u.s. department of the interior u.s. geological survey asprs panel on digital sensor...
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U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
ASPRSPanel on Digital Sensor
Calibration/Evaluation
USGS Early Testing Efforts of Digital Camera Systems
May 26, 2004
Jon Christopherson, SAICUSGS EROS Data Center
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Background
USGS has beencalibrating film cameras since1973 Optical Science
Lab at USGS HQ in Reston, VA
Uses multi-collimator assembly developed in 1953
Metric aerial film cameras very flat, very stable
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Laboratory Calibration Research
June ’03 - Control point cage installed at EDC Contract w/ Pictometry
Australis software used to determine camera coefficients
In early stages of research now Multiple cameras &
lenses have been tested (~10+)
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USGS Digital Camera Testing
USGS facilities suitable for small- and medium-format cameras Ill-suited for most large-format systems
EDC has tested USGS camera plus selected few outside systems
Range from Medium-format, medium-expense systems (~$20K) to “pocket” cameras (< $1K)
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Caveats!
The results presented here are from exploratory research only
Not meant to imply the quality of any camera/back/lens
These results are: Far from complete! Far from conclusive! However, they are a start and indicate areas of
interest for ongoing research
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Exploratory Research
Sample Initial Results of Various Cameras & Lenses
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Radius from FPA Center (mm)
Dis
tort
ion
(p
ixe
ls)
14n 60mm Micro
D1X 20mm (30.1mm eff) FOV
Contax Megavision, 35mm
Contax 645C, 35mm
Minolta Dimage 71 zoom (7mm)
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Exploratory Research (cont.)
Radial Distortion (in pixels) by FOV angle
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Half-angle Field of View (degrees)
Ra
dia
l D
isto
rtio
n (
pix
els
)
Kodak 14n, 60mm Micro
Contax/Megavision, 35mm
Contax 645C, 35mm
Nikon D1X, 20mm
Minolta Dimage 7i, Zoom (7mm)
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Exploratory Research (cont.)
Angular Distortion Across FOV
-0.500
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Field of View (Half-angle)
Rad
ial
Dis
tort
ion
in
deg
rees
Kodak 14n 60mm Micro
Contax Megavision 35mm
Contax 645C 35mm
Nikon D1X 20mm
Minolta Dimage 7i Zoom (7mm)
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Interim Observations
No system tested approaches the flatness of film metric cameras
Repeatability of results varies with system Variability can likely be controlled – on
some systems only Concern – can calibrations be trusted
over time?
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Interim Observations (cont.)
In General: the more “consumer” the less “metric” The less “consumer” the more expensive
There is potential for small- and medium-format metric sensors Potential for great benefits in size, cost, speed,
ease-of-use Possibilities with new aerial platforms
Continued investigation warranted
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Near-Term Plans
Basic environmental testing (temperature, vibration) of EDC cameras Explore other camera/sensor types Explore methods to ensure stability
MTF Testing Both Lab & in-situ
Begin radiometric testing Validate all of above with In-Situ testing Enhance EDC photogrammetry capability
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MTF Characterization
EDC working with SDSU to develop MTF characterization tools & software
In lab using ISO 12233
In-situ withground targets
Ease-of-use
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Radiometric Testing
Start basic: measure s/n, linearity, stability
Would like to move farther Spectral profiling, monitoring Long-term stability
Can systems can deliver “calibrated” multispectral data? How to maintain performance?
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EDC In-Situ Range
65 ea. targets in 4mi × 4mi area around EDC surveyed to ± 2cm absolute accuracy
Additional 65 targets in higher density pattern for testing in-situ camera calibration
Site contains operating CORS station Option to set to 1 sec. intervals
Site has been flown once at 6” resolution and at 2’ resolution We need more overflights!
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EDCRange
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EDC Range
Targets patterned after OSU range
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Conclusions
USGS research is underway Small- and medium-format systems
are problematic, but there is promise USGS needs help exploring
techniques being used Partnerships, assistance with
overflights, cameras/sensors, etc.
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Contact Information
Gregory L [email protected]
(605) 594-2569
USGS EROS Data Centerhttp://edc.usgs.gov/
Commercial Remote Sensing Characterization, Calibration, Verification, and
Validation (C2V2) Project