Urban SettlementsUrban Settlements

Achievement Standard Achievement Standard 9124191241

2.22.2

Year 12 Geography

NCEA Level 2

VocabularyVocabulary UrbanUrban RuralRural SettlementSettlement ContinuumContinuum Cumulative Cumulative

causationcausation MigrationMigration SprawlSprawl GentrificationGentrification UrbanisationUrbanisation SocialSocial

ConcentrationConcentration FunctionFunction HinterlandHinterland CharacteristicsCharacteristics FortifiedFortified CivilisationCivilisation EvolvedEvolved Land-useLand-use Urban renewalUrban renewal EconomicEconomic

2 Main Ideas2 Main Ideas Characteristics of an urban Characteristics of an urban

settlement –location, size, land-use, settlement –location, size, land-use, form and function, and social, form and function, and social, economic and structural patternseconomic and structural patterns

ProcessesProcesses that influence an urban that influence an urban settlement: migration, sprawl, settlement: migration, sprawl, urbanisation, planning, gentrification, urbanisation, planning, gentrification, urban renewal, industrial growth or urban renewal, industrial growth or decline and transport changesdecline and transport changes

What is an Urban Settlement?What is an Urban Settlement? Distinct centers of population concentration with a Distinct centers of population concentration with a

defined form and several functions (with boundaries defined form and several functions (with boundaries around it)around it)

They perform social and economic functions which They perform social and economic functions which influence areas beyond their urban boundaries influence areas beyond their urban boundaries (they interact with a wider hinterland, e.g. (they interact with a wider hinterland, e.g. Christchurch and Canterbury)Christchurch and Canterbury)

They grow or decline at different times as result of They grow or decline at different times as result of the cultural processes that cause changes the cultural processes that cause changes

Can be towns, cities and mega-cities (megaloplis)Can be towns, cities and mega-cities (megaloplis) Individual farmhouses, hamlets and villages are Individual farmhouses, hamlets and villages are

rural settlements (there are more of these and less rural settlements (there are more of these and less of the urban)of the urban)

They are distinctly different from non-populated or They are distinctly different from non-populated or sparsely populated areas sparsely populated areas

Shape and FormShape and FormUrban Settlements are different sizes, shapes Urban Settlements are different sizes, shapes

and forms because of natural and cultural and forms because of natural and cultural factors operating.factors operating.

Physical features such as rivers, mountains and Physical features such as rivers, mountains and ports limit or determine shape ports limit or determine shape

Cultural factors like immigration, natural Cultural factors like immigration, natural increase, perception and improvements in increase, perception and improvements in technology and accessibility also affect the sizetechnology and accessibility also affect the size

3 main ways Urban patterns are 3 main ways Urban patterns are described:described:- Economic – commercial (shops), - Economic – commercial (shops), business functions, finance centres, business functions, finance centres, industrial areasindustrial areas

- Social – residential and institutional - Social – residential and institutional functions and patterns of schools, functions and patterns of schools, hospitals, parkshospitals, parks

-Structural – Infrastructural networks -Structural – Infrastructural networks and patterns of power, water, gas, rail, and patterns of power, water, gas, rail, roads, portsroads, ports

Urban Settlements Urban Settlements Throughout HistoryThroughout History

10,000 years ago, the first so called 10,000 years ago, the first so called urban settlements developed when urban settlements developed when humans settled in one place, humans settled in one place, domesticated animals and began domesticated animals and began farming crops, ending the farming crops, ending the hunting/gathering nomadic lifestylehunting/gathering nomadic lifestyle

Permanent dwellings were built, people Permanent dwellings were built, people began to specialise in work and other began to specialise in work and other functions - potters, farmers, carpenters functions - potters, farmers, carpenters etc, and a system of trade began.etc, and a system of trade began.

5,500 years ago, first cities 5,500 years ago, first cities developed in Iraq (Babylon, Bam, Ur) developed in Iraq (Babylon, Bam, Ur) and Egypt (Thebes and Memphis)and Egypt (Thebes and Memphis)

Hydraulic cities, inland and river Hydraulic cities, inland and river based, developed in China (An-based, developed in China (An-Yang) and in the Indus Valley Yang) and in the Indus Valley (Mohenjo-Daro)(Mohenjo-Daro)

Civilisation began with cities, to be Civilisation began with cities, to be civilised means to have citiescivilised means to have cities

Early cities were usually fortified Early cities were usually fortified (castle or Pa style), but also needed (castle or Pa style), but also needed access to fresh water & resources, access to fresh water & resources, good climate (not too extreme) and good climate (not too extreme) and trade routes for growthtrade routes for growth

Early cities had a central religious focus, Early cities had a central religious focus, populations of 10,000 – 100,000 people, populations of 10,000 – 100,000 people, and were governed by religious leaders and were governed by religious leaders or officers appointed by religious leadersor officers appointed by religious leaders

Later Cities

Ancient cities like Athens and Rome Ancient cities like Athens and Rome were Port based relying on trade and were Port based relying on trade and control of other settlements for growthcontrol of other settlements for growth

Medieval Cities in Europe were Medieval Cities in Europe were dominated by the Holy Roman dominated by the Holy Roman Catholic Church and its associated Catholic Church and its associated laws and systems, trade suffered, laws and systems, trade suffered, they were overcrowded, unsanitary, they were overcrowded, unsanitary, isolated, small (30,000 – 50,000) isolated, small (30,000 – 50,000) and few in numberand few in number

1000s (111000s (11thth C) large trade cities C) large trade cities developed (Hamburg) to trade with developed (Hamburg) to trade with larger existing cities like London and larger existing cities like London and Venice. People moved to cities for Venice. People moved to cities for the opportunity to trade, and for new the opportunity to trade, and for new technologies and foreign trading technologies and foreign trading items with the East.items with the East.

Trade eventually overshadowed the Trade eventually overshadowed the church, new kingdoms emerged and church, new kingdoms emerged and technology led to the Industrial technology led to the Industrial revolution and the Industrial City. revolution and the Industrial City.

Later cities, as we know them, have Later cities, as we know them, have evolved, becoming larger, more evolved, becoming larger, more complex and having a lot of functionscomplex and having a lot of functions

Industrial CitiesIndustrial Cities Many were medieval cities that grew larger (1 – Many were medieval cities that grew larger (1 –

10 million)10 million) Others, like Manchester (UK) emerged due to Others, like Manchester (UK) emerged due to

their proximity to resources like iron ore, coal their proximity to resources like iron ore, coal and waterand water

Factories attracted workers and populations Factories attracted workers and populations boomed boomed

Hastily built housing developed into slums with Hastily built housing developed into slums with unsanitary conditionsunsanitary conditions

Crime, pollution and grime increased so wealthy Crime, pollution and grime increased so wealthy people built on the edges of cities to avoid the people built on the edges of cities to avoid the worst bits of the cityworst bits of the city

Transport was limited to walking for most (some Transport was limited to walking for most (some cars around and rail was underdeveloped) so cars around and rail was underdeveloped) so people lived close to where they worked, working people lived close to where they worked, working class and merchant class became evidentclass and merchant class became evident

Edinburgh and older industrial Edinburgh and older industrial cities maps – wealthy sections cities maps – wealthy sections

and old dirty sectionsand old dirty sections

Cities like Chicago, Auckland and Cities like Chicago, Auckland and Singapore emerged after the industrial Singapore emerged after the industrial revolution and have grid patterns of revolution and have grid patterns of streets and blocks and distinct streets and blocks and distinct industrial, residential and port zones.industrial, residential and port zones.

Mega Cities / MegalopolisMega Cities / Megalopolis

A recent development where large A recent development where large cities sprawl into each other like cities sprawl into each other like BosNYWash (Boston, New York and BosNYWash (Boston, New York and Washington) or Tokohama (Tokyo and Washington) or Tokohama (Tokyo and Yokohama)Yokohama)

Mexico City has a population of 16 Mexico City has a population of 16 million people and together with other million people and together with other third world huge cities and the third world huge cities and the megacities, are the most recent megacities, are the most recent developments of human urban developments of human urban settlement developmentsettlement development

Characteristics of Urban Characteristics of Urban SettlementsSettlements

All urban settlements are different, All urban settlements are different, but people have come up with but people have come up with models as a guide to understanding models as a guide to understanding urban settlement characteristics.urban settlement characteristics.

Characteristics can include shape, Characteristics can include shape, form, interactions, functions and form, interactions, functions and economical, social and structural economical, social and structural patternspatterns

The hinterland is the area The hinterland is the area surrounding the urban settlementsurrounding the urban settlement

Christaller – Central Place ModelChristaller – Central Place ModelUrban Settlements influence and are influenced by Urban Settlements influence and are influenced by

their hinterlandstheir hinterlandsAn economic model that relies on the maximum An economic model that relies on the maximum

distance people will travel to trade (range) and distance people will travel to trade (range) and the minimum amount of trade a business needs to the minimum amount of trade a business needs to survive (threshold)survive (threshold)

A larger urban settlement like a city is more A larger urban settlement like a city is more accessible to more people (people will travel far to accessible to more people (people will travel far to go to one) and it also has more functions (tertiary go to one) and it also has more functions (tertiary education, hospital etc) than a smaller urban education, hospital etc) than a smaller urban settlement, such as a town. settlement, such as a town.

Smaller towns often make up the hinterland of a Smaller towns often make up the hinterland of a larger city (Christchurch has Rangiora, Kaiapoi, larger city (Christchurch has Rangiora, Kaiapoi, Rolleston as satellite towns that provide smaller Rolleston as satellite towns that provide smaller functions to a rural community, but for larger functions to a rural community, but for larger functions (hospitals, shopping malls etc ) people functions (hospitals, shopping malls etc ) people will travel to Christchurch) will travel to Christchurch)

Christaller DiagramChristaller Diagram

Urban HierarchyUrban Hierarchy

Develops Christaller’s model furtherDevelops Christaller’s model further

The larger the place the more services and functions it The larger the place the more services and functions it provides therefore the more important it isprovides therefore the more important it is

There are less large cities with a full range of specialist There are less large cities with a full range of specialist services (luxury car showrooms, specialist shops, services (luxury car showrooms, specialist shops, range of healthcare options etc) and more smaller range of healthcare options etc) and more smaller towns that offer low order, (dairy, butcher, garage towns that offer low order, (dairy, butcher, garage but no high school or hospital for e.g.)but no high school or hospital for e.g.)

People will travel much further even if it is not very People will travel much further even if it is not very often in order to gain access to a specialist service often in order to gain access to a specialist service than they will for a lower order service like a bottle of than they will for a lower order service like a bottle of milkmilk

A large city can have several towns as its hinterland or A large city can have several towns as its hinterland or it can have whole regions (as Canterbury is to it can have whole regions (as Canterbury is to Christchurch), or nations (Auckland interacts with the Christchurch), or nations (Auckland interacts with the rest of NZ) or even an international hinterlandrest of NZ) or even an international hinterland

Urban Hierarchy DiagramUrban Hierarchy Diagram

Rank Size Rank Size

Countries rank their cities in terms of size (population)Countries rank their cities in terms of size (population)

There is a rule which suggests that when you have There is a rule which suggests that when you have ranked cities form highest to lowest (population) then ranked cities form highest to lowest (population) then the 2the 2ndnd city should be half the size of the 1 city should be half the size of the 1stst one, the one, the 33rdrd should be 1/3 the size of the 1 should be 1/3 the size of the 1stst and the 4 and the 4thth one ¼ one ¼ of the size and so on, which implies that a lower of the size and so on, which implies that a lower ranked city has fewer functionsranked city has fewer functions

This rule works best in industrialised, developed This rule works best in industrialised, developed countries with large populations countries with large populations

PrimacyPrimacy

A primate city is one that dominates all others in terms A primate city is one that dominates all others in terms of size, function, socially and economically.of size, function, socially and economically.

Auckland is a primate city, it has over 1,000,000 people Auckland is a primate city, it has over 1,000,000 people & then Wellington has less than 500,000 people& then Wellington has less than 500,000 people

Often occurs in developing countries, small countries & Often occurs in developing countries, small countries & or when a country has a colonial past or when a country has a colonial past

Rank Size DiagramRank Size Diagram

LinearityLinearity

Not all relationships between cities are centrally Not all relationships between cities are centrally basedbased

A linear pattern can occur when port cities are A linear pattern can occur when port cities are settled first and then more settlements are settled first and then more settlements are developed as people push inlanddeveloped as people push inland

A line pattern develops as a result of roads, A line pattern develops as a result of roads, telephone and rail lines & is often influenced by telephone and rail lines & is often influenced by physical features such as mountains or riversphysical features such as mountains or rivers

A transfer city is often settled between the port A transfer city is often settled between the port and the other linear towns to distribute goods and the other linear towns to distribute goods from the port city to the country (rural from the port city to the country (rural settlements) and the raw materials form the settlements) and the raw materials form the rural settlements to the port for export (as rural settlements to the port for export (as Hamilton is the transfer city for Auckland).Hamilton is the transfer city for Auckland).

Linearity DiagramLinearity Diagram

Burgess Model - Concentric Zone ModelBurgess Model - Concentric Zone Model

Zones of land use radiating out from the Zones of land use radiating out from the CBD (central business district)CBD (central business district)

Case Study 1: Christchurch, NZCase Study 1: Christchurch, NZ

Case Study 2: London, UKCase Study 2: London, UK