urbani toplotni otoci - bugi.unsa.ba
TRANSCRIPT
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Project number: 586304-EPP-1-2017-1-BA-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP “This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein”
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Urbani toplotni otoci
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Termin “toplotni otok" odnosi se na
temperature urbanog zraka i površina
koje su više od okolnih ruralnih zona.
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SF, 2008
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Efekat urbanog toplotnog otoka (UTO):
Urbana površina je toplija od okolnih ne urbanih regiona
Površinska temperature
Potrebno je shvatiti šta su to UTO efekti
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12:00 sati 21:00 sati
Eksperiment na parkingu
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Kako se mjeri temperatura površine
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Video: Efekat Urbanog
toplotnog otoka (UTO)
Urban Heat Island.mp4
• razlozi za UTO
• kako reducirati UTO
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Video
• Uočeni efekti na urbane sisteme
Animacija tornada u Atlanti
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•Urbani regioni su ekstremni slučaj antropogenih
promjena prirodnog pokrivača
•Urbani regioni se odlikuju snažnim zagađenjem,
emisijom gasova staklenika.
•60% ljudi u SAD živi u gradovina
•Urbani regioni imaju jedinstvene cikluse vode i toplote
što direktno utiče na živote ljudi
Zbog čega je potrebno
proučavati urbane regione?
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Značajne publikacijeJin, M, 2012; Development of UHI index. J. of Climate
Jin, M., J. M. Shepherd, M. D. King, 2005: Urban aerosols and their
interaction with clouds and rainfall: A case study for New York and Houston.
J. Geophysical Research, 110, D10S20, doi:10.1029/2004JD005081.
Jin, M, R. E. Dickinson, and D-L. Zhang, 2005:
The footprint of urban areas on global climate as characterized by
MODIS. Journal of Climate, vol. 18, No. 10, pages 1551-1565
Jin, M. and J. M. Shepherd, 2005: On including urban landscape in land surface
model – How can satellite data help? Bull. AMS, vol 86, No. 5, 681-689.
Jin, M. J. M. Shepherd, and Christa Peters-Lidard, 2007: Development of A
Parameterization For Simulating the Urban Temperature Hazard Using
Satellite Observations In Climate Model in press by Natural Hazards.
Jin, M. and M. J. Shepherd, 2007: Aerosol effects on clouds and rainfall: urban vs.
ocean. Revised for JGR
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% izgrađene zone3 - 6%
Na 43% površine kopnadominira poljoprivreda
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29
1517
53
47
37 37
76
55
42
74
85
54
61
82
Svijet Afrika Azija Južna Amerika i
Karibi
Razvijeniji
regioni
1950 2000 2030
Urbana populacija
Procenat
Izvor: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision (medium scenario), 2004.
Trendovi u urbanizaciji, regionalno
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Milioni
Izvor: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision (medium scenario), 2004.
1950 2000 2015
Najveći gradovi, globalno
8
11 12
17 18
34
2123
36
London Tokio Njujork Sao
Paulo
Meksiko
Siti
Tokio Delhi Mumbai
(Bombaj)
Tokio
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1. Satelitska daljinska detekcija urbanih regiona
MODIS land coverCrvena boja označava izgrađene objekte
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Noćna svjetla Tokio
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Noćna svjetla Pariza
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Izvor: U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellites Program (DMSP)
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Satelitska posmatranja urbanih sistema:
Svojstva kopnene površine:
površinska temperature, površinski albedo, radijacija, vlaga tla, vegetacijski pokrov
Atmosferski uvjeti: aerosol,
oblaci i kiša
Urbanizacija značajno
mijenja vrijeme i klimu
Ovo ukazuje da
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Efekat urbanog toplotnog otoka (UTO)
Ovaj fenomen objašnjava urbane i suburbane temperature
koje su 1 do 6°C više nego kod okolnih ruralnih zona.
UTO uticaji:
Povišene temperature mogu uticati na zajednice povećanjem
energetskih potreba, troškova korištenja klima uređaja, nivoa
zagađenja zraka, i oboljenja povezanih sa toplotom
Visoka temperatura takođe pospješuje površinsku konvekciju, i
uzrokuje više oblaka i padavina
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EOS MODIS je zabilježio da mjesečna srednja dnevna temperatura ispoljava evidentan efekat urbanog toplotnog otoka
(Copied from Jin et al, 2005a). Crvena zona predstavlja regione sa gustim zgradama u Pekingu.
Uticaj urbanizacije na temperaturu površine
10°C !!!
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Urbanizacija mijenja albedo površine ( )
Albedo urbane površine ima 4-6% pad ->
Više solarne radijacije će biti apsorbovano na površini\
Porast površinske temperature
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Urbanizacija reducira emisivnost površine ( )
(Jin et al. 2005, J. of Climate)
Urbana zona reducira površinsku emisivnost ->
Manje dugotalasne radijacije se emitira sa površine
Više toplote se zadržava na površini
Raste površinska temperatura
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Šta se može uraditi ?
Da se smanji negativni efekat UTO ?
Edukacija : ključni koncept većine redukcijskih nastojanja
Hladni krovovi: preko 90% krovova u SAD su tamne boje. Ove nisko reflektivne
površine dostižu temperature od 66 do 88°C)
Stabla i vegetacija
Hladni pločnici
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Hladni krovovi
Sistemi hladnih krovova sa visokom refleksijom i emisijom
ostaju i do 39°C hladniji od tradicionalnih materijala za vrijeme
najtoplijih ljetnih dana.
The Utah Olympic Oval koristi tehnologiju hladnih krovova
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Šta je“Hladni krov"?
Materijali za hladni krov ima dva značajna
svojstva površine:
•Visoka solarna refleksija – ili albedo
•Visoka termalna emisija
Solarna refleksija je procenat solarne energije koju reflektira
određena površina.
Termalna emisija se definiše kao procenat energije koju
materijal može zračati nakon što je apsorbuje.
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3. Urbani aerosoli i njihovi direktni efekti na
Oblake, insolaciju površine, i temperaturu površine
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Video
Efekat urbanog aerosola na padavine
Summer Precip w-Pollution.mp4
Winter Precip w-Pollution.mp4
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Juli 2005
NASA MODIS zabilježena distribucija aerosol
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Izvori zagađenja u atmosferi urbanih zona
Saobraćaj
Industrija
Zagrijavanje
stanova
Aerosoli su čvrste/tečne čestice
u atmosferi
Veličina -0.01-100μm
Vrijeme zadržavanja – sati-dani
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Indirektni efekti: služe kao CCN
Kapljice oblaka
Kapi kiše
Krsitali leda
Ledene padavine
Direktni efekat aerosola: Razbacivanje
Absorpcija
0oC
površina
Crni ugljik zagrijava atmosferu i površinu
Većina aerosola hladi površinu
Više aerosola ->mali efektivni radius oblaka->
Visoki albedo oblaka->hlađenje (Kaufmann and Koren 2006)
Više aerosola->reducirane padavine (Rosenfeld 2000)
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Totalna solarna radijacija smanjena aerosolom = 20Wm-2
(Jin, Shepherd, and King, 2005, JGR)
Aerosol smanjuje površinsku insolaciju
Zasnovano na NASA GMAO radiativnom transfer modelu
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par AOT
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
month
Beijing
New York
6-godišnji prosjek AERONET mjerenja
6-godišnja dnevna prosječna optička debljina pokazuje
•Značajne razlike između Pekinga i New Yorka
•Sezonsku varijaciju u urbanom aerosolu
Peking
New York
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Beijing Ftotal
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
month
ch
an
ge
in
flu
x
6am/6pm
7am/5pm
8am/4pm
9am/3pm
10am/2pm
11am/1pm
12pm
Redukcija površinske insolacije, Peking
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Urban Effects on Climate: An Analogue
Urbani efekti na zralenje toplote su poznati, ali efekti na procese
vodenog ciklusa (npr., variranje padavina) su manje istraženi
(IPCC, 2007)
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Ljudske aktivnosti u aridnim urbanim sredinama
mogu uticati na padavine i ciklus vode
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060619222554.htm
Profesor Marshall Shepherd -The University of Georgia zapaža:
12-14 % porast (što naučnici nazivaju anomalijom)
u padavinama u SI predgrađima Feniksa od pre-urbanog
(1895-1949) do post-urbanog (1950-2003) perioda.
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San Jose-SF Bay
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3 Km5/9/2011, 8 PM
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WRF 1km 5/5/20115 PM
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6 PM, 5/5/2011
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7 PM, 5/5/2011
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5 PM, 5/6/2011
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7 PM, 5/6/2011
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9 PM, 5/6/2011
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11 PM, 5/6/2011
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1 AM, 5/7/2011
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3 AM, 5/7/2011
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5 AM, 5/7/2011
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8 AM, 5/7/2011
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10 AM, 5/7/2011
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Vi nastupate
Klimatska igra!
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Grad A
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Grad B
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Grad C
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Grad D
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Grad E
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Grad F
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Grad G
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Klimatska igra
Nazivi
Pored naziva gradova upišite slovo za odgovarajuću klimu
Sacramento, California (38°N) ____________
Phoenix, Arizona (33°N) ____________
Denver, Colorado (40°N) ____________
Iquitos, Peru (4°S) ____________
Mobile, Alabama (30°N) ____________
Winnipeg, Canada (50°N) ____________
Fairbanks, Alaska (65°N) ____________
B
G
E
D
C
A
F