Virginia Company

U.S. History: Fall Semester Review140 Vocabulary words that you MUST be familiar with for the Final Exam.Each word has not only a definition but a relationship to one or more of the other vocabulary words. (a piece of the puzzle)It is up to you to know how they all fit together. (a giant puzzle)Once you know the big picture, you can see where the details connect.Virginia CompanyJoint business venture during colonial timesFirst successful European settlers of AmericaCame over here looking for goldStarted JamestownJohn Smith was the leaderFirst non-religious colony in AmericaKing James signed the charterCultivated tobaccoHouse of BurgessesFirst European-style legislative assembly in the coloniesSome members were appointed and others were electedOversee the Virginia colonySimilar to Englands parliamentPowhatanNative American Chief from eastern VirginiaAttacked the settlers of the Virginia companyProvided food for the colonists of JamestownDaughter was Pocahontas Bacons RebellionLandless rebels wanted harsher action against the Native AmericansLed by Nathaniel BaconThey opposed Governor BerkleyShowed poor farmers displeasure with not having the support of the governmentResulted in a law stating that poor whites could no longer side with slaves against rich white colonistsMassachusetts SettlementSettled by Puritans who wanted religious freedomDid not want ties to Catholicism and were not tolerant of other religionsBoston was the capitalJohn WinthropCity upon a hillKnown as the PilgrimsGovernment was dominated by Puritan religious beliefsRhode Island SettlementDissenters (people who did not agree) from MassachusettsEstablished by Roger WilliamsTolerant of other religionsLived in peace with the Native AmericansBanished from Massachusetts, Anne Hutchinson fled here with her 17 childrenHalf-Way CovenantAllowed partial church membership for children and grandchildren of PuritansGet more people to join Church because of a lack of personal relationship with GodCaused by more and more children being brought up outside the ChurchEncouraged by Puritan ministersResulted from the Churchs need for more moneyKing Philips WarConflict between English colonists and Native AmericansNative American leader was Metacom (he died)King Philip was a Native American Chief (Same as above)End of Native American presence in New England1675-1676Result of Native Americans being forced to live by Puritan LawSalem Witch TrialsOver dramatic white people Widespread hysteria24 people were killed, 29 were convictedMostly women were accused of witchcraft, 150 totalCaused byLack of opportunities for womenExtreme religious faithStress between natives and colonistsMid-Atlantic ColoniesTerritory between Virginia and New EnglandFounded by the religiously tolerant Quakers (Pennsylvania)New Amsterdam was settled by the Dutch firstPennsylvaniaFounded by William PennQuakers who wanted peace and religious tolerancePenns Holy ExperimentLived in peace with the Native AmericansNew Amsterdam (New York)Founded by the DutchVery diverse population taken over by the BritishFounded in 1625 by Dutch settlers, British take over in 1664British invited the Dutch to stay when they took overQuebecFrench speaking territoryFur tradeEstablished in 1608French were spreading CatholicismBritish were Spreading Protestantism First permanent French SettlementMercantilismNations collect gold and silverBritish economic policy of the colonial eraMore exports, less importsUltimate goal self sufficiencyTrans-Atlantic TradeTrade from the colonies across the Atlantic and backUnder mercantilism, the British wanted to control this tradeTriangular Trade1-finished goods from GB to Africa2-slaves from Africa to colonies3-raw materials from colonies to GBMiddle PassageTrade route from Africa to the coloniesSecond part of the three way voyage (triangular trade)Slaves were brought from Africa to AmericaVery poor conditions for Africans2 of 10 died along the journey2nd leg of trans-Atlantic tradeBenjamin FranklinDeclaration of IndependenceInspired by John LockeFounding fatherBelieved in individualism and social mobilityBelieved in obtaining truth through experimentation and reasoningBifocalsProved lightening was a form of electrical powerIndividualismSeeking ways to improve ones own statusNew way of thinking for the colonistsMaking your own choicesFree thoughtValues the Protestant Work EthicSocial MobilityChanging classes in societyAbility to move up in society based on hard workThe foundation of the American DreamOutlined the capitalistic economy

The Great AwakeningRevival of religious feeling in American colonies during the 1730sPreachers began to travel around Jonathan EdwardsColonists, Native Americans, and African Americans all became a part of one churchBrought many colonists into organized Christian churches for the first timePre-destiny was taughtFrench and Indian WarFrench and Native Americans were on the same sideBritish won and gained new territoryBritish and colonists fought beside each otherSome Native American tribes also sided with the British towards the endConflict over land1756-1763Caused by tensions over claims to coloniesFirst time George Washington led a military group1763 Treaty of ParisEnded the French and Indian WarFrance surrendered Canada to Great BritainFrance gave up all land east of the Mississippi except for New OrleansLed to the Proclamation of 1763Caused tension between the British and their colonies because GB gained control of all coloniesNO MORE CHARTER COLONIES!!!

Proclamation of 1763No settling west of the Appalachian MountainsAttempt to limit conflict between colonists and Native AmericansAmericans did not like thisSettled west anywayAngered the colonistsFirst of a series of Acts and Proclamations that eventually lead to the RevolutionStamp ActStamp on all paper goodsFirst of direct taxes imposed on the colonists by the BritishLed to creation of the Sons/Daughters of LibertyCaused emergence of rebellious attitude towards Great BritainEstablished tax collectorsHappened because of uprising at the customs houseReplaced by the Declaratory ActIntolerable ActsPunishment for the Boston Tea PartyClosed off Boston HarborMartial Law and Quartering ActLed to the First Continental Congress1774

Sons of LibertyAttempted to stop the distribution of stamped paper after the Stamp ActEstablished by Samuel AdamsEventually turned to violence to protestLed the efforts in the Boston Tea PartyDaughters of LibertyJoined the sons of liberty in British oppositionMade their own clothes to boycott British ImportsRefused to buy tea and other British ImportsOpenly protested the sale of British goodsCommittees of CorrespondenceFirst secret meeting between coloniesEstablished colonial militia to resist the Intolerable ActsCarried out the First Continental CongressEstablished the use of minutemen to resist British colonial ruleThomas PaineWrote Common SenseSupported IndependenceCreated a sense of unity among the colonists in their efforts against the BritishPatriot philosopherDid not like the way Britain (the Mother Country) treated its child (the colonies)

Common SenseWritten by Thomas PaineSaid that Great Britain was too far away to rule the colonies effectively1776

Declaration of IndependenceJuly 4, 1776Written by Thomas JeffersonOutlined what we had done to try and alleviate conflict with Great BritainBased on the ideas of John Locke and Charles de Montesquieu Unalienable rights Changed the war from a civil war to a revolutionary warEstablished America as a separate countryPresented the idea that all men are created equalJohn LockeNatural rights of manLife, liberty, and propertyEnglish philosopherHelped South Carolina write their State ConstitutionInfluenced the Declaration of IndependenceIdeas spread during the Enlightenment

Charles de MontesquieuFrench political thinkerFrench army generalWanted equal rightsInfluenced the Declaration of IndependenceWrote the Declaration of French Independence

General George WashingtonLed troops across the Delaware River to a surprise attack on Trenton and victoryCommander-in-Chief of the Continental ArmyReorganized the armySigned the Declaration of IndependenceFirst military conquest was in the French and Indian War and he failed

Crossing the DelawareChristmas Eve surprise attackGerman Hessians were attacked by Washington and his troopsFirst big win for the AmericansInspired by Thomas Paines The CrisisThe conditions were very harshThis siege changed the course of the warThe win against Great Britain inspired the French to support the AmericansValley ForgeGeorge Washington conducted a training camp for troops despite harsh conditions Most difficult time during the war effort, many diedLacking supplies and moralePennsylvaniaLow point for General Washingtons troopsSickness and death were common

Marquis de LafayetteGeneral during the Revolution for American troopsCame up with the plan that made the Americans win at YorktownTrained American troopsWon the Battle against CornwallisFrench commander of American troopsInspired to come to America by Benjamin Franklin who was serving as ambassador to France at the timeGeneral Charles CornwallisBritish general during the Revolutionary WarSurrendered at YorktownEstablished forts across the state of South Carolina and had much success in the southAided by African Americans who had escaped from Patriot slave ownersBattle of YorktownCornwallis surrendered hereEnded the American RevolutionFrench naval force defeated a British fleetBlocked the entrance to Chesapeake bayBritish could not be rescued by seaVirginia1783 Treaty of ParisEnded the Revolutionary WarUS gained control of all land east of the MississippiSigned in Versailles in SeptemberBetween the United States, Great Britain, France, and SpainConfirmed US independenceSet the boundaries of the new nationDid not protect the land interests of the Native AmericansArticles of ConfederationOutlined the 1st form of government for the United States after the Revolutionary warDid not work, was weak, gave the central government NO powerStates had all the powerRevised after Shays RebellionNo executive branchDid not have a strong judicial branchStarted the debate between a strong central government and strong state governments1787Gave the national government the power to declare war, make peace, sign treaties, borrow money, standards for coins

U.S. ConstitutionThe supreme law of the land for the United StatesSupported by the FederalistsReiterated the natural rights of manOutlines the rules of the GovernmentEstablished a Supreme Court1789Established a bicameral legislatureIncluded separation of powers and a system of checks and balancesCongress established lower courtsShays RebellionUprising of debt ridden Massachusetts farmersAttempt to seize a federal arsenal in MassachusettsLed by Daniel ShayProved the weakness of the Articles of ConfederationConvinced 12 states to send delegates to the Philadelphia conventionGreat CompromiseTwo house national legislatureBICAMERALSmall states and large states compromised on the issue of representationEstablished Senate and House of RepresentativesConnecticut Compromise / Virginia CompromiseSuggested by Roger ShermanEqual representation in Senate and population determined representation in House of Reps.

SlaveryOwning African American peoplePopulation and representation issueLed to the 3/5s compromiseSouth supported slaves counted as populationDealt with runaway slaves issue at Constitutional ConventionUnderground railroadHarriet Tubman, Uncle Toms Cabin, Harriet Beecher StoweConstitution said slave trade would end in 20 yearsSeparation of PowersDividing the government into local, state, and federal levelsWeakened the power of the Central/Federal GovernmentAssigned certain powers to each level of governmentWas established by the Constitution and allowed for broad interpretationLimited GovernmentSupported by anti-federalistsReassured people that the government would not be like a monarchyBill of RightsOutlined in the 9th and 10th amendments to the constitutionEnsured a free market economy Executive BranchPresidentEnforce/carry out the lawsVeto power, checked by judicial and legislative branchesGeorge Washington established the tradition of a cabinetLoosely interpreted by each presidentDecide their own powers

Checks and BalancesKept one branch from dominating the governmentTies all three branches of government togetherSeparates government into three branches Assigns different powers to each branchJudicial branch makes sure the other two dont do anything unconstitutionalPresident cant do anything without the approval of congress FederalistSupported the ConstitutionBelieved in strong central governmentAlexander HamiltonFavored the new constitutions balance of powerThe beginnings of political partiesGeorge Washington and James Madison

Anti-federalistSupported limited federal GovernmentDid not support the ConstitutionCalled for the Bill of RightsThomas JeffersonPatrick HenrySamuel AdamsSimilar to Republican party of todayRichard Henry LeeReceived support from rural areasThe FederalistWritings by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton and John JaySeries of 85 essays defending and explaining the ConstitutionCalled for ratification of the ConstitutionExplained the intent of the ConstitutionAppeared in New York newspapers between 1787-1788

James MadisonHelped create the Bill of RightsSupporter of Thomas Jefferson and his ideasFederalistWorked with Hamilton on the Federalist Papers4th presidentAlexander HamiltonSecretary of Treasury under George WashingtonBelieved in loose interpretation of the ConstitutionVery important federalistExpand the power of governmentKilled in a duel with Aaron BurrSon was killed in a duel in the same place States RightsSupported by Southern States and rural areasStates refused to enforce laws they did not supportAnything not put in the constitution10th amendment outlines that all powers not directed to the federal government are reserved for the statesBill of RightsFirst 10 amendments to the ConstitutionAppeased the Anti-federalistsRights of the peopleLimited governmentAccepted by federalists and anti-federalists

President George WashingtonFirst president of the United States under the ConstitutionDid not like the idea of political partiesTaxed whiskeyWas selected as president, was not electedStarted the tradition of a cabinetSet the precedent of two term presidencyDid not expect the Constitution to last more than 20 yearsWhiskey RebellionFarmers attacked tax collectors in the Appalachian Mountain regionTried to get rid of excise taxLed to moonshinersGovernment quashed the rebellionWashing ton instituted tax on WhiskeyTax was to repay war debtWashingtons second termDemonstrated presidents constitutional authority to enforce the lawThe way to change law was to petition government peacefully not by rebelling

Political PartiesGeorge Washington warned against political parties in his farewell addressStarted forming between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas JeffersonDemocratic-republicans and WhigsParties were recognized based on their clothingFederalists and anti-federalists

FactionsGroups with different ideas and opinionsJohn Adams vs. Thomas JeffersonPolitical partiesStrict and liberal constructionistsHow the constitution was to be interpretedJefferson: strict constructionistHamilton: loose constructionist

John AdamsBeat Thomas Jefferson to become 2nd president of the United StatesSupporter of Alexander HamiltonElected in 1796Was a federalistGrew up on a farm in MassachusettsMuch criticism came from the supporters of his vp Thomas JeffersonPresidency showed the weakness of the vp being the losing candidate

Northwest OrdinanceEstablished the procedure by which new states would be admitted to the UnionShowed Americans that government encouraged westward expansionFirst territory outside of the original 13 colonies1787Manifest DestinyAngered the Native AmericansMuch conflict in the northwest over land claims

Louisiana PurchaseBought land from the French for $15 millionDoubled the size of the countryLewis and Clark explored the landBought from NapoleonSacagaweaLand had many Native American tribesMonroe and Livingston closed the dealLewis and ClarkExplored the western area purchased in the Louisiana TerritoryLed by SacajaweaWent to the PacificLooking for water routesAppointed by Thomas JeffersonDocumented new types of animals and plantsWar of 1812War between the Americans and Great BritainWe wonEnded by the Treaty of GhentCaused by British restrictions on American trade in the AtlanticConfirmed American independence and strengthened nationalismLast violent conflict between America and Great BritainErie CanalFirst man made canal that connected Lake Erie to the Atlantic OceanTook 8 years to makeEmergence of Uncle Sam Samuel Wilson363 miles longIncreased wealth of the NortheastPaid for itself in 12 yearsWork was done by people who lived along the canal route

New York CityNational capital until 1790Flourished after construction of the Erie CanalCenter of commerceBy 1835 was the largest city in the USCultural melting potConnection between agricultural markets of the west and European traders

Monroe DoctrineAnti-intervention policy set out by President MonroeTold other countries to stay out of our domestic business1823

Industrial RevolutionFlourishing of factories in the NorthLess man power = more machine powerNorth dominatedStarted in Great BritainThomas Jefferson was president during this changing time in American history

Eli WhitneyCotton GinInterchangeable parts (musket)Mass production Increased efficiency, decreased costsBenefited the south, cotton kingdomManufactured 10,000 muskets in 2 yearsHe invented many things

Cotton ginInvented by Eli WhitneyTremendously helped cotton farmersMade the cultivation of short staple cotton easierInvented in 1793Increase in slavesReduced price of cottonIncreased profitsSeparated seeds from cottonInterchangeable partsMusketBenefited factoriesAssembly lineMade identical parts so that the whole machine would not have to be replacedInvented by Eli WhitneyImproved the production processDecreased the need for skilled laborersManifest DestinyIt is our fate to settle all lands westward from the East coast to the West Coast19th century belief that inspired westward expansionPeople moved to the Pacific and Caribbean territorySpreading Christianity

Temperance MovementBanning of alcoholSupported by womenLaid the foundation of the womens suffrage movementMary C. Vaughan attested to the evils of alcohol at a temperance meetingIncreased the size of Protestant religious organizations and their influence in west and rural areas

AbolitionismPush to end slaveryMain issue causing conflict before and during the Civil WarFrederick Douglass was a famous abolitionistAbolitionists were persecuted for their beliefsDid not want to allow new states to have slavery

Public School ReformAll children should be allowed to attend free public schools Funded by taxesAfrican Americans could not attendWas led by Horace MannImproved quality because of formal training of teachersInstituted curriculum reformDoubled money that states spent on schoolsWomens Suffrage MovementWomen attempting to gain the right to vote and have a more active role in societyEventually resulted in the 19th amendmentGrimke sisters, Elizabeth Cady StantonSojourner Truth went throughout the country preaching and arguing for abolition and womens rights

Elizabeth Cady StantonLed the womens rights convention at Seneca Falls New YorkProminent leader in womens suffrage movementDeclaration of SentimentsWent to London for the Worlds anti-slavery convention in 1848Husband was a delegate at the convention

Seneca Falls ConferenceFirst womens rights conventionElizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader at the conferenceNew York1848 Lucretia Mott was also a prominent figure at the conventionOver 300 people attendedMen and womenAdopted the Declaration of Womens IndependenceDeclaration of SentimentsJacksonian DemocracySought a stronger President and Executive branch and a weaker CongressLeft the republican party to found the democratic-republican partyBelieved that political leaders should be able to pick followers for government jobsWanted to limit the power of elite groupsExpanded mens suffrage to all white men, not just land owners

American NationalismExtreme pride in country and desire to spreadCultureLanguageReligionBelief that the national interest should be placed ahead of regional interestsLed to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among the nationsBelieved in manifest destiny

William Lloyd GarrisonFounded abolitionist societies and published an abolitionist newspaperActive in religious reform movements in MassachusettsMost radical white abolitionistEditor of a newspaperPublished the Liberator sending the message of immediate emancipation

Frederick DouglassWorked for Garrison during the abolition movementLecturer for the American Anti-Slavery SocietyBorn in 1817Taught to read and write by the wife of his ownerWrote an autobiography Published an anti-slavery newspaper

Grimke SistersHeld lectures in the North about slaveryAngelina published an appeal to Christian women of the south Pushed women to be abolitionistsGrew up on a plantation and did not like the way slaves were treated

Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was added as a free state to the UnionAttempt to maintain the balance between slave and free states in the UnionSlavery was prohibited in the northern part of the Louisiana purchase

Nat Turners Rebellion60 whites were killed and Nat was eventually executedSlave that started a revolt in the southHe had 80 followersBelieved he was called by God to save his peopleAfrican American preacherLed to whites killing over 200 slaves

Nullification CrisisStates refusal to recognize an act of congress that it considers unconstitutional (slavery)Supported by John C. CalhounStates rightsSectionalismEvident when South Carolina tried to nullify a tariff on imports and threatened to secedeJohn C. CalhounSupported states rightsSupported Henry Clays American SystemSupported infrastructure and other national issuesHe thought the 1828 tariff on imports was an abominationAndrew Jacksons Vice PresidentHelped South Carolina during the nullification crisis

SectionalismBeing loyal to a certain region rather than the nationSouthern states supported this idea because it was in their best interestPromoted by the nullification crisisGrowing danger that underscored the presidential election of 1796

Mexican-American WarEnded by the Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoJames K. Polk was president during the warFought to win territory in TexasRobert E. Lees first battleMexico had an unstable governmentWar began in 1846US wanted New Mexico and California

Wilmot ProvisoProposed that none of the territory acquired in the war with Mexico would be open to slaveryWas an amendment to an 1846 military appropriations billDivided congress along regional linesNortherners supported this, southerners did notSouth believed it would tilt the balance of power in the congress in favor of the north

Compromise of 1850A series of congressional measure intended to settle the grievances between free states and slave statesIncluded the fugitive slave actFree states must return runaway slavesSupported by Henry Clay5 laws to maintain stabilityNew Mexico was established by the border of TexasNew Mexican voters could vote on slavery issueCali was freeReturn runaway slaves a mustSlave trade abolished in DCKansas-Nebraska ActA law enacted in 1850 that established the territories of Kansas and NebraskaEnacted the idea of popular sovereigntyPeople voted on whether or not the state would allow slaveryRepealed the Missouri Compromise90% of congress voted for the bill but the entire congress debated whether or not to pass itEnacted in 1854Popular SovereigntyA system in which residents of an area vote to decide an issueAppealed to both the north and the southSeemed like the most fair way to organize new state governmentsCaused mass migration to new statesWas not successful in Kansas and Nebraska

Dred Scott DecisionAttempted to gain his freedom through the court systemoutcome was against Scott because he was viewed as property and not a citizenPopular sovereignty was unconstitutionalCourt decision said that slaves were not citizens and could not bring cases to courtHe had no claim to freedomFormer slave from MissouriHearing was in 1857John BrownAttacked people in Kansas and killed 5 peopleBelieved God sent him to fight against slaverySecretly obtained financial backing from several prominent northern abolitionistsWanted a full slave revolt to spread throughout the United StatesHarpers Ferry: Oct. 16, 1859AbolitionistAbraham LincolnMain political force in ending slaveryRepublicanMain goal was to preserve the Union and stop slavery from spreadingEventually changed goal to abolish slaveryIssued the Emancipation ProclamationWanted the south to fire the first shot16th presidentAssassinated by John Wilkes Boothe at Fords TheatreGettysburg address 2 minutesSouth Carolina seceded when he was elected

Habeas CorpusCourt order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before a judge to determine if he/she is being held legallyLincoln suspended this so they could hold southern sympathizers without justificationMore than 13,000 suspected confederate sympathizers were held without a trialConstitution allows president to suspend in times of National emergency

Emancipation ProclamationOutlawed slavery in the confederate statesDid not expect slave owners to follow itExpected slaves would hear of it and run away on their ownMilitary action aimed at states in rebellionJanuary 1, 1863Hurt the war effort of the southDid not free slaves in Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware

Jefferson DavisConfederate PresidentFrom MississippiBelieved that the south was not here to make compromises with the UnionWanted south to be taken seriously as a nationBorn in 1808-died 1889President from 1861-1865Graduated from West PointElected to US senate in 1846 and 1856Ulysses S. GrantGeneral for the UnionGained control of the Mississippi River in the siege of VicksburgGraduated from West PointSuccessful general, bad everything else18th president of the USFebruary 1862 invaded west TennesseeAccepted the surrender of General LeeCaptured 2 confederate forts in 11 days15th amendment added during presidencyRobert E. LeeGeneral for the ConfederacySurrendered at AppomattoxAsked to join the Union but declined and joined the Confederacy because he loved VirginiaGraduated from West PointHated slavery but loved his state moreLed the standoff at AntietamOpposed successionDefeated at GettysburgChancellor at West Point

William Tecumseh ShermanLed the march through Georgia and burned everything in his pathAfter capturing Savannah, went north to help Grant wipe out LeeGraduated from West PointGave Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas presentFirst example of TOTAL WARThomas Stonewall JacksonConfederate GeneralWon the first Battle of Bull RunCaused Washington to retreat at the 1st Battle of Bull RunGraduated West PointDied during battleLost his right armOn Stone Mountain

Battle of AntietamDeadliest/bloodiest one day battle of the Civil War26,000 casualties (as many as the entire War of 1812)Two sides fought to a standoffRobert E. Lee led the southMcClellan led the northCould have ended the civil war if McClellan had followed when the south retreatedFought on September 17, 1862The south lost of its menBattle of GettysburgDeadliest battle of the war (over three days)Turning point of the Civil WarGeneral Lee decided not to invade the North again after thisStarted July 3, 1863Gettysburg address issued 4 months laterNational cemetery dedicationThe south lostSiege of VicksburgIn combination with Gettysburg, this was the turning point for the warMississippi, one of last Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking control of the Mississippi RiverMay-July 1863Grant was the Union leader and wonBattle of AtlantaSherman burned the city to the groundAtlanta was a major manufacturing and railroad hub for the ConfederacyJuly-September of 1864TOTAL WARSherman marched to the coast (Savannah) after burning the cityDestroyed everything in his pathGettysburg AddressIssued by Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the national cemetery at the site of the Battle of GettysburgGary Willis, It remade AmericaNovember of 18632 minutes Edward Everett spoke for 2 hours preceding Lincolns addressRaised spirits of the US so it would be one indivisible nationLincolns Second Inaugural AddressExpressed sorrow that differences between north and south could not be settled peacefullyExpressed slavery as such an evil that the north was justified in going to warOutlined plans for reconstructionRe-elected in 1864Emphasized NOT wanting to punish the southDropped the republican name and used National Union Party to gain the support of democrats

Presidential ReconstructionPlan to rebuild the south quickly and readmit them to the UnionLincoln believed that it was the individuals and not the states that rebelledDid not want the Union to punish the individuals so he pardoned their actionsVery lenient towards the southJohnson followed in Lincolns footstepsRadical Republican ReconstructionPlan to readmit the southern states to the Union only after they had met many strict requirementsMeant to punish the many confederate power holdersHated moderate reconstruction planLed by Thaddeus StevensOnly wanted to allow readmission after ratification of 13th, 14th, and 15th amendmentsWanted Congress to be in charge of reconstruction

13th AmendmentAbolished slavery and involuntary servitude in all statesThe five states that were loyal to the Union now had to free their slaves1865Ratified by 27 states8 were from the south

14th AmendmentStated that all people born in the US were citizens regardless of raceExtended the protection in the Bill of Rights to ALL peopleStarted with the 1866 Civil Rights ActsEnacted over presidential vetoPassed in 1868

15th AmendmentNo one could be kept from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitudeReduced the amount of racism within the Congressional lawsPassed in 1870Grant was PresidentCaused Jim Crow laws to be passed in the southLed to the Enforcement Act of 1870Southern whites did not want to follow 14th and 15th amendmentsMorehouse CollegeCollege for African AmericansSamuel L Jackson : AlumniFirst Historically Black CollegeFocus was on education and ministry1867 established as the Augusta InstituteFounded by two ministers and a former slave

Freedmens BureauEstablished to help out former slaves after the Civil WarDistributed food and clothing to poor whites and former slavesEstablished at the end of the warCongress voted to continue in 1866SOME freed slaves were given land that was not reclaimed after the warVetoed by Johnson

Andrew Johnsons ImpeachmentThe Congress believed he was not following the laws laid out in the Constitution when it came to reconstructionRemoved military officers who attempted to enforce the reconstruction actsImpeached by Radical Republicans in congressNot removed from office by one vote

Black codesReinstated almost all of the same restrictions as slaveryNo carrying weaponsServing on juriesMarrying whitesTestifying against whitesStarted in Mississippi and SC used to prevent blacks from moving up in societySegregated all public facilitiesJim Crow laws

Ku Klux KlanSecret organization that used terrorist tactics to restore white supremacy in the south after the Civil WarStarted in Tennessee in 1866Killed African Americans and white sympathizersEstablished by veterans of the Confederate militaryKept African Americans from voting after the Civil WarUsed intimidation like burning crosses, murder, etc.Backed off so that the federal troops would leave the southRailroad industryExpanded during the late 1800s Provided transportation for settlers going westHired Chinese workers and paid low wagesMade the steel industry grow exponentiallyFirst Trans-continental railroad completed in 1869Western areas were settled by farmersHomestead ActMore railroads in the east than westTripled in size by 1890Led to the creation of time zonesBonanza farms

Transcontinental RailroadLinked the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of the United States First - Completed in 1869Led to the creation of time zonesTravel from coast to coast shortened to one week4 by 1900

Chinese LaborersCheap labor for the RR industryWorked in extremely dangerous conditionsSo many that the US had to pass the Chinese Immigration ActWages were minimalChinese : $35/month and no foodWhites : $60/month and supplied foodLed to the Chinese Exclusion ActMaintained their own culture and traditions

Steel IndustryBenefited from the mass expansion of the RRUsed the Bessemer processTechnique involved by injecting air into molten iron to remove carbon and other impuritiesProduction became more efficient and lower costFirst monopoly was in the steel industry Created by Andrew CarnegieUsed vertical and horizontal integration

Big BusinessJohn D. Rockefeller OilSocial DarwinismPhilosophy taken on by the prospering businessesPullman Railway CompanyCarnegie SteelLed to the creation of Labor Unions

John D. RockefellerStandard Oil CompanyMonopoly1870 company processed 2-3% of oil and after a decade controlled 90% of the industryUsed trusts to gain market shareLed to the Sherman Anti-Trust ActCompanies/the government could not use tactics that interfered with free trade

Standard Oil CompanyControlled 90% of the Oil IndustryBelieved in using trust agreements to gain market shareJohn D. RockefellerBought out competitors (horizontal integration)Known as a Robber Barron

TrustsBusiness alliancesJohn D. Rockefeller used to gain 90%of oil industryAgreed on pricesLead to monopoliesSherman Anti-trust actMade illegal trusts that interfered with free tradeMonopoliesWhen one company controls an industryCurrently IllegalCan set prices artificially highUsed by Rockefeller and CarnegiePrevent competition in the marketplace

Thomas EdisonLight bulbElectric systemMotion picturesPhonographPower grid to distribute/transport electricityDeveloped the concept of industrial research centersHe added innovations that made electricity safer and less expensiveElectric Light bulbThomas EdisonReplace oil burning lampsIncreased demand for electrical linesPatented in 1880Led to a system for producing and distributing electrical powerMenlo Park, NJAllowed automation in factories

PhonographThomas EdisonCommunication and entertainmentAttempted to record and play back sound from a telegraphLed to the development of the telephoneDeveloped in 1877Motion PicturesThomas EdisonEntertainment changed societyMore jobs for peopleDeveloped in 1895Sitting BullNative American SiouxRefused to sign the Treaty of Fort LaramieCaptured and killed by US forcesFollowers fled to South DakotaWounded KneeLast battle with Native AmericansBetween 250 and300 died some were innocentRevived the 7th cavalry of George A. CusterNo one knows where first shot came fromDecember of 1890Most think it was a slaughterEllis IslandImmigrantsNew YorkMany people could not pass throughAttempt to prevent entrance to people with diseaseWeeded out the poor and degenerateGave literacy testsWelcomed the wealthyAmerican Federation of LaborInfluenced labor lawsSamuel GompersShortened the work day to 8 hours from 12Focused on collective bargainingUsed strikes as a method of negotiatingStrikes led to the alliance between big business and governmentSamuel GompersAFLStrikesPresident of AFL from 1886-1894 and 1895-1924Wanted higher wagesShorter work daysSafer working conditionsEfforts led to farmers being subsidized Led the cigar makers international labor union to join with other craft unions in 1886Pullman StrikeIllinoisGovernment sent in troops to stop the violenceStopped all rail traffic west of ChicagoAll rail workers refused to work any line associated with the Pullman companyAnother display of the alliance between big business and governmentThe town was built around the company