urology under the swastika - comtecmed · urology under the swastika 31 offender profiles • a)...

5th July 2016 Dirk Schultheiss

Urology under the Swastika

1

Dirk Schultheiss EAU History Office

Archivist, DGU

Private Practice for Dermatology and Urology

and

Department of Urology, Protestant Hospital

Giessen, Germany


[email protected]



2

Alexander von Lichtenberg (1880-1949)



3

Otto Ringleb (1875-1946)

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„Early voices“

1940

5th July 2016 4 Dirk Schultheiss




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Research of Medical Specialisms



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NS - Research Group of the DGU • Medizingeschichte, TU Dresden

(Prof. em. Dr. Albrecht Scholz, Julia Bellmann M.A.)

• Institut für Geschichte, Theorie und Ethik der Medizin, Universität Ulm

(Prof. Dr. Heiner Fangerau, Matthis Krischel M.A.)

• Nitze-Leiter Research Society, Vienna

(Univ.-Doz. Dr. Manfred Skopec, Mag. Friederike Butta-Bieck)

• Curator/Historian of the AUA (Prof. Dr. Rainer Engel)

• DGU (Prof. Dr. Dirk Schultheiss, Dr. Friedrich Moll M.A.)



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1933 1937



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Identifying urologists

• Member lists of the DGU (GRU) and other

societies

• Publications in medical journals

• Archives

• Claims for compensation after WW II



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Combinations of medical

specialization with Urology (1933)

72,9%

0,2%

10,4%

0,3% 16,2%

Dermatology

Gynecology

Surgery

Int. Medicine

Urology

n = 866

(n=142 in 1937)



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Percentage of Jewish urologists

(total nr of 866 urologists)

577; 67%

237; 27%

52; 6%

"Aryan"

"Jewish"

unknown



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Physicians working as urologists

(Jewish) • Berlin 115

• Frankfurt am Main 10

• Breslau 9

• Hamburg 8

• München 8

• Nürnberg 6

• Köln 6

• Stuttgart 5

• Leipzig 5

• Königsberg 5



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Exclusion of Jewish physicians



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Biographies of Jewish urologists

• 129 persons emigrated (2 returned)

• 36 persons were deported (only 1 survived)

• 40 persons died (10 cases of suicide

documented)

• 5 persons were able to survive in Germany

(marriage with Aryans, WW I veterans)



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Women in urology

• Johanna Hellmann

1890-1981, surgeon and urologist, Kiel-Berlin, emigrated to Sweden

• Lene Fabian-Grumach

1894-1963?, dermatologist and urologist, Königsberg, emigrated to the US

• Dora Gerson

1884-1941, dermatologist and urologist, Dresden



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Destinations for emigration USA 56

Palästina 24

Großbritannien 12

Unbekanntes Ziel 6

Frankreich 5

Holland 4

Ägypten 3

Südafrika, Schweden, China Je 2

Belgien, Siam, Chile,

Mandschuko, Kanada,

Bolivien, Brasilien,

Uruguay, Mexiko, Ecuador

Je 1



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Eugen Joseph (1879-1933)



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Reichs-German

Society of Urology

• Founded 1933/34

• Otto Ringleb

• Way to exclude

Austrian Jews

• DGU inactive



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1st Congress

1936

Eisenacher Tagespost (1937)





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1. Congress Day

GRU 1936 Eisenach

• Urology and public health

• Urology and social insurancy

• Gonorrhea and marriage

• Urology and heredity (malformations)

• Sterilization in males and females

Zeitschrift für Urologie 30 (1936)

“Urology and Public Health”





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Compulsory sterilizationen

“Law for the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring“

1934





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Offender profiles

• a) convinced National Socialists and anti-Semites or physicians expecting a better position for themselves after elimination of their Jewish colleagues from medical profession;

• b) “followers“ attracted by the strengthened role of physicians as “care taker“ of public health and by the improved economic situation of physicians under the Nazi regime;

• c) urologists taking advantage of the Nazi system in order to establish independency of urology as an own medical speciality (no longer directed by surgeons).

32 5th July 2016 32 Dirk Schultheiss




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Beyond Germany

Authors: Alain Jardin, Bernard Lobel, Bruno Halioua

France



34

1945 2000

François Wetterwald (1911-1993)



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Ioannis Pavlakis

(1917-2005)

Member of ELAS

(Greek Popular Liberation Army)

Greece Authors: Stefanos Pavlakis, Christos Alamanis



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(1896-1944)



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Imre Deutsch

Hungary Author: Imre Romics

Prof. Jozef Jaksy

(1900-1991)

Slovakia Author: Jan Breza



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“The Righteous Among The Nations”

Yad Vashem

Edwin Beer

(1876-1938)

USA Authors: Rainer Engel, Mike Moran, Friedrich Moll



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Urology 2000 (56); 182-184

Argentina Author: Norberto Fredotovitch



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Tel Aviv, Palestine



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• born: 15.10.1894 in Berlin

• died: ?

• Approbation: 1920

• 1926 continues the urology office of his father

Prof. Jacob Cohn

• 1933 Emigration to Palestine and urology

office in Tel Aviv

• Since 1979 retired in Herzlia Pituach (suburb

of Tel Aviv)

Dr. Bruno Cohn



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• born: 26.12.1888 in Lublinitz/ Upper Silesia

• died :15.1.1979 in Tel Aviv/ Israel

• 1924 assistant to Prof von Lichtenberg at

St. Hedwigs Hospital, Berlin

• Emigration to Palestine Nov. 1935

• 1940 Tel Aviv, Nathan Strauss St. 3

• 1942 and 1948 Tel Aviv, Pinsker St. 13

Dr. Erich Siedner



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http://museum.dgu.de/biographien.html



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Stolpersteine



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Leopold Casper (1859-1959)



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Dirk Schultheiss EAU History Office

Archivist, DGU

Private Practice for Dermatology and Urology

and

Department of Urology, Protestant Hospital

Giessen, Germany


[email protected]

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