urban governance in an era of climate change

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ClimUrb researcher Ferdous Jahan looks at forms of urban governance that may help or hinder the adaptive capacities of low-income households and communities in urban Bangladesh

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Page 1: Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

Ferdous Jahan

Urban Governance in an Era of Climate

Change

Page 2: Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

The Key Concern/Message

Most knowledge about low-income settlements in Bangladesh originates from ‘owned’ settlements

But, the future growth of low-income settlements will be on private land with dwellings rented out

Thus existing knowledge may be inappropriate for the next generation of ‘slums’ that will house millions of rural migrants and people displaced by climate change

The Bangladesh research finds significant differences between the adaptive behaviours of owners and renters

People living in squatter settlements, especially those long established on public land, are better placed to develop effective adaptive practices and enjoy better governance than those in privately rented settlements.

Page 3: Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

Actors in Governance A. The State- the government or agencies of the government

Producer role (e.g. infrastructure, shelter etc.)

Provider role (e.g. water services delivery)

Enabler role (i.e. the government will develop policies, create

environmental incentive for the profit/non-profit actors to operate,

contract service delivery tasks and monitor their activities)

B. Non-State Entities(NGOs, Business groups, religious organizations,

for profit groups, philanthropic organizations etc.) may take on

producer and/or provider roles.

C. Citizens (poor low income settlement residents)

Participator- citizens express their demands for services

Receiver- citizens do not/cannot express their demands and act as

passive recipients

Producer- i.e. citizens produce goods and services (or forced to produce

goods and services) due to lack of producer in the market

Page 4: Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

Three External Factors

the rules and norms used by participants to order their

relationships: Rules-In Use,

the attributes of states of the world that are acted upon in these

arenas: Physical/material Conditions, and

the structure of the more general community within which any

particular arena is placed: Attributes of Community (public

versus private)

Page 5: Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

The External Factors

The construction of poor people’s practices is dependent on

The social and economic resources of households and communities

(i.e. resource availability),

physical location and structure of the community, and

the existing power structure.

These factors collectively influence people’s ability to maintain core functions in the face of changing contexts (i.e. resilience) and

adoption of the right measures by making appropriate adjustments

and changes.

Types of settlements (public versus private) matter

The differing resource availability, community structure and norms

generate two different types of power structure

More external factors in public slums and less in private settlements

Page 6: Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

How Bagmara and Rupsaghat dwellers connect to power structures

Page 7: Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

Three Sets of Skills used by the poor

Physical skills (i.e. they try to make the best use of their labour

and/or intelligence to get access to jobs)

Initial networking skills through which they try to access to services

Scanning skills (i.e. their access to information through which they

can acquire knowledge about the risk or opportunity associated with

the environment).

The reliance of the actors on these different sets of skills varies according to

the variation in action situation: public settlements are in privileged

situation

Page 8: Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

Power

Structure

Resource

Availability

Community

Condition

External

Factors

Actors with early

level of

networking skills

Action

Situation

Need or

Demand

Rules and

familiarity

with rules

Scope of

action

Physical

Skills Scanning

Skills

Networking

Skills

Action

Outcome

(if) Positive,

consolidation of Network

Page 9: Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

Developing Network for co-production

The poor develop a number of informal networks to cope

up with the situations based on:

Resource availability, i.e. whether the relatively powerful

actors have enough resources to provide

Willingness to provide- if these powerful actors are

interested in sharing these resources. Their willingness

depends on two factors-

whether they are sympathetic to need of the poor and

whether they can serve their interest by helping the

poor.

Page 10: Urban Governance in an Era of Climate Change

Resources

Willingness

High Low

High Strong Network Collaboration leading

to competition (Weak

network)

Low Apathetic Network Absence of network