us history ch 12.4
TRANSCRIPT
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U.S. History
Chapter 12: A New National IdentitySection 4: Indian Removal
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The Black Hawk War
• 1827: officials order removal of Indians from Illinois
• Sauk leader Black Hawk ignores order
Black Hawk
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The Black Hawk War
• 1830: Returning from winter hunt, Sauk find village overtaken by white settlers
• Attacks on settlements & U.S. troops
• August 1832: running low on food & supplies, Black Hawk surrenders
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Indian Removal Act
• American Indians lived in Southeast
• Desire to open land to settlement
• Indian Removal Act—authorized the removal of American Indians who lived east of the Mississippi River
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Indian Removal Act
•Indian Territory—area of land containing most of present-day Oklahoma
Map of Indian Territory
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Indian Removal Act
• Bureau of Indian Affairs—federal agency that oversaw policy directed towards American Indians
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Indian Removal Act
• Choctaw first Indians sent to Indian Territory
• Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek—over 10 million acres of Choctaw land was ceded to the state of Mississippi
• Disastrous removal during Winter 1831-32 (1/4 died)
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Indian Removal Act
•Other Indians resist
•1836: federal troops remove Creek from Alabama
•1837-38: Chickasaw removed from Mississippi
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The Cherokee Nation
• Cherokee believed they could prevent conflict by adopting white culture
• Invited missionaries to establish schools
• Children learned to write/speak English
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The Cherokee Nation
• No written Indian language
• Sequoyah: produced a Cherokee writing system Sequoyah
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The Cherokee Nation
•Cherokee Phoenix newspaper
•Created government inspired by U.S. Constitution
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Trail of Tears
•Gold discovered in Cherokee land in Georgia
•Cherokee refuse to move
•Georgia militia attack Cherokee towns
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Trail of Tears
• Cherokee sue state
• Cherokee claim: Independent nation & that Georgia had no legal power within their territory
• 1832: Worchester v. Georgia
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“…[the Cherokee nation] is a distinct community, occupying its own territory,…in which the laws of Georgia have no force.”
--Chief Justice John Marshall
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“John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.”
--Andrew Jackson
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Trail of Tears
• 1838: U.S. troops begin to remove Cherokee to Indian Territory
• Georgia took farms, businesses property
• “Trail of Tears”: ¼ of the 18,000 Cherokee on the march died
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The Second Seminole War
• 1832: Seminole leaders forced to sign treaty
– Agree to leave Florida within three years
– Seminoles of African ancestry would be considered runaway slaves
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The Second Seminole War
•Osceola: called upon the Seminole to resist removal by forceOsceola
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The Second Seminole War
• Second Seminole War
• 1837: Osceola captured, dies in prison
• 1500 soldiers died, millions of dollars spent
• U.S. gives up fight