Urban Water Use Characteristics

Saroj Sharma

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Domestic (residential)

Commercial

Industrial

Public use

Miscellaneous

- distribution system

cleaning

- system losses

Urban Water Use

Source: Ageing Pipes and Murky Water (New Zealand, 2002)

3

4

Urban area, Singapore

5

6

Peri-urban area, Durban, South Africa

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Climatic conditions

Size of the city

Standard of living

Quantity of water supplied

Pressure in the distribution system

Duration of supply (continuous or intermittent)

Price of water, rate structure and metering

Quality of water

Extent of industrial and commercial activities

Extent of waterborne sanitation/sewerage

Availability of other private water supply

Factors Affecting Urban Water Demand

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91

136

167

202

209

265

350

355

431

666

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Kathmandu

UK average

Bogota

Manila

Delhi

Bangkok

Australia average

Tokyo

Canada average

USA average

Total average water consumption (lpcd)

Total Average Daily Consumption

Source: Second Water Utilities Data Book 1997 (ADB); Water and Wastewater Utility Data – 2nd Edition 1996 (WB)

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336

278

268

249

195

158

145

132

129

120

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Canada

Japan

Australia average

Italy

Turkey

Switzerland

Denmark

Germany

Netherlands

Belgium

Total average water consumption (lpcd)

Source: Household water pricing in OECD Countries (OECD 1999)

Household water consumption in some OECD countries (1995 Statistics)

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Urban Water Use Characteristics

% of total urban water use Sector

Southern California

Sydney (Australia)

US cities Average

Domestic 66.7 65 44

Commercial 16.9 10 24

Industrial 5.6 14 15 Public use 3.6 6 9 Others 7.2 5 8

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City Domestic Non-domestic NRW% % %

Osaka 50 43 7Chengdu 36 46 18Shanghai 54 30 16Hongkong 37 38 25Karachi 57 13 30Kathmandu 61 2 37Ho Chi Minh 45 17 38Dhaka 54 6 40Kualalumpur 30 27 43Jakarta 29 20 51Delhi 37 10 53Colombo 25 20 55Manila 23 15 62

Urban water use characteristics in some Asian cities Source: Water in Asian Cities, ADB (2004)

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Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)

Household uses England and Wales (%)

Finland (%) Switzerland (%)

Toilet flushing 33 14 33

Bathing and Showering

20 29 32

Washing machines and dish washing

14 30 16

Drinking and cooking

3 4 3

Miscellaneous 27 21 14

External use 3 2 2

Pattern of Water Use in Household

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Residential Water Use - Australia

Source: Thomas G. Parry: Influencing demand - water pricing

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Residential Water Use – Winnipeg, Canada