urine characteristics & urinalysis
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CHARACTERISTICS OF URINE
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Urinalysis
1. Physical characteristics: color, odor,turbidity, volume, & specific gravity
2. Chemical characteristics: pH, glucose,protein, ketones, pus (WBCs &bacteria), RBCs, hemoglobin, bile . . .
3. Microscopic exam of urine sediment:crystals, cells, etc.
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Why is urinalysis an important
part of routine patient exams? Urine contains important metabolic
information & the presence of abnormalsubstances is helpful in diseasediagnosis
Urine is cheap, simple, & readilyavailable
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List the three main inorganic
solutes of urine Sodium, potassium, & chloride
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State the average daily urine
output
1200 - 1500 mL (1.2 - 1.5 L)
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State the normal daily range
of urine output 600 - 2000 mL (0.6 - 2.0 L)
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8/12/2019 Urine Characteristics & Urinalysis
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Define the following terms:
Anuria - complete stoppage of urine
Oliguria - reduced amount of urine
Polyuria - increased amount of urine
Nocturia - increased amount of urine @night
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Describe the different types ofurine specimens used in a
medical lab
Random 1st morning Mid-stream clean catch (MSCC) Fasting 24 hour
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8/12/2019 Urine Characteristics & Urinalysis
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List the normal colors of urine
Any shade of yellow due to the pigmenturochrome: light yellow, yellow, darkyellow, amber . . .
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List abnormal colors of urine
& possible causes Colorless - XS fluid intake; diabetes Orange - bilirubin, XS Vitamin A Green - bile, Pseudomonas bacteria Red/Brown - hemoglobin, beets
Black - melanins Any abnormal color can be due to dyes,foods, or medications
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State the term used to describeurine appearance
Turbidity - cloudiness due toparticulate mattersuspended in urine
Clear, transparent, hazy, cloudy,turbid, milky, or 0 - 4+ system
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Identify several factors thatmay affect urine appearance
Crystals, WBCs, RBCs, bacteria,epithelial cells, lipids, mucus, fecalmaterial, semen, lymph fluid, yeast,powders, creams, cotton fibers, etc.
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8/12/2019 Urine Characteristics & Urinalysis
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Define specificgravity
Density of a substancecompared to an equal
volume of water at asimilar temperature
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Describe a urinometer & theprocedure for using it todetermine s.g. of urine
A device that displaces water and sinks
to a level indicative of the specificgravity
Pour urine in jar, place urinometer influid, spin & when it settles, read theresults
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State the normal range ofspecific gravity for human
urine
1.001 - 1.035
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Explain the significance of aspecific gravity of 1.023 -
1.035 Normal; 1.023 or above indicates good
kidney function
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List 4 common reasons forabnormally high specific
gravity results
Presence of glucose Presence of protein Recent X-ray exposure
Use of IVs Dehydrating illnesses - fever, sweat,vomit, diarrhea
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List possible reasons forabnormally low specific gravity
results
Diabetes insipidus (water diabetes) Renal (kidney) disease/damage
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Chemical Tests for Urine - pH Average Range: 4.5 - 8.0 Average: 6.0 Affected by diet & changes in body metabolism
Acidic urine: -high protein diet or lots of
whole wheat = acid formingfoods
-diabetes
Alkaline urine: -high veggie or dairy diet = baseforming foods
-UTI
Either: medications, kidney stones (renal calculi)
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Chemical Tests for Urine -Glucose (glycosuria)
Benign: -heavy meal-emotional stress
Pathologic: -diabetes mellitus-kidney tubule defects
-CNS damage-thyroid disorders
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Chemical Tests for Urine -Protein (proteinuria)
Benign: -cold-strenuous exercise-acute illness (fever)-orthostatic proteinuria
Pathologic: -*kidney damage*
-pre-eclampsia-hypertension-multiple myeloma
Ch i l T f U i P
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Chemical Tests for Urine - Pus(Pyuria)
UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) orcontaminated specimen
High Risk for UTI:-School age children esp. girls-pregnant women-diabetic people-previous history of UTIs -patients with catheters-elderly people
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Chemical Tests for Urine -RBCs (Hematuria)
Whole blood = cloudy red
Bleeding in the urinary tract-trauma (ex: auto accident, kick)-kidney stones (renal calculi)
-kidney infection (pyelonephritis)-tumors-toxic chemicals/drugs
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Chemical Tests for Urine -Hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria)
Hemoglobin = clear, red appearance
-hemolytic anemia-transfusion reactions
-severe burns
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Chemical Tests for Urine - Bile
(bilirubinuria)-hepatitis/liver disease
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Chemical Tests for Urine -Ketones (ketonuria)
Source: breakdown of fats instead ofcarbohydrates for energy
-diabetes-starvation (decreased carbohydrate
intake or increase carbohydrate loss -vomiting)
-wrong dose of insulin
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End.
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