U.S. History Semester 1 ReviewUnit 1 Foundations: Background to American History1. What effect did the French and Indian War have on colonists relations with the British?2. Briefly describe what started the American Revolution.3. What was the Second Continental Congress? What actions did they take following the outbreak of war?4. What role did George Washington play at the start of the American Revolution?5. What role did Jonathan Trumbull, Sr. Play in the American Revolution?6. Who was John Peter Muhlenberg? What is his significance?7. What influence did the writings of John Locke and other enlightenment thinkers have on America's view of independence?8. Why is the date July 4,1776 significant?9. What are unalienable rights?10. What justifications does the Declaration of Independence give for the American Revolution?11. What do the following phrases in the Declaration of Independence mean? "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal..." “...that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights....” “...deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed” “That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it.” “ the history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these colonies...” 12. What is the significance of each of the following signers of the Declaration of Independence?John HancockBenjamin RushCharles Carroll John Witherspoon13. What is the Articles of Confederation? What were its weaknesses?14. What happened at the Constitutional Convention in 1787?15. Describe the following principles of the U.S. Constitution, and be able to identify the part of the Constitution that gives legitimacy to that principle:

Limited Government:Republicanism:Federalism:Separation of Powers:Popular Sovereignty:Checks and Balances:

16. How can the Constitution be amended? Why was this included? and list some examples of changes over the years.17. Who was John Jay and why was he significant?18. Why was the Bill of Rights added to the United States Constitution?19. List the five rights protected by the first amendment.20. Briefly describe the remaining amendments in the Bill of Rights (amendments 2-10).21. Why is the case of Marbury v Madison significant?

22. Briefly define the 5 values Alexis de Tocqueville found crucial to America’s success as a constitutional republic.

A. EgalitarianismB. PopulismC. LibertyD. IndividualismE. Laissez-faire

23. Why were the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments added to the U.S. Constitution? What does each do? Unit 2 Industrialization and the Gilded Age24. What was the bessemer process? how did it change America?25. What changes occurred in due to the commercial uses of electricity?26. How did each of the following contribute to America becoming an industrial giant?

A. RailroadsB. National MarketC. Population GrowthD. Corporations

27. What does the term Gilded Age mean?28. What does the term “Captain of Industry” mean? What is a “robber baron”?29. Who was Andrew Carnegie?30. define philanthropy31. What is the Gospel of Wealth? Why is it significant?32. Who was John D. Rockefeller?33. define monopoly34. What is the purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act? Why is it important?35. What is the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act? Why is it important?36. What conditions did labor face during the Gilded Age?37. Describe early Labor Unions and their founders.38. define union, strike, closed shop39. What was the Haymarket Affair of 1886? How did this influence public opinion regarding Unions?40. What was the government attitude toward unions? Unit 3 - American Society in Transition41. What factors led to rapid urbanization?42. What problems were created by rapidly growing cities?43. What political corruption did cities face?44. Who was Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall?45. Why did immigrants come to America?46. Where were the “new immigrants” from? What challenges did they face?47. What is nativism?48. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?49. What impact did each of the following have on the closing of the American Frontier?

A. Gold RushesB. Indian WarsC. RailroadsD. Homestead Act 1862E. Cattle Industry

50. define reservation51. What was the purpose of The Dawes Act 1887? What were some of its shortcoming?

Unit 4 - The Progressive Era52. What problems faced farmers from 1870-1900?53. What was the purpose of the Grange movement?54. What was the populist party? Describe the effect it had on elections as a third party.55. Describe the progressives? What was the primary goal of the progressive movement?56. What was the Social Gospel Movement?57. define Muckrakers58. Describe the contributions of the following muckrakers:

A. Jacob RiisB. Ida TarbellC. Upton Sinclair

59. Describe how each of the following Progressive Era Reformers sought to change society? A. Jane Addams

B. Who was Ida B. WellsC. WEB DuBoisD. Booker T. WashingtonE. Robert LaFolletteF. Theodore Roosevelt

60. What were some progressive era political reforms? How did they make government more accountable to the people?61. What was the Pendleton Act?62. Describe each of the following Progressive Era Presidents programs and reforms:

A. Theodore RooseveltB. William Howard TaftC. Woodrow Wilson

63. What effect did the Triangle Shirtwaist fire have on views about unions? What legislation was passed as a result and how did it help workers?64. What is the purpose of the Federal Reserve?65. What was the Seneca Falls convention?65. Who was Susan B. Anthony?66. What is the purpose of the 19th amendment?67. During the Progressive Era, describe how art and literature moved to reflect realism. Cite specific examples. Unit 5 - America Builds an Empire68. Why did the Spanish American war begin?69. define - yellow journalism70. What was the De Lome Letter? 71. What was the significance of the explosion of the USS Maine?72. Who was Alfred T. Mahan?73. Explain how each of the following led to America becoming an Imperial power:

A. Cuba becomes a protectorateB. annexation of Philippines, Puerto Rico, GuamC. HawaiiD. Open Door POlicyE. Panama CanalF. Big Stick Policy

74. Define Dollar Diplomacy

75. Describe Wilson’s Latin American Policy Unit 6 - America in World War I76. What contributed to the outbreak of WWI in Europe in 1914?77. List new types of technologies that made this a new kind of war.78. How did Wilson try to maintain American neutrality after the outbreak of war in Europe?79. Why did attempts at neutrality fail? and what caused our entrance into the war?80. What changes occurred on the homefront?81. Explain the significance of the case Schenck v. U.S. 191982. What was the American Expeditionary Force?83. Who was John J. Pershing?84. Who was Alvin York?85. What was the aims of the Fourteen points? What happened at the Paris Peace Conference?86. What did the Treaty of Versailles do?87. Why were Americans concerned about the League of Nations?88. Who was Henry Cabot Lodge?87. Why did America fail to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?