Urbanization & Urbanization & ImmigrationImmigration

Objective 5.01Objective 5.01

Big CitiesBig Cities NYC grew from around 800,000 NYC grew from around 800,000 inhabitants in 1860 to almost inhabitants in 1860 to almost 3.5 million by 19003.5 million by 1900

Chicago also grew at an Chicago also grew at an astounding rate, in 1860 it was astounding rate, in 1860 it was estimated to hold only 109,000 estimated to hold only 109,000 and by 1900 had more than 1.6 and by 1900 had more than 1.6 millionmillion

NYC skyline circa 1912NYC skyline circa 1912

People Who CamePeople Who Came Lacked money to buy Lacked money to buy farms and an education to farms and an education to obtain higher paying jobsobtain higher paying jobs

Included both rural Included both rural Americans and immigrantsAmericans and immigrants

What did big cities What did big cities offer?offer?

Better paying jobsBetter paying jobs Bright lights, running Bright lights, running water, plus many things to water, plus many things to see and dosee and doMuseums, theaters, etc.Museums, theaters, etc.

Leisure ActivitiesLeisure Activities Amusement ParksAmusement Parks

1897—Steeplechase Park at 1897—Steeplechase Park at Coney Island openedConey Island opened

Spectator SportsSpectator SportsBaseball became a part of Baseball became a part of American lifeAmerican life

1903—First world series—1903—First world series—Boston wonBoston won

Central ParkCentral ParkDesigned by Frederick Designed by Frederick OlmsteadOlmstead

Completed in 1873Completed in 1873Gave free leisure activity Gave free leisure activity to city dwellersto city dwellers

Urban EnvironmentUrban Environment New approaches were New approaches were used by engineers and used by engineers and architects to architects to accommodate for the accommodate for the large flood of people large flood of people into the citiesinto the cities

SkyscrapersSkyscrapers began to appear began to appear11stst—Chicago’s Home —Chicago’s Home Insurance Building in 1885Insurance Building in 1885

NYC soon caught up and NYC soon caught up and had more than any other had more than any other citycity

By late 1880s—the By late 1880s—the electric electric elevatorelevator had been invented, had been invented, which helped to make these which helped to make these buildings more practicalbuildings more practical

Mass TransitMass Transit1887— 1887— Electric trolleyElectric trolley is is inventedinvented

Later, cities would want Later, cities would want public off streetspublic off streetsChicago—elevated RRChicago—elevated RRBoston & NYC—first Boston & NYC—first subway systemssubway systems

New InventionsNew Inventions Alexander Alexander Graham BellGraham Bell1876—1876—TelephoneTelephone

Revolutionize Revolutionize both both business and business and personal personal communicaticommunicationon

Thomas EdisonThomas Edison1877—Phonograph1877—Phonograph1879—Light bulb and 1879—Light bulb and electric generatorelectric generator

1882—Edison Electric 1882—Edison Electric Illuminating Company Illuminating Company launched new industry to launched new industry to provide electricity to provide electricity to customers in NYC (Today is customers in NYC (Today is known as GE)known as GE)

Christopher SholesChristopher Sholes Typewriter: 1867Typewriter: 1867

Conditions of CitiesConditions of Cities Major problems for Major problems for working poorworking poorCrimeCrimeViolenceViolenceFireFireDiseaseDiseasePollutionPollution

Native-born Americans blamed Native-born Americans blamed immigrants for the increase in immigrants for the increase in crime and violencecrime and violence

Alcohol played a major role in Alcohol played a major role in the increase of violent crimethe increase of violent crime Jacob RiisJacob Riis —blamed alcohol —blamed alcohol for breeding poverty, for breeding poverty, corrupting politics, and corrupting politics, and bringing suffering to the bringing suffering to the families of drunkardsfamilies of drunkards

““New” immigrants vs. “Old” New” immigrants vs. “Old” immigrantsimmigrants

The old immigrants. . .The old immigrants. . . came from northern or western Europecame from northern or western Europe were Protestantwere Protestant were literate and skilledwere literate and skilled came over as familiescame over as families were quick to assimilatewere quick to assimilate were experienced in the ways of were experienced in the ways of

democracydemocracy had some money in their pocketshad some money in their pockets were tall and fairwere tall and fair

The new immigrants. . .The new immigrants. . . came from southern or eastern Europecame from southern or eastern Europe were not Protestant--were Catholic, Orthodox, were not Protestant--were Catholic, Orthodox,

JewishJewish were illiterate and unskilledwere illiterate and unskilled came over as birds of passagecame over as birds of passage were clannish and reluctant to assimilatewere clannish and reluctant to assimilate were radicals or autocratswere radicals or autocrats arrived impoverishedarrived impoverished were short and darkwere short and dark

Examples of the old immigrants: Examples of the old immigrants: English, German, Norwegian. English, German, Norwegian.

Examples of the new immigrants: Examples of the new immigrants: Italians, Poles, eastern European Italians, Poles, eastern European Jews.Jews.

Why America?Why America?Plenty of jobsPlenty of jobsFew immigration restrictionsFew immigration restrictionsAvoid military service back Avoid military service back homehome

Avoid religious persecutionAvoid religious persecution—Jews from Russia and —Jews from Russia and PolandPoland

Where?Where?They came to the U.S. They came to the U.S. through Ellis Island through Ellis Island

Ethnic groups bonded and Ethnic groups bonded and lived in the same areaslived in the same areas

HousingHousingMany lived in Many lived in tenements—apartment tenements—apartment buildings that would buildings that would share facilitiesshare facilities

Crowded and unsanitaryCrowded and unsanitary

Dombbell TenementsDombbell Tenements

Jane Addams Jane Addams created the created the Hull House for Hull House for the poor in the poor in Chicago to Chicago to provide social provide social and education and education opportunitiesopportunities

Settlement Settlement HousesHouses

Asian ImmigrationAsian Immigration

Chinese began coming to Chinese began coming to the U.S in the mid-1800sthe U.S in the mid-1800s

Japanese also came but on Japanese also came but on a much smaller scalea much smaller scale

Why America?Why America?Money—discovery of gold Money—discovery of gold in CA, work in RRsin CA, work in RRs

Over population in ChinaOver population in China

Where?Where?Arrived through Angel Arrived through Angel Island in San FranciscoIsland in San Francisco

Resurgence of Resurgence of NativismNativism

Now began to focus on Now began to focus on Asians, Jews, and other Asians, Jews, and other Eastern EuropeansEastern Europeans

Labor unions disliked Labor unions disliked because immigrants would because immigrants would work for lower costs and work for lower costs and undermine strikesundermine strikes

SweatshopsSweatshops

Violates labor codes, seamstressesViolates labor codes, seamstresses Lack of safetyLack of safety Dirty and crampedDirty and cramped WomenWomen

Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act18821882Barred Chinese Barred Chinese immigration for 10 years immigration for 10 years and prevented those and prevented those already in U.S. from already in U.S. from citizenshipcitizenship

Remained in force until Remained in force until 19431943

““Melting Pot”Melting Pot” As a result of immigration As a result of immigration and urbanization, by the and urbanization, by the end of the 1800s, the U.S. end of the 1800s, the U.S. was known as a “Melting was known as a “Melting Pot”Pot”