique and presents different bleach ingproblems from that o f animal fats, such as

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