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U.S. History

Top 100What every student should know

to pass the U.S. History EOCGoals 7-12

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Goal 7: The Progressive Movement(1890-1914)

The learner will analyze the economic,political, and social reforms of theProgressive Period.

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Causes of Progressivism

Ineffectiveness of government

Poor working conditions

Emergence of Social Gospel

Unequal distribution of wealth

Immigration

Urban poor

Corruption

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Progressive Party Platform

The platform called forwomen's suffrage, recall of

judicial decisions, easier

amendment of the U.S.Constitution, social welfarelegislation for women andchildren, workers'compensation, limitedinjunctions in strikes, farmrelief, revision of banking to

assure an elastic currency.

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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911

A fire in New York'sTriangle ShirtwaistCompany killed 146 people,mostly women. The doors

were locked and thewindows were too high forthem to get to the ground.

Highlighted the poorworking conditions and ledto federal regulations toprotect workers.

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Muckrakers

Journalists whosearched for andpublicized real or

alleged acts ofcorruption of publicofficials,

businessmen.

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Robert LaFollette

Political leader whobelieved in libertarianreforms, he was a

major leader of theProgressive movementfrom Wisconsin.

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Federal Reserve Act, 1913

Regulated banking tohelp small banks stayin business. A move

away from laissez-faire policies, it waspassed by Wilson.

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Plessy v. Ferguson, 1886

The Supreme Court ruled against Plessy,saying that segregated facilities for whitesand blacks were legal as long as the

facilities were of equal quality.

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Disenfranchisement

The Mississippi supreme court ruled thatpoll taxes and literacy tests, which tookaway blacks' right to vote (a practice

known as "disenfranchisement"), werelegal.

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Booker T. Washington

Washington believed that AfricanAmericans had to achieve economicindependence before civil rights. In 1881,

he founded the first formal school forblacks, the Tuskegee Institute.

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W.E.B. DuBois

DuBois believed that blackAmericans had to demandtheir social and civil rights

or else becomepermanent victims ofracism. Helped found the

NAACP. He disagreedwith Booker T.Washington's theories.

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New Marketing Techniques

Advertising

Mail order catalogs

Consumerism

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Goal 8: The Great War and ItsAftermath (1914-1930)

The learner will analyzeUnited Statesinvolvement in World

War I and the warsinfluence oninternational affairs

during the 1920s.

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U.S. - Neutrality to Involvement

May 1915 U-boats sink the Lusitania Sept. 1915 Germany promises not to sink unarmed ships

March 1916 Germany sinks the Sussex

May 1916 Germany promises not to sink unarmed ships

Jan. 1917 Zimmerman note is intercepted Feb. 1917 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine

warfare

April 1917 U.S. declares war on Germany

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Russian Revolution, 1917

Instituted a Communistgovernment lead by theBolshevik party under

Lenin. Lenin pulledRussia out of WWI.

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Fourteen Points, 1918

Wilson's idea that he wanted included inthe WWI peace treaty, including freedomof the seas and the League of Nations.

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League of Nations, 1919

Devised by President Wilson, it comprisedof delegates from many countries, theU.S. did not join. It was designed to be run

by a council of the five largest countries. Italso included a provision for a world court.

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Eugene V. Debs

Debs repeatedly ran for president as asocialist, he was imprisoned after he gave aspeech protesting WWI in violation of the

Sedition Act.

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Schenck v. U.S., 1919

United States Supreme Courtdecision concerning thequestion of whether the

defendant possessed a FirstAmendment right to freespeech against the draft during

World War I. During wartime,utterances tolerable inpeacetime can be punished.

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Sacco and Vanzetti

Sacco and Vanzetti wereItalian immigrants chargedwith murdering a guard and

robbing a shoe factory. Convicted on circumstantial

evidence, many believedthey had been framed for

the crime because of theiranarchist and pro-unionactivities.

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Goal 9: Prosperity and Depression(1919-1939)

The learner will appraise the economic,social, and political changes of the decadesof The Twenties and The Thirties.

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Assembly Line

Arrangement of equipment and workers inwhich work passes from operation tooperation in a direct line until the product

is assembled.

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Impact of Mass Media

Radio

Marketing

Advertising Jazz

Silent & talkie films

The Jazz Singer Fireside Chats

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Lost Generation

Writer Gertrude Stein told Hemingway,"You are all a lost generation," referring tothe many restless young writers who

gathered in Paris after WW I. Theythought the U.S. was materialistic andthey criticized conformity.

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Harlem Renaissance, LangstonHughes

Hughes was a giftedwriter who wrotehumorous poems,

stories, essays andpoetry. Harlem was acenter for black writers,

musicians, andintellectuals.

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Flappers, 1920s

Women started wearingshort skirts and bobbedhair, and had more

sexual freedom. Theybegan to abandontraditional female roles

and take jobs usuallyreserved for men.

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Fundamentalism

Movement or attitude stressing strict andliteral adherence to a set of basicprinciples.

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Scopes Trial, 1925

Prosecution of school teacher, JohnScopes, for violation of a Tennessee lawforbidding public schools from teachingabout evolution. Scopes was convicted and

fined $100, but the trial started a shift ofpublic opinion away from Fundamentalism.

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Stock Market Crash, 1929

On October 24, 1929, panic selling occurred asinvestors realized the stock boom had been an overinflated bubble. Margin investors were beingdecimated as every stock holder tried to liquidate.

Millionaire margin investors became bankruptinstantly, as the stock market crashed on October28 and 29.

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Dust Bowl, 1930s

A series of catastrophic dust storms causedmajor ecological and agricultural damage toAmerican prairie lands in the 1930s, caused

by decades of inappropriate farmingtechniques.

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Bonus Army, 1932

Facing the financial crisis ofthe Depression, WW Iveterans asked Congressto pay their retirementbonuses early. Congressconsidered a bill, but it wasnot approved. Angry

veterans marched onWashington, D.C., andHoover called in the army.

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Bank Failures

During the first 10 months of 1930, 744banks failed. In all, 9,000 banks failed duringthe decade of the 1930s. By 1933,

depositors saw $140 billion disappearthrough bank failures.

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Causes of Great Depression

Much debt, stock pricesspiraling up, over-production and under-

consuming, the stockmarket crashed.Germany's default on

reparations causedEuropean bank failures,which spread to the U.S.

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New Deal Agencies

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Public Works Administration (PWA) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

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Long Term Effects of New DealPrograms

Expansion of the role of federalgovernment

Government responsibility for the welfareof its citizens

Expanding government role in theeconomy

Deficit spending

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Goal 10: World War II and theBeginning of the Cold War (1930s-

1963) The learner will analyze

United States

involvement in WorldWar II and the warsinfluence on

international affairs infollowing decades.

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Lend-lease Act, 1941

Authorized the president to transfer, lend,or lease any article of defense equipmentto any government whose defense was

deemed vital to the defense of the U.S.Allowed the U.S. to send supplies andammunition to the Allies.

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Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

Surprise attack by Japanese on U.S.Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor,Hawaii. The U.S. declared war on Japan

and Germany, entering World War II.

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D-Day, June 6, 1944

Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops(the largest invasion force in history)stormed the beaches at Normandy and

began the process of re-taking France.The turning point of World War II.

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War Posters

The radio, print, andfilm industriesreminded Americans

that they were in astruggle betweendictatorship and

democracy.

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Rosie the Riveter

Women found jobs,especially in heavyindustry, that fell

outside the traditionalrealm of womens work.

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Korematsu v. U.S., 1944

Upheld the U.S. government's decision toput Japanese-Americans in internmentcamps during World War II.

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G.I. Bill, 1944

Servicemen'sReadjustment Act, alsocalled the G.I. Bill ofRights. Granted $13

billion in aid for formerservicemen, rangingfrom educational grantsto housing and other

services to assist withthe readjustment tosociety.

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Marshall Plan, 1947

Introduced by Secretaryof State George G.Marshall, he proposed

massive economic aid toEurope to revitalize theEuropean economies

after WWII and helpprevent the spread ofCommunism.

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Korean War, 1950

On June 25, 1950, theCommunist North invadedthe Democratic South. TheUnited Nations created an

international army, lead bythe U.S. to fight for theSouth and China joined thewar on the side of NorthKorea. This was the firsttime the United Nations hadintervened militarily.

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Post-war Organizations

United Nations, 1945 - Founded after WWII byvictorious Allied Powers to intervene in conflictsbetween nations and avoid war.

NATO, 1949 - The member nations agreed to fightfor each other if attacked. It is an internationalmilitary force.

SEATO, 1954 - Alliance of non-Communist Asiannations modeled after NATO. Unlike NATO, it didn'testablish a military force.

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Containment, George F. Keenan

A member of the State Department, he feltthat the best way to keep Communism outof Europe was to confront the Russians

wherever they tried to spread their power.

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Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

After discovering theRussians were buildingnuclear missile launchsites in Cuba, the U.S.

announced a quarantine ofCuba. After six days ofconfrontation that almostled to nuclear war,

Khrushchev agreed todismantle the launch sites.

G l 11 R P it d

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Goal 11: Recovery, Prosperity, andTurmoil (1945-1980)

The learner will trace economic, political,and social developments and assess theirsignificance for the lives of Americans

during this time period.

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McCarthyism, 1950-1953

Senator who began sensationalcampaign by asserting that theU.S. State Department had

been infiltrated by Communists.He accused the Army ofcovering up foreign espionage.The Army-McCarthyHearings

made McCarthy look so foolishthat further investigations werehalted.

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Domino Theory, 1957

It stated that if one country fell toCommunism, it would undermine anotherand that one would fall, producing a

domino effect.

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Sputnik, 1957

The first artificialsatellite sent intospace, launched by

the Soviets.

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Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

The Supreme Courtoverruled Plessyv.Ferguson, declared that

racially segregatedfacilities are inherentlyunequal and ordered all

public schoolsdesegregated.

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Martin Luther King, Jr.

The leader of the Civil Rights Movementand President of the Southern ChristianLeadership Conference, promoted non-

violent protest.

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Malcolm X

Malcolm X expressed thefeelings of many AfricanAmerican activists who

had grown impatient withKings nonviolentmethods. Malcolm X

preached a message ofself-reliance and self-determination.

F i i M ti B tt F i d

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Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan,1963

Depicted how difficult awoman's life is becauseshe doesn't think about

herself, only her family. Itsaid that middle-classsociety stifled women

and didn't let them usetheir talents. Attacked the"cult of domesticity."

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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964

After a U.S. Navy shipreportedly was fired on,Congress passed this

resolution which gave thepresident power to sendtroops to Vietnam to

protect against furtherNorth Vietnameseaggression.

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My Lai Incident, 1968

An American unitdestroyed the village ofMy Lai, killing many

women and children.The incident was notrevealed to the public

until 20 months later.

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War Powers Act, 1973

Gave any president the power to go to warunder certain circumstances, but requiredthat he could only do so for 90 days before

being required to officially bring the matterbefore Congress.

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Dtente

A lessening of tensions between U.S. andSoviet Union and China. Besides disarmingmissiles to insure a lasting peace betweensuperpowers, Nixon pressed for traderelations and a limited military budget.

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Watergate Scandal, 1972-1974

In 1972, five men were arrested for breakinginto the Democratic National Committee'sexecutive quarters in the Watergate Hotel.

Nixon admitted to complicity in the burglary.In 1974, as Nixon's impeachment began, heresigned.

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Cesar Chavez

Non-violent leader of the United FarmWorkers from 1963-1970. Organizedlaborers in California and in the Southwestto strike against fruit and vegetable growers.Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.

Goal 12: The United States since

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Goal 12: The United States sincethe Vietnam War (1973-present)

The learner will identify and analyzetrends in domestic and foreign affairs ofthe United States during this time period.

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Camp David Accords, 1978

Peace talks between Egypt and Israelmediated by President Carter.

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Title IX, 1972

"No person in the UnitedStates shall, on the basis ofsex, be excluded from

participation in, be denied thebenefits of, or be subjected todiscrimination under any

education program or activityreceiving Federal financialassistance."

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Affirmative Action

Policy that gives special consideration towomen and minorities to make up for pastdiscrimination.

Regents of the University of

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Regents of the University ofCalifornia v. Bakke, 1978

Barred colleges from admitting studentssolely on the basis of race, but allowedthem to include race along with other

considerations when deciding whichstudents to admit.

North American Free Trade

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North American Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA), 1992

The North American Free Trade Area is thetrade bloc created by the North AmericanFree Trade Agreement (NAFTA), whose

members are Canada, Mexico and theUnited States.

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Election of 2000

In the presidentialelection of 2000Republican George W.

Bush was elected overDemocrat Al Gore in oneof the closest and most

controversial presidentialelections in the history ofthe United States.

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September 11, 2001

The September 11, 2001attacks consisted of aseries of coordinated

terrorist suicide attacksby Islamic extremists onthe United States on

September 11, 2001.

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No Child Left Behind, 2002

President Bush signedthe No Child Left BehindAct. The law helps

schools improve byfocusing onaccountability for results,freedom for states and

communities, proveneducation methods, andchoices for parents.