Urbanization in South America

Questions

Identifications

• Caral & Chavin Style• Moche Valley• Pyramid of the Sun• Metallurgy• Nazca Lines• Paracas Culture• The Inca Empire• Mit’a labor system• Quipu• Quechua

Figure 6-4 p172

South America

• Caral• Moche• Inka

key cultures• Paracas 3500 B.C. - 0• Chavin 3500 B.C. - 0• Nasca 100 A.D. – 800 A.D.• Mochica 2000 A.D. – 800 A.D.• Tiahuanaco 500 A.D. – 900 A.D.• Wari 500 A.D. – 900 A.D• Lambayeque 900 A.D. – 1300 A.D• Chimu 900 A.D. – 1500 A.D• Inka 1200 A.D. – 1533 A.D

Caral & Chavin Style3500 BCE – 200 BCE

Chavin

• 1200-200 BCE– Chavin de Hauntar

• Largest Ceremonial Center

* Pantheon of Gods (Polytheistic) carvings and paintings that included jaguar

like humans with serpents for hair, eagles, cayman’s, many animal-human figures

Moche Valley

• 2,000 BCE – 800 CE

• Sophisticated Irrigation systems in an arid environment• Urban Center – 10,000 people• 2 adobe pyramids• Monuments and tombs• Artwork

p174

Pyramid of the Sun, Moche

Stone & Ceramic figurines

Ceramic figurine with a Fish,

Moche

Condor Ear flares, Moche

Metallurgy

Gold Headdress, Moche

Copper Funerary Mask, Moche

Shrimp Nose Ornament, Moche

Fine Line illustration from ceramic, Moche

Ceramic Captive with rope around neck.

Moche.

Ceramic, Ritual Boat, Moche

p173

p173

• 2000 BCE• Ocean travel & Trade• 2,000 miles away• Jewelry, Beads and

Metal goods

Tiwanaku, Huari, Nazca

• Lake Titicaca – SE end of the lake was the city of Tiwanaku (la Paz today), the capital of the region. Bordered Peru and Bolivia, 20,000 people

• When The Chavin collapsed the Huari and Nazca

kept alive its administrative and religious practices.

p175

• Nasca 300 – 800AD• Wari/Huari 500 – 1000CE• Chimor 1100 – 1400 CE

p176

Paracas culture (200 B.C.E.– 500 C.E.)

Ceramic Supernatural Winged figure, Huari

Feather

Pathway to Sun

Sun Serpent, Huari

Gold Vase & Silver Warrior

Gold and silver ear plugs, Chimu

Pelican feather tunic

Chimu

Funeral Procession Model, Chancay, or Chimu

Silver Nose Adornment, Chimu

Double Walled Beaker, Lambayeque, Sican/Chimu

Litter Back, Chimu

Beaker used in ritual context, Chimu

Deer Vessel, Chimu

Piper vessel

Chimu, North Coast

Outstretched Figure Vessel, Chimu

Chan Chan

• Monumental capital

• 10 royal compounds from which each king ruled in life and was buried in at death.

p175

Figure 6-5 p176

Inca Empire

• The five states of Chimu, Chavin, Tiwanaku, Huari and Nazca formed the foundations for the Incan Empire

• 2,000 mil north to south• 200 miles inland • 1476-1534• Capital of Cuzco

Road System

25,000 miles of road systems coast to mountains, sometimes paved,

• - tunnels• - causeways• - suspension bridges• - travel lodges• - storage places Mit’a labor system - contribution of labor each year

all adults

p178

Machu Picchu The citadel

Planned Empire

• Empire of the Jaguar

• Cuzco the Tail

• Machupiccu the Eye

The Inca Trail – Suspension Bridge

Intipunko or Sun Gate

• Court Theater• Tragedy and Comedy• Poetry• Music

Amautas or high ranked teachers quarters were refined structures.

Hitching Post of the Sun

Huayna Picchu Peak

First Inca

• 1438 Cusi Yupanqui crowned Inca, or king emperor, Shereditary monarchy– Quipu or abacus like system of numerical recording for

administrative records of the empire– Conquered region / 200,000 man army– Administrative center, tax collectors, 2/3 crops and

manufactured products such as beer and textiles ½ went to the state and the other to gods and priests.

• Quechua – lingua Franca

Standardization

• State workshops• Standardization of products• Produce official consumer goods

Ceramic Imperial Style

Inca

Religion

• Sun god was the chief deity, emperor a descendent

• Nobility – military god Viracocha

• People had own indigenous spirits as well as the newer son god

• Encouraged different gods and worship for different people

Female Figure

Inca

Urbanization in North America

Questions

• Where were a few of the major cultural complexes and urban centers in North America?

• What was unique about each complex?

Identifications

• Hohokam• Land Reclaimationists• Mississippian Culture• Cahokia• Ancient Puebloan Peoples• Pueblo Bonita

Figure 6-6 p179

Southwest American Civilization• Western North

America– Anasazi – Ancient

Puebloan Peoples– Hohokam– Mogollon– Salado & Sinagua

• Eastern North America– Adena, Hopewell,

Mississippian

• Hohokam – Canal Builders

Hohokam 300 BCE- 1200 CE

Ancient Puebloan PeoplesCliff Palace, Mesa Verde

p180

Eastern Woodlands - Mississippian Culture

• Hopewell 300 BCE – 600 CE

• Mississippians descendants

• Urban & Agricultural centers– Same population

as London did in 1200

Cahokia Creek near Collinsville, Illinois, At its height, around A.D. 1200

Eastern Woodlands

• Democracy• Gender- complimentary society• Women – political & economic agency• Representative council • Confederacy• Council of 500

p181