US-LHC Activities in US-LHC Activities in ADAD

Tanaji SenTanaji Sen

OverviewOverview

The LHCThe LHC US-LHC Construction ProjectUS-LHC Construction Project US-LARP Goals and ActivitiesUS-LARP Goals and Activities Accelerator PhysicsAccelerator Physics InstrumentationInstrumentation Beam CommissioningBeam Commissioning LHC@FNALLHC@FNAL

The wise speak only of what they know Gandalf, Lord of the Rings

LHCLHC

Control Room

Key ParametersKey Parameters

TevatronTevatron LHCLHC

Injection EnergyInjection Energy

Top EnergyTop Energy

Particles/bunchParticles/bunch

# of bunches# of bunches

Trans. Emitt(95%)Trans. Emitt(95%)

Beam current (p)Beam current (p)

Stored Stored energy/beamenergy/beam

Peak LuminosityPeak Luminosity

150 GeV150 GeV

980 GeV980 GeV

2.7 x 102.7 x 101111

3636

20 mm-mrad20 mm-mrad

0.074 A0.074 A

1.5 MJ1.5 MJ 1.7 x 101.7 x 103232

450 GeV450 GeV

7000 GeV7000 GeV

1.15 x 101.15 x 1011 11

28082808

22.5 mm-mrad22.5 mm-mrad 0.584 A0.584 A

362 MJ362 MJ 1 x 101 x 103434

US-LHC Construction ProjectUS-LHC Construction Project

Interaction Region Quads (FNAL)Interaction Region Quads (FNAL)

Interaction Region Dipoles (BNL)Interaction Region Dipoles (BNL)

Interaction Region Cryogenic Feedboxes Interaction Region Cryogenic Feedboxes (LBL)(LBL)

Interaction Region Absorbers (LBL)Interaction Region Absorbers (LBL)

Accelerator Physics (FNAL, BNL, LBL)Accelerator Physics (FNAL, BNL, LBL) - related to IR designs and magnets- related to IR designs and magnets - ecloud, noise effects- ecloud, noise effects

Last magnets to be delivered in 2006

LHC IR Quads at FNALLHC IR Quads at FNAL

KEKCERN

MQXA MQXB MQXB MQXA

CORR

CORR

CORR

CORR

“Q3” “Q2” “Q1”

TAS

FNAL

DFBXMBXA

“D1”

LBNLBNL

FNAL quads

To IP

1st IR quad ready forshipment in May 2004

FNAL is delivering 18IR quads to the LHC All IR quads (FNAL, KEK) are cryostatted at FNALand shipped from here Last quad to be shipped in late 2006.

FNAL quads installed in FNAL quads installed in IR8IR8

Courtesy: J. Kerby

Mission Accomplished ?

US- LARPUS- LARP Goals – stated by J. Strait (2002)Goals – stated by J. Strait (2002) Extend and improve the performance of the Extend and improve the performance of the

LHC so as to maximize its scientific output in LHC so as to maximize its scientific output in support of US-CMS and US-ATLASsupport of US-CMS and US-ATLAS

Maintain and develop the US labs capabilitiesMaintain and develop the US labs capabilities so that the US can be the leader in the next so that the US can be the leader in the next generation of hadron colliders.generation of hadron colliders.

Serve as a vehicle for Serve as a vehicle for US accelerator US accelerator physicists to pursue their researchphysicists to pursue their research

Train future generationsTrain future generations of accelerator of accelerator physicists. physicists.

It is the next step in international cooperation It is the next step in international cooperation on large accelerators.on large accelerators.

Fermilab has been appointed the “Host Fermilab has been appointed the “Host Laboratory” to lead this program. Laboratory” to lead this program.

US LARP InstitutionsUS LARP InstitutionsTwo main areas: Two main areas: High field magnetsHigh field magnets Accelerator systemsAccelerator systems Accelerator Physics, Instrumentation, Accelerator Physics, Instrumentation,

Collimation, Commissioning (beam & Collimation, Commissioning (beam & hardware)hardware)

High field magnets: BNL, FNAL, LBLHigh field magnets: BNL, FNAL, LBL Accelerator Physics: BNL, FNAL, LBLAccelerator Physics: BNL, FNAL, LBL Instrumentation: BNL, FNAL, LBL, UT Instrumentation: BNL, FNAL, LBL, UT

AustinAustin Collimation: SLACCollimation: SLAC Commissioning: BNL, FNAL, LBLCommissioning: BNL, FNAL, LBL

US-LARP GoalsUS-LARP Goals Accelerator Physics and ExperimentsAccelerator Physics and Experiments - understand performance limitations of current IRs and - understand performance limitations of current IRs and

develop new designsdevelop new designs - Beam dynamics calculations and related experiments- Beam dynamics calculations and related experiments

Develop high performance magnets for new higher Develop high performance magnets for new higher luminosity IRsluminosity IRs

- large-aperture, high gradient quadrupoles using Nb- large-aperture, high gradient quadrupoles using Nb33SnSn - high field beam separation dipoles and strong correctors- high field beam separation dipoles and strong correctors

Develop advanced beam diagnostics and Develop advanced beam diagnostics and instrumentationinstrumentation

- luminosity monitor, tune feedback, Schottky monitor, - luminosity monitor, tune feedback, Schottky monitor, rotatable collimatorsrotatable collimators

- other systems as needed for improving LHC performance- other systems as needed for improving LHC performance

CommissioningCommissioning - participate in the sector test and LHC beam commissioning - participate in the sector test and LHC beam commissioning - commission hardware delivered by the US- commission hardware delivered by the US

IR UpgradeIR Upgrade

Luminosity and IR upgradeLuminosity and IR upgrade

An IR upgrade is a An IR upgrade is a straightforward way straightforward way to increase the to increase the luminosity – by a luminosity – by a factor of 2-3factor of 2-3

It must also deal with It must also deal with higher beam currents higher beam currents and 10 times larger and 10 times larger debris power at debris power at L=10L=103535cmcm-2-2ss-1-1

Several optics design Several optics design issuesissues

~50% of LARP effort ~50% of LARP effort is in IR magnet designis in IR magnet design

A luminosity upgrade will be required around ~2015 to keep the LHC physics program productive.

J. Strait )(.*4

FI

NL

N

b

Quadrupoles 1Quadrupoles 1stst option optionAdvantagesAdvantages Allows smaller β*, Allows smaller β*,

minimizes aberrations. minimizes aberrations. Lower accumulation of Lower accumulation of

charged particle debris charged particle debris from the IP.from the IP.

Operational experience Operational experience from the first years of from the first years of running.running.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages More parasitic beam-beam More parasitic beam-beam

interactions.interactions. Crossing angle has to Crossing angle has to

increase as 1/√β* increase as 1/√β* IR correction systems act IR correction systems act

on both beams on both beams simultaneouslysimultaneouslyBaseline Design

Dipoles 1Dipoles 1stst – 2 options – 2 optionsAdvantagesAdvantages Fewer parasitic interactions. Fewer parasitic interactions. Correction systems act on Correction systems act on

single beams.single beams. No feed-down effects in the No feed-down effects in the

quadsquads

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Large energy deposition in Large energy deposition in

the the dipoles. dipoles. Beta functions are larger → Beta functions are larger → increases aberrations.increases aberrations. Longer R&D time for dipolesLonger R&D time for dipoles Longer commissioning time Longer commissioning time after the upgradeafter the upgrade..

Triplets

Doublets

Optics SolutionsOptics Solutions

Quads first

Dipoles first: triplets Dipoles first: doublets

βMax = 9 km

βMax = 27 kmβMax = 25 km

LARP magnet program aims to build 15T pole tip fields

J. Johnstone, TS

IR Design IssuesIR Design Issues → → Luminosity Luminosity ReachReach Requirements on magnet fields and apertures Optically matched designs at all stages Energy deposition Beam-beam interactions Chromaticity and non-linear correctors, field quality Dispersion correction Susceptibility to noise, misalignment, ground motion; emittance growth Closest approach of magnets to the IP (L*) Impact of Nb3Sn magnets, e.g flux jumps R&D time required to develop the most critical R&D time required to develop the most critical hardware and to integrate it in the LHChardware and to integrate it in the LHC

….. All need to be considered in defining the luminosity reach

Towards a Reference Baseline Towards a Reference Baseline DesignDesign

Proposal by F. Ruggiero (CERN)Proposal by F. Ruggiero (CERN) ““Define a Baseline, i.e. a forward looking Define a Baseline, i.e. a forward looking

configuration which we are reasonably configuration which we are reasonably confident can achieve the required LHC confident can achieve the required LHC luminosity performance and can be used to luminosity performance and can be used to give an accurate cost estimate by mid-end give an accurate cost estimate by mid-end 2006 in a 2006 in a Reference Design ReportReference Design Report

Identify Alternative ConfigurationsIdentify Alternative Configurations Identify R&D toIdentify R&D to - support the baseline- support the baseline - develop the alternatives”- develop the alternatives”

Separately, the LARP magnet program has been tasked to deliver a working prototype of a Nb3Sn quadrupole by 2009.

Wire Compensation of Wire Compensation of beam-beam beam-beam interactionsinteractions

Long-range Long-range interactionsinteractions

Long-range beam-Long-range beam-beam interactions are beam interactions are expected to affect LHC expected to affect LHC performance – based performance – based on Tevatron on Tevatron observations and LHC observations and LHC simulationssimulations

Wire compensator is Wire compensator is proposed to mitigate proposed to mitigate their impacttheir impact

RHIC has a 2 ring RHIC has a 2 ring layout like the LHC – layout like the LHC – can be used to test can be used to test the principlethe principle

Difference in kicks between a round beam and a wire < 1% beyond 3 sigma

Wire compensation in RHIC and Wire compensation in RHIC and LHCLHCRHIC LHC

Location of wire compensatorsInstallation in Summer 2006

IP6 Reserved for wire compensatorsIP

To be installed if required to improveperformance.Feasibility would determine upgrade path

RHIC beam-beam RHIC beam-beam experimentsexperiments

Motivation for experimentsMotivation for experiments: Test of wire : Test of wire compensation in 2007compensation in 2007

Determine if a single parasitic causes beam losses Determine if a single parasitic causes beam losses that need to be compensatedthat need to be compensated

Experiments in 2005 and 2006Experiments in 2005 and 2006 Remote participation at FNAL via logbookRemote participation at FNAL via logbook Motivation for simulationsMotivation for simulations: Tests and : Tests and

improvements of codes, predictions of observations improvements of codes, predictions of observations in 2006 and of wire compensationin 2006 and of wire compensation

Several groups: FNAL, SLAC, LBL, University of Several groups: FNAL, SLAC, LBL, University of KansasKansas

(coordinated at FNAL)(coordinated at FNAL) Website: Website: http://www-http://www-ap.fnal.gov/~tsen/RHICap.fnal.gov/~tsen/RHIC

Beam-beam Experiments Beam-beam Experiments and Simulations (2006)and Simulations (2006)

Simulated lifetimes show a linear dependence on the beam separation

Beam lifetime responds to vertical separation but vertical separation 4σ (1st study – April 5th, 2006) 4 studies in all (April-May) to explore larger separations and tune space Analysis to find dependence on beam separation in progress

FNAL Simulations

V. Ranjbar, TS

Wire Compensator in RHICWire Compensator in RHIC

1 unit in each 1 unit in each ringring

2.5m long2.5m long Currents Currents

between 3.8 between 3.8 – 50 A– 50 A

Vertically Vertically movable over movable over 65mm65mm

Install in Install in Summer Summer 20062006

Pulsed WiresPulsed Wires Required for bunch Required for bunch

to bunch to bunch compensation – compensation – PACMAN bunchesPACMAN bunches

Challenges are the Challenges are the high pulse rate and high pulse rate and turn to turn stability turn to turn stability tolerancestolerances

StrengthStrength

Pulse ratePulse rate120 A-m120 A-m

439 kHz439 kHz

Turn to turn Turn to turn amplitude amplitude stabilitystability

Turn to turn Turn to turn timing timing stabilitystability

1010-4-4

0.04 nsec0.04 nsec

Open Design Challenge

LHC bunch pattern

Pulse pattern

Energy DepositionEnergy Deposition

Energy depositionEnergy deposition Primary source of radiation in the IR magnets: Primary source of radiation in the IR magnets:

pp collisions, ~ Luminositypp collisions, ~ Luminosity Tevatron: debris power ~ 2 WTevatron: debris power ~ 2 W LHC at 10LHC at 103535cmcm-2-2ss-1-1, debris power ~ 9kW, debris power ~ 9kW

Energy deposition is viewed as the major Energy deposition is viewed as the major constraint on the IR upgradeconstraint on the IR upgrade

Could be key in deciding between quads Could be key in deciding between quads first or dipoles first.first or dipoles first.

Other sources include operational beam losses Other sources include operational beam losses (e.g. beam gas scattering) and accidental (e.g. beam gas scattering) and accidental losses (e.g. misfiring of abort kickers)losses (e.g. misfiring of abort kickers)

Energy Deposition Issues & Energy Deposition Issues & ConstraintsConstraints

Quench stabilityQuench stability→→ Peak power density Peak power density Require ERequire Epeakpeak to be below the quench limit by a factor of to be below the quench limit by a factor of

33

Magnet lifetime Magnet lifetime →→ peak radiation dose and lifetime limits peak radiation dose and lifetime limits for various materialsfor various materials

Baseline LHC: expect lifetime ~ 7 years for IR magnetsBaseline LHC: expect lifetime ~ 7 years for IR magnets Upgrade LHC: requires new radiation hard materialsUpgrade LHC: requires new radiation hard materials

Dynamic heat loads Dynamic heat loads →→ Power dissipation and cryogenic Power dissipation and cryogenic implicationsimplications

Require heat load < 10 W/mRequire heat load < 10 W/m

Residual dose rates Residual dose rates →→ hands on maintenance hands on maintenance Require residual dose rates < 0.1 mSv/hrRequire residual dose rates < 0.1 mSv/hr

Dedicated system of charged particle and neutral Dedicated system of charged particle and neutral absorbers in the IRsabsorbers in the IRs

Energy Deposition: Open Mid-plane Energy Deposition: Open Mid-plane DipoleDipole

ED issues constrain the dipole design to have no coils in the mid-plane

Εpeak in SC coils ~0.4mW/g, below the quench limit

Estimated lifetime based on displacements per atom is ~10 years

Dipole design will require significant R&D, further LARP design work postponed

R. Gupta (BNL)

N. Mokhov

Quadrupole first designQuadrupole first design Without

mitigation, Epeak > 4 mW/g. Target value is ~1.7mW/g

Mitigation by thick inner liner

Stainless steel liners are not adequate

Thick Tungsten-Rhenium liner reduces

Epeak ~ 1.2 mW/gI. Rakhno

Tertiary CollimatorsTertiary Collimators

Designed to protect the detector and Designed to protect the detector and IR components from operational and IR components from operational and accidental beam lossesaccidental beam losses

N. Mokhov

Similar collimator used at A48 in the Tevatron to protect against abort kicker misfire

For the LHC propose 1m long Tungsten or Copper collimator upstream of neutral absorber

To IP

LHC InjectorLHC Injector

LHC Injector in the LHC LHC Injector in the LHC tunneltunnel Injector will accelerate beams from 0.45TeV Injector will accelerate beams from 0.45TeV

to ~1.5TeVto ~1.5TeV - Field quality of LHC better at 1.5GeV- Field quality of LHC better at 1.5GeV - Space charge effects lower, may allow - Space charge effects lower, may allow higher intensity buncheshigher intensity bunches - Could allow easier transition to LHC - Could allow easier transition to LHC

doublerdoubler

The injector will be installed in the LHC The injector will be installed in the LHC tunnel during scheduled LHC shutdownstunnel during scheduled LHC shutdowns

Return to the standard SPS injection into the Return to the standard SPS injection into the LHC will be possibleLHC will be possible

The main magnets will be the type of super-The main magnets will be the type of super-ferric combined function magnets proposed ferric combined function magnets proposed for the VLHC I.for the VLHC I. H. Piekarz (TD)

LHC Injector (LER)LHC Injector (LER)

VLHC low-field magnetVLHC low-field magnet

0.6 T (injection) 0.6 T (injection) → 1.6 T→ 1.6 T

Vertical distance between LER and LHCbeams is 1.35m

Beam TransferBeam Transfer

Fast pulsing magnets (PM) Fast pulsing magnets (PM) have to be turned off within have to be turned off within 3 micro-secs after LHC is 3 micro-secs after LHC is filled.filled.

CERN Workshop October 2006CERN Workshop October 2006--- what is not surrounded byuncertainty cannot be the truth R.P. Feynman

Sequence: SPS-> Injector -> LHC

InstrumentationInstrumentation

Schottky Monitor

Tune and Chromaticity Feedback

New Initiatives

Schottky Monitor at the Schottky Monitor at the TevatronTevatron

Allows measurements of:Allows measurements of:

Tunes from peak Tunes from peak positionspositions

Momentum spread Momentum spread from average widthfrom average width

Beam-beam tune Beam-beam tune spread of pbarsspread of pbars

Chromaticity from Chromaticity from differential widthdifferential width

Emittance from Emittance from average band poweraverage band power

Schottky Monitor Schottky Monitor DesignDesign

Schottky Monitor will Schottky Monitor will provide unique provide unique capabilitiescapabilities– Only tune Only tune

measurement during measurement during the storethe store

– Bunch-by-bunch Bunch-by-bunch measurement of measurement of parameters such as parameters such as Tune, ChromaticityTune, Chromaticity

– Average Average measurements as wellmeasurements as well

– Momentum spread & Momentum spread & emittanceemittance

Non invasive TechniqueNon invasive Technique Diagnosis of beam-beam Diagnosis of beam-beam

effects and electron effects and electron cloudcloud

R. Pasquinelli, A. Jansson

4 Monitors to be installed in the LHC, Summer 2006

Tune and Chromaticity feedbackTune and Chromaticity feedback

GoalsGoals Control the tune during the Control the tune during the

acceleration ramp to avoid acceleration ramp to avoid beam lossbeam loss

Control the chromaticity Control the chromaticity during the snapback at start during the snapback at start of rampof ramp

PLL method: excite the PLL method: excite the beam close to the tune and beam close to the tune and observe the resonant beam observe the resonant beam transfer function transfer function

Then used in a feedback Then used in a feedback system to regulate the system to regulate the quadrupole current and quadrupole current and tunetune

Measurement in RHIC with tunefeedback – tune changes ~ 0.001

Tune & chromaticity at the Tune & chromaticity at the TevatronTevatron

The Direct Diode Detection The Direct Diode Detection method (3D BBQ) from method (3D BBQ) from CERN implemented in the CERN implemented in the Tevatron – complements Tevatron – complements tune measurements from tune measurements from the Schottky monitors. More the Schottky monitors. More sensitive than the Schottky.sensitive than the Schottky.

This 3D BBQ has been used This 3D BBQ has been used to measure the to measure the chromaticity with a method chromaticity with a method due to D. McGinnis.due to D. McGinnis.

Interest in implementing Interest in implementing this method at RHIC and this method at RHIC and the SPSthe SPS

C.Y. Tan

Phase Modulation On

Phase Modulation Off

New FNAL Initiatives - New FNAL Initiatives - proposedproposed

AC Dipole (A. Jansson)AC Dipole (A. Jansson) Electron lens compensation of Electron lens compensation of

head-on interactions (V. Shiltsev)head-on interactions (V. Shiltsev) Crystal collimation (N. Mokhov)Crystal collimation (N. Mokhov) Measure field fluctuations in Measure field fluctuations in

magnets (V. Shiltsev)magnets (V. Shiltsev)

CommissioningCommissioning

LHC Plans

LARP involvement

LHC@FNAL

LHC Commissioning PlanLHC Commissioning Plan

I. Pilot physics runI. Pilot physics runFirst collisionsFirst collisions43 bunches, no crossing angle, no squeeze, moderate 43 bunches, no crossing angle, no squeeze, moderate

intensitiesintensitiesPush performance (156 bunches, partial squeeze in 1 and 5, Push performance (156 bunches, partial squeeze in 1 and 5,

push intensity)push intensity)Performance limit 10Performance limit 103232 cm cm-2-2 s s-1-1 (event pileup) (event pileup)

II. 75ns operationII. 75ns operation Establish multi-bunch operation, moderate intensitiesEstablish multi-bunch operation, moderate intensitiesRelaxed machine parameters (squeeze and crossing angle)Relaxed machine parameters (squeeze and crossing angle)Push squeeze and crossing angle Push squeeze and crossing angle Performance limit 10Performance limit 103333 cm cm-2-2 s s-1-1 (event pileup) (event pileup)

III. 25ns operation IIII. 25ns operation INominal crossing angleNominal crossing anglePush squeezePush squeezeIncrease intensity to 50% nominal Increase intensity to 50% nominal Performance limit 2 10Performance limit 2 103333 cm cm--

22 s s-1-1

IV. 25ns operation IIIV. 25ns operation IIPush towards nominal performancePush towards nominal performance

Stage I II IVIII

No beam Beam Beam

R. Bailey (CERN)

Beam Instrumentation – R.Garoby, R.Jones

Activity Responsible Other CERN LARP

ScreensE.BravinA.Guerrero

H.Burkhardt (AP)G.Arduini (AP)

BCTP.OdierD.BelohradM.Ludwig

H.Burkhardt (AP)J.Jowett (AP)

BPM and orbitR.JonesL.Jensen

J.Wenninger (OP)W.Herr (AP)I.Papaphilippou (AP)

BLMB.DehningE.HolzerS.Jackson

R.Assmann (AP)H.Burkhardt (AP)B.Jeanneret (AP)S.Gilardoni (AP)

PLL for Q, Q’, CR.JonesM.GasiorP.Karlsson

S.Fartoukh (AP)O.Berrig (AP)J.Wenninger (OP)

X

Profile monitorsS.HutchinsJ.KoopmanA.Guerrero

H.Burkhardt (AP)S.Gilardoni (AP)M.Giovannozzi (AP)

XX

Schottky monitorsF.Caspers (RF)R.JonesS.Bart-Pedersen

E.Metral (AP)C.Carli (AP)F.Zimmermann (AP)

X

Luminosity monitorsE.BravinS.Bart-Pedersen

R.Assmann (AP)F.Zimmermann (AP)

X

Expression of Interest Expression of Interest FormForm

Please respond to Elvin Harms by June Please respond to Elvin Harms by June 11stst

In anticipation of LHC-related studies using the SPS in the coming months and commissioning next year, LARP is soliciting interest for involvement in same.

http://larp.fnal.gov/commissioningForm.html

is the link for you to register your interest in being part of this effort.

SPS studies – test LHC SPS studies – test LHC issuesissues

LHCLHC collimatorcollimator teststests LSS6 commissioning LSS6 commissioning TI8 extraction test TI8 extraction test LSS4/LSS6 interleavedLSS4/LSS6 interleaved LHC beam lifetime LHC beam lifetime LHC orbit feedback LHC orbit feedback BBLR BBLR – – beam-beam compensation beam-beam compensation LHC BLM tests in the PSB LHC BLM tests in the PSB --- sample of studies planned--- sample of studies planned

From G. Arduini (CERN)From G. Arduini (CERN)

LARP plans for Beam LARP plans for Beam CommissioningCommissioning

Refining areas of involvement, identifying CERN counterparts ~15 people signed up (across all 4 labs)

LARP presence during SPS run in Summer ’06 3 FNAL people participating, room for a few more

Sector test presence planned About 2 weeks, late 2006 – early 2007

Software effort In support of instruments and control room here

Planning for long-term visits during LHC commissioning

E. Harms

What is LHC@FNAL?What is LHC@FNAL?• A PlaceA Place

• That provides access to information in a manner that is similar That provides access to information in a manner that is similar to what is available in control rooms at CERNto what is available in control rooms at CERN

• Where members of the LHC community can participate remotely Where members of the LHC community can participate remotely in CMS and LHC activitiesin CMS and LHC activities

• A Communications ConduitA Communications Conduit• Between CERN and members of the LHC community located in Between CERN and members of the LHC community located in

North AmericaNorth America

• LARP use: Training before visiting CERN, Participating in LARP use: Training before visiting CERN, Participating in Machine Studies, Analysis of performance, “Service after Machine Studies, Analysis of performance, “Service after the Sale” of US deliverablesthe Sale” of US deliverables

• An Outreach toolAn Outreach tool• Visitors will be able to see current LHC activitiesVisitors will be able to see current LHC activities

• Visitors will be able to see how future international projects in Visitors will be able to see how future international projects in particle physics can benefit from active participation in projects particle physics can benefit from active participation in projects at remote locations.at remote locations.

Planned Opening in September 2006Planned Opening in September 2006 E. Gottschalk

LHC@FNALLHC@FNALYou can observe a lot just bywatching Yogi Berra

Control Room at CERNControl Room at CERN

Started operation on Feb 1, 2006

13 operators on shift + experts

LHC ChallengesLHC Challenges Machine protectionMachine protection Quench protection e.g at 7 TeV, fast Quench protection e.g at 7 TeV, fast

losses < 0.0005% bunch intensitylosses < 0.0005% bunch intensity Collimation (400 degrees of freedom!)Collimation (400 degrees of freedom!) Controlling 2808 bunchesControlling 2808 bunches Snapback and rampSnapback and ramp ΔΔQ’ (snapback) ~ 90, Q’ (snapback) ~ 90, ΔΔQ’ (ramp & squeeze) ~ 320 Q’ (ramp & squeeze) ~ 320 ----- -----

Summary of LARP Summary of LARP activitiesactivities Optics design of IR upgradeOptics design of IR upgrade Energy deposition calculations in IR magnetsEnergy deposition calculations in IR magnets Design of tertiary collimatorsDesign of tertiary collimators Beam-beam and wire compensation Beam-beam and wire compensation

experimentsexperiments Optics design of a proposed LHC injectorOptics design of a proposed LHC injector Design of Schottky MonitorDesign of Schottky Monitor Tests of tune and chromaticity trackingTests of tune and chromaticity tracking Proposed new initiatives: AC dipole, E-lens, Proposed new initiatives: AC dipole, E-lens,

Crystal collimation, Field fluctuationsCrystal collimation, Field fluctuations Participation in SPS and LHC sector testsParticipation in SPS and LHC sector tests LHC beam commissioningLHC beam commissioning LHC@FNALLHC@FNAL

Web pagesWeb pages AD: larp.fnal.govAD: larp.fnal.gov

US-LARP: dmsUS-LARP: dms.uslarp.org.uslarp.org

LARP document databaseLARP document database larpdocs.fnal.govlarpdocs.fnal.gov

FNAL-TD, BNL, LBL, SLAC also have FNAL-TD, BNL, LBL, SLAC also have web pages – links from the uslarp pageweb pages – links from the uslarp page

E. McCrory

CreditsCredits Accelerator Physics: J. Johnstone, Accelerator Physics: J. Johnstone,

N. Mokhov, I. Rakhno, V. RanjbarN. Mokhov, I. Rakhno, V. Ranjbar

Instrumentation: A. Jansson, R. Instrumentation: A. Jansson, R. Pasquinelli, V. Shiltsev, C.Y. TanPasquinelli, V. Shiltsev, C.Y. Tan

Commissioning: E. Harms, E. Commissioning: E. Harms, E. McCrory, J. Slaughter, M. SyphersMcCrory, J. Slaughter, M. Syphers

BackupsBackups

US-LARP activities in US-LARP activities in 20062006

Accelerator PhysicsAccelerator Physics FNAL: IR design, Beam-beam compensation, Energy FNAL: IR design, Beam-beam compensation, Energy

deposition, tertiary collimatorsdeposition, tertiary collimators BNL: Beam-beam compensationBNL: Beam-beam compensation LBL: Electron cloudLBL: Electron cloud

InstrumentationInstrumentation FNAL: Schottky monitor, tune feedbackFNAL: Schottky monitor, tune feedback BNL: Tune feedbackBNL: Tune feedback LBL: Luminosity monitorLBL: Luminosity monitor

Rotating collimatorsRotating collimators – SLAC – SLAC

MagnetsMagnets High field quads: FNAL, BNL, LBLHigh field quads: FNAL, BNL, LBL

Commissioning Commissioning – all labs– all labs

Features of Doublet Features of Doublet OpticsOptics Symmetric about IP from Q1 to Q3, anti-symmetric Symmetric about IP from Q1 to Q3, anti-symmetric

from Q4 onwardsfrom Q4 onwards Q1, Q2 are identical quads, Q1T is a trim quad (125 Q1, Q2 are identical quads, Q1T is a trim quad (125

T/m). L(Q1) = L(Q2) = 6.6 mT/m). L(Q1) = L(Q2) = 6.6 m Q3 to Q6 are at positions different from baseline Q3 to Q6 are at positions different from baseline

opticsoptics All gradients under 205 T/mAll gradients under 205 T/m At collision, At collision, ββ**xx= 0.462m, = 0.462m, ββ**yy = 0.135m, = 0.135m, ββ**effeff= 0.25m= 0.25m Same separation in units of beam size with a smaller Same separation in units of beam size with a smaller

crossing angle crossing angle ΦΦEE = √( = √(ββ**RR/ / ββ**EE) ) ΦΦR R = 0.74 = 0.74 ΦΦR R Luminosity gain compared to round beamsLuminosity gain compared to round beams

Including the hourglass factor,

LHC Commissioning PlanLHC Commissioning Plan

Where are we ?Where are we ?

Overall strategy OKStage IStage I 43 bunches 43 bunchesStage IIStage II 75ns75nsStage IIIStage III 25ns low I25ns low IStage IVStage IV 25ns high I25ns high I

Stage I looked atStage I looked at

Some details behind

Need to make this into a detailed Need to make this into a detailed commissioning plancommissioning plan

Best developed by the people who will Best developed by the people who will implementimplement itit

Machine Machine coordinators/Commissioners/EICs + coordinators/Commissioners/EICs + Accelerator SystemsAccelerator Systems

Work through 2006 (suggest 20% Work through 2006 (suggest 20% activity)activity)

1 Injection and First turnInjection and First turn

2 Circulating beam, RF Circulating beam, RF capturecapture

3 450 GeV: initial 450 GeV: initial commissioningcommissioning

4 450 GeV: detailed 450 GeV: detailed measurementsmeasurements

5 450 GeV: 2 beams450 GeV: 2 beams

6 Nominal cycleNominal cycle

7 Snapback – single beamSnapback – single beam

8 Ramp – single beamRamp – single beam

9 Single beam at physics Single beam at physics energyenergy

10

Two beams to physics Two beams to physics energyenergy

11 PhysicsPhysics

12 Commission squeezeCommission squeeze

13 Physics partially squeezedPhysics partially squeezed

From R. Bailey (CERN)

Machine protectionMachine protection Metal damageMetal damage 450 GeV: 50 nominal bunches450 GeV: 50 nominal bunches 7 TeV: 7 x 107 TeV: 7 x 1099, about 6% of 1 bunch, about 6% of 1 bunch Quench protectionQuench protection Fast losses 450 GeV: 10Fast losses 450 GeV: 1099, 7TeV: 5x10, 7TeV: 5x1055

During abort 450GeV: 1.4x10During abort 450GeV: 1.4x1099 p/m in p/m in gapgap

7TeV: 2x107TeV: 2x1066 p/m in gap p/m in gap Collimator damageCollimator damage Fast losses 450 GeV: 260 bunchesFast losses 450 GeV: 260 bunches 7 TeV: 4 bunches7 TeV: 4 bunches

LHC Sector test with LHC Sector test with beambeam

3.3 km of the LHC including one experiment insertion and a full arc

LHC@FNALLHC@FNAL