US HISTORY & GOV’T IMPERIAL DIPLOMACY

JOHN JAY HS

BIG IDEAS

WHAT IDEAS DOMINATED 19TH CENTURY AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY?

HOW DO THE HAMILTONIAN & JEFFERSONIAN TRADITIONS DIFFER?

IS AMERICAN DEMOCRACY COMPATIBLE WITH AMERICIAN EMPIRE?

AMERICAN DIPLOMACY . . . THE FIRST 100 YEARS

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS (1796)• “NO PERMANENT ALLIANCES”

JEFFERSON’S FIRST INAUGURAL (1800)• “AVOID ENTANGLING ALLIANCES”

MONROE DOCTRINE (1823)• NEW WORLD = US SPHERE OF INFLUENCE; • NEUTRAL TOWARD EUROPEAN “GREAT POWERS”

KEY THEMES: ISOLATION & NEUTRALITY

KEY FACTS: GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION, POLITICAL & ECONOMIC WEAKNESS

EUROPE: BUSY TAKING OVER AFRICA & ASIA

TWO TRADITIONS: HAMILTON & JEFFERSON

REALIST

MILITARYPROFESSIONAL MILITARY

BIG NAVY

EMPIRE > DEMOCRACY

MILITARY FORCE WAR

PROTECTIONIST

“MIGHT IS RIGHT”

IDEALIST

ECONOMIC VOLUNTEER MILITIA

SMALL NAVY

EMPIRE < DEMOCRACY

MORAL SUASIONARBITRATION

FREE TRADE

“MIGHT FOR RIGHT”

REALISM, IDEALISM & LIBERALISM REALISM: INT’L RELATIONS = POWER BALANCE OF POWER; SOCIAL DARWINISM “THE STRONG DO WHAT THEY CAN, THE WEAK ACCEPT WHAT THEY MUST” GREAT WHITE FLEET; SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR; PANAMA CANAL

IDEALISM: INT’L RELATIONS = VALUES & ETHICS INTERNATIONAL LAW “DO JUSTICE, THOUGH THE HEAVENS FALL” WILSON’S 14 POINTS; ANTI-IMPERIALISM LEAGUE

LIBERALISM: INT’L RELATIONS = MONEY INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (EX. LEAGUE OF NATIONS, UN, IMF) “FOLLOW THE MONEY” OPEN DOOR POLICY; DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY USA = WORLD’S POLICEMAN

MONROE DOCTRINE EUROPEANSSTAY OUT OF AMERICAS COROLLARY = UPDATE USA = “ENFORCE THE LAW” IF LATIN AMERICA FALLS IN DEBT TO EUROPE “WALK SOFTLY AND CARRY ABIG STICK” = MILITARY FORCE BACKS UP DIPLOMACY

DOLLAR DIPLOMACYUSA = WORLD’S BANKER (PRESIDENT TAFT)

USE ECONOMIC LEVERAGE MAKE LA GOVT’S “REFORM”

OVERSEAS BUSINESSES = AGENTS OF US GOVERNMENT SUPPORT POLICIES FAVORABLE TO US BUSINESS

INTERESTSCOLOSSAL FAILURE = UNPOPULAR IN THE US & LATIN AMERICA

ECONOMIC LEVERAGE = NOT EFFECTIVEMODERN EXAMPLES: IMF & STRUCTURAL REFORM; 1982, 1994 “TEQUILA” CRISES

WILSONIAN IDEALISM FOREIGN POLICY = BASED ON PRINCIPLE, NOT POWER OR PULCHRE

USA = EXCEPTIONAL (UNIQUELY GOOD) PURITANCIAL: BLACK & WHITE, NO GRAY NO COMPROMISE (CAN’T DEAL W/ DEVIL)

BASIS FOR AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN WWI

CRITICISMS: NAÏVE: PEOPLE = NOT GOOD; NATIONS = SELF-INTERESTED SELF-RIGHTEOUS: WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE? HYPOCRITICAL: MEXICO? PHILIPPINES? RACISM?

INDIANS?

LATIN AMERICA USA & LATIN AMERICA = LOVE-HATE RELATIONSHIP

DIAZ: “POOR MEXICO: SO FAR FROM GOD, SO CLOSE TO THE USA” LATIN AMERICA ≠ BACKWARD:

IN 1909, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY & CHILE ≥ GERMANY ; MOST OF LATIN

AMERICA = DEMOCRATIC LATIN AMERICA = UNDERBANKED

PANAMA INDEPENDENT OF COLOMBIA 1903 HAYS-BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY

ASIA PATERNALISTIC & ROMANTICIZING TO CHINA

PATRONIZING & PARANOID TO JAPAN1905: TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH = ENDS RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR; ROOSEVELT ARBITRATES WINS NOBEL PRIZEJAPAN = RAW DEAL1907: GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT:JAPAN “VOLUNTARILY” RESTRICTSIMMIGRATION SEGREGATED SCHOOLS IN SAN FRANLONG FUSE WWII