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2012 Annual Report

SEPTEMBER 2013

Urban Basic Services Portfolio


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4 2012 ANNUAL REPORT | URBAN BASIC SERVICES PORTFOLIO

New blue Citi Bikes linedup at the Greenwich Village

station at 6th Avenue in

Manhattan on May 25, 2013.

The Bike-Share program

begins on Memorial Day

shutterstock


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2012 ANNUAL REPORT | URBAN BASIC SERVICES PORTFOLIO 5

Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

1. Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Purpose and approach .......................................................................................................................................................... 9

1.2 Key findings ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10

1.3 Lessons learned.................................................................................................................................................................... 12

1.4 Conclusions and suggestions ............................................................................................................................. 132. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 15

2.1 UN-Habitat and Urban Basic Services ...............................................................................................................152.1.1 Rio+20: Relevant Outcomes .................................................................................................................................... 16

2.1.2 The Urban Basic Services Branch .............................................................................................................................. 17

2.1.3 Annual Report for UN-Habitats Urban Basic Services portfolio ................................................................................. 17

2.2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18

2.2.1 Data Sources ........................................................................................................................................................... 19

2.2.2 Overview of the Portfolio ........................................................................................................................................ 19

2.2.3 Template for the Annual Report .............................................................................................................................. 202.2.4 Interviews with Senior Management ....................................................................................................................... 21

2.3 Structureof the Report ..................................................................................................................................... 213. Focus on Urban Basic Services ........................................................................................................................................................ 23

3.1 Water and Sanitation ........................................................................................................................................................... 25

3.1.1 Water for Cities Programme .................................................................................................................................... 26

3.1.2 Regional Model-Setting Initiatives ............................................................................................................................ 31

3.1.3 Global Water Operators Partnership Alliance - GWOPA............................................................................................ 38

3.1.4 Asia-Pacific Region, Bangladesh .............................................................................................................................. 41

3.1.5 Africa Region, Malawi ............................................................................................................................................. 43

3.1.6 Arab States, Iraq ..................................................................................................................................................... 453.2 Urban Energy ....................................................................................................................................................................... 47

3.3 Urban Mobility ..................................................................................................................................................................... 51

3.3.1 Promoting Sustainable Transport Solutions for East African Cities ............................................................................ 51

3.3.2 Sustainable Urban Mobility in UN-Habitat partner countries and cities ..................................................................... 54

3.3.3 GENUS: Pro-poor Mobility Component .................................................................................................................... 57

3.4 Urban Waste Management .................................................................................................................................................. 58

3.5 Summary of financial implementation in 2012 ..................................................................................................................... 62

4. Main challenges and necessary actions .......................................................................................................................................... 65

4.1 Urban Basic Services portfolio/Thematic Level ....................................................................................................................... 654.1.1 Raise profile of urban basic services initiatives .......................................................................................................... 66

4.1.2 Up scaling successful approaches ............................................................................................................................ 66

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4.1.3 Adoption of alternative/innovative technologies ...................................................................................................... 67

4.1.4 Strategic actions before project exits to achieve greater impact and visibility ............................................................ 67

4.1.5 Prioritise future actions in locations where the need is most acute ........................................................................... 67

4.1.6 Strengthen partnerships through coordination and consensus building .................................................................... 68

4.1.7 Incorporate risks arising due to unexpected events/ Climate Change ....................................................................... 68

4.1.8 Participation in decision making ............................................................................................................................. 684.2 Sub-Thematic Level .............................................................................................................................................................. 69

4.2.1 Water and Sanitation .............................................................................................................................................. 69

4.2.2 Energy .................................................................................................................................................................... 69

4.2.3 Transportation and Mobility ..................................................................................................................................... 70

4.2.4 Waste Management ................................................................................................................................................ 70

4.3 Project Levels ....................................................................................................................................................................... 70

4.3.1 Cross-cutting issues ................................................................................................................................................. 70

4.3.2 Project management ............................................................................................................................................... 71

4.3.3 Project Designs ........................................................................................................................................................ 714.3.4 Project roll-out period and duration ......................................................................................................................... 72

4.3.5 Project implementation and sustainability ................................................................................................................ 72

4.3.6 Building Capacities .................................................................................................................................................. 72

4.3.7 Mobilising community contributions/Micro-finance/Revolving funds ........................................................................ 73

4.4 Looking forward to 2013/ Next steps ................................................................................................................................... 73

References ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 77

Table of Contents


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Passengers wait on a platform as a BTS

Skytrain approaches a station in the

city centre on Apr 5, 2013 in Bangkok,

Thailand. Founded in 1999, the BTS hasa daily ridership of 600,000

shutterstock


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With poverty eradication, environmental sustainability, and

sustainable consumption and production as the over-arching

development goals, UN-Habitat - the United Nations Human

Settlements agency - believes that urban areas are an asset and

a solution, and that the urbanization process can be steered and

shaped. UN-Habitat is committed to working towards promotingan urban paradigm shift for creating cities where economies

of agglomeration and scale are maximized, collective interest

prevails, transport and service delivery costs are minimized, use

of land is optimized and open spaces are protected and better

organized. To address development challenges in urban areas

effectively, several changes have been initiated within UN-

Habitat. This includes the changing of the Water, Sanitation and

Infrastructure Branch into an Urban Basic Services Branch and the

expansion of the Water and Sanitation Trust Fund (WSTF) into an

Urban Basic Services Trust Fund.

UN-Habitats Urban Basic Services portfolio covers four

programmatic clusters/sub-themes: Water and Sanitation;

Urban Mobility; Urban Energy and Urban Waste Management.

Its activities include demonstration projects; regional replicable

model-setting initiatives; pro-poor and gender-sensitive

governance frameworks, research and capacity building initiatives,

and partnerships with water operators. The initiatives are

implemented by the Branch and UN-Habitat Regional Offices incollaboration with other UN-Habitat branches and partners.

1.1 PURPOSE AND APPROACH

The Annual Report for 2012 lists the initiatives undertaken,

outputs, lessons learned, best practices introduced as well as

the challenges in the coming period. The 2012 Annual Report is

divided in two parts.

1. Executive Summary

A Part Aincludes a report on project/ programme activities,

outputs, lessons learned and challenges faced for enhancing

access to basic services.

B Part Bcontextualises the lessons learned and challenges for

the coming years in terms of the Millennium DevelopmentGoals targets, the outcome of Rio+20, the sustainable

development goals, the Secretary-Generals Five Year Action

Agenda and so on. It highlights the key lessons that have

been learnt and the likely challenges in terms of all resources

(financial, human, etc.), and other arrangements for the

remaining part of project periods. It also identifies actions

required at project and Urban Basic Services Branch/regional

office levels to meet future challenges.

The approach to preparing the Annual Report comprised the

following steps:

a. Getting an overview of the context in which the Branch is

functioning, including actions taken following Rio+20

b. Compiling data on all initiatives under the Urban Basic

Services theme on a mutually agreed format

c. Brief introductory meetings with senior managementfor identifying data sources for the assignment

d. Conducting short interviews with the coordinators of

programme areas to identify what they consider to bethe key achievements, lessons learnt, challenges and soon in their focus areas

e. Finalise a template and fill in relevant project information

for each project and send to contact persons for gettingspecific project information


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1.2 KEY FINDINGS

The operational activities supported by UN-Habitat under the

water and sanitation sub-theme during 2012 include three

regional initiatives under the Water for Cities Programme (Water

for African Cities Programme, Water for Asian Cities Programme

and Water and Sanitation for Cities in the Latin American and

Caribbean Region Programme); two replicable/model-setting

initiatives (Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative and the

Mekong Water and Sanitation Initiative) and initiatives supported

by the Regional Offices. UN-Habitat also supports the Global

Water Operators Partnership Alliance (GWOPA) that facilitates

cross-regional knowledge sharing and learning among individual

utilities and networks.

The Urban Basic Services Branch participated in an interesting

initiative that during 2012 to work towards Delivering as One.

The project development phase for the Rapid Planning for dynamic

metropolises was undertaken in collaboration with the Urban

Environmental Planning Branch (UEPB), and in partnership with AT-

Verband (AT-Association) and several European organizations and

private companies, research organizations and private foundations.

Funding is provided by the German Federal Ministry of Education

and Research and this initiative will also contribute towards a better

understanding of how cross-cutting issues can be incorporated at

different stages of development initiatives.

Cross-cutting issues have since long been addressed by UN-

Habitat in terms how governance, gender mainstreaming, rights

based development and so on affect human settlements especially

the poor, women, people with disabilities, children and youth,

and how they are affected by developmental policies, services

and urbanisation processes. In the current context it is essential to

articulate and integrate climate change, technology, innovationsand the environment clearly into nationally-led processes. The

aim is to advance inclusive development, gender mainstreaming

and empowerment processes in all projects and to contribute

to reduce the effects of climate change. UN-Habitat is already

cooperating with the United Nations and other international

agencies, ministerial bodies and other partners to address impacts

of climate change.

UN-Habitats support for enabling access to energy for all

is affected because the delivery of water, sanitation, waste

management and mobility services/facilities have energy aspects

but the project-based funding is earmarked for specific activities.

Thus, programmatically, interventions for enabling access to

individual services and for introducing energy efficient systems

need to be approached holistically. This situation is further

aggravated when attempts are made to introduce alternative

technologies that are based on use of human or animal waste,

due to misperceptions amongst potential users.

UN-Habitats support for sustainable access to water and

sanitation has included interventions for rainwater harvesting

and storage and for enhancing sustainable water management

systems. It is already promoting pro-poor urban WatSan

governance, empowerment processes, inclusive planning

for effective delivery of urban basic services and supporting

incorporation of pro-poor and equity components in large projectsfunded by the Regional Development Banks. UN-Habitat provides

significant support for building capacities of water supply and

sanitation utilities, local governments, NGOs and communities to

help improve service provision for the urban poor and leverage

resources for scaling up.

Since access to sanitation remains a priority in many countries,

UN-Habitat has supported the introduction of next generation

toilets that capture and process human waste without piped

water, and sewer and electrical connections. UN-Habitat,

specifically under initiatives supported by the Urban Basic Services

Branch, has successfully promoted the reuse of treated waste

water and introduced Human Values-Based approach to Water,

Sanitation and Hygiene promotion (HVBWSHE) to generate

positive behavioural change amongst school children and local

communities. UN-Habitats collaboration with UNICEF for a

possible partnership for scaling-up of the initiative will strengthen

the United Nations efforts in the sector.

With a focus on sustainable development and climate change,

it is essential to promote sustainable modern energy services for

all. Under its sub-thematic area of Urban Energy, UN-Habitat is

already focusing on enhancing renewable energies, on promoting

energy efficiency, clean energies and low energy technologies,

and on supporting implementation of national and sub-national

strategies focusing on energy legislation, regulations and finance.

UN-Habitat is supporting initiatives to achieve considerable

avoidance of CO2emissions through improved practices and

the mainstreaming of energy efficiency measures into housing


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policies, building codes and building practices in Kenya, Uganda,

Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi. Under the Global Energy Network

for the Urban Settlements, UN-Habitat is promoting the design

and implementation of energy-access programmes and projects

globally. The initiatives include exchange and dissemination of

best practices and technologies, awareness creation, advocacy,

tools development, knowledge management and capacity-

building. Other initiatives include development of the Ibadan-

Abidjan urban energy corridor, and a Low Carbon Economy and

Sustainable Urban Development Pilot Project in the Jiangyin non-development zone.

Under the Urban Mobility sub-theme, UN-Habitat has taken a lead

in advocating increased awareness on sustainable urban mobility

approaches, policies and investments, as well as for implementing

strategies and programmes for more transport and improved

infrastructure. UN-Habitat already has the resources under the

Global Energy Network for the Urban Settlements project for

the promotion and implementation of accessible, affordable,

efficient, financially-sustainable, environmentally-friendly and

safe transport systems, and for improving access and mobility for

the poor. It has initiated the Sustainable Transport in East African

cities (Addis Ababa, Nairobi and Kampala) at a time when national

governments had recognised the need for sustainable transport

but were still in the process of identifying the most effective

solutions to meet their needs.

UN-Habitat is promoting the implementation of sustainable urban

transport solutions. The aim is to help to create the technical

and institutional basis for implementing sustainable metropolitan

transport networks and systems. The purpose is to developawareness among policy makers of sustainable mobility options in

cities and also to build the capacity of city managers and planners

to plan and implement incremental, quick-impact interventions

that can improve urban mobility. UN-Habitat is also promoting

the concept of giving the street back to citizens creating public

spaces, establishing more robust public transport systems and

promoting NMT. To address the lack of information amongst

planners and decision makers on the key mobility challenges

confronting their cities, the UN-Habitat project will develop,

field-test and disseminate a Mobility Rapid-Assessment Tool. The

Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) - the host institution for

President Uhuru Kenyatta and Dr. Joan Clos, UN-HABITAT Executive Director flag off the Bike Sharing Campaign during the opening ceremony of GC24 in Nairobi,

Kenya as part of Sustainable Transport Initiative in East African cities. UN-Habitat /Julius Mwelu


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Global Energy Network for the Urban Settlements in Asia - is to

put together about 50 case studies on projects/initiatives focusing

on pro-poor mobility in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In October

2012, 15 case studies that highlighted some interesting and

innovative solutions for improvement of informal transport modes

were published by ethe Institute.

Under the Urban Waste Management sub-theme, UN-Habitat

has been supporting the recycling and reuse of waste, including

wastewater treatment to control pollution and to increase water

quality and the use of biodegradable kitchen and garden waste

in household/institutional level biogas units to complement its

water and sanitation initiatives in informal settlements in several

countries of Africa and Asia. However, these were, by their nature,

addressed in a fragmented manner rather than as an integratedcomponent of basic services delivery. During 2012, UN-Habitat

had evaluated its Vacutug development project, under which

the Mark I and Mark II suction equipment were developed. The

evaluation of Mark II is expected to inform development of a final

version of the Vacutug, which took cognizance of factors beyond

the current applicability of the technology.

The use of the Project Approval and Accountability System shows

that currently, project details, especially descriptive details regarding

project locations, context, goal, activities and outputs are not

always available on the database. In many instances, only the

financial information reflects progress in implementation of the

initiatives. This indicates that the System has yet to become the

reference point for sharing data/ details regarding the different

initiatives supported by different UN-Habitat Branches and regional

offices. For a genuinely coordinated approach to development, it

is essential that the Project Approval and Accountability System

or any appropriate database of UN-Habitat is easier to use for

administrative, financial and project level monitoring.

1.3 LESSONS LEARNED

The water, sanitation, energy and mobility related initiatives

supported by UN-Habitat during 2012 reveal that important lessons

have been learned at the project levels as well as at the Portfolio

level. They were in strategies and approaches adopted at project

levels, implementation partners and arrangements, extent of

community involvement and the challenges in terms of financial and

human resources. The Branch recognises that other arrangements

will be required for the coming years in terms of availability of

funds, planning new projects that optimally incorporate the sub-

theme related issues, wider urban development, management and

environmental issues and what it takes to implement demonstration

and replicable initiatives so that they can be scaled-up.

At the field level, as highlighted in the Water and Sanitation Trust

Fund Impact Study, there is a need to support fewer and larger

value integrated projects rather than small-scale interventions. This

will also contribute towards easing coordination between multiple

UN Agencies, development partners and Governments, as well

as strengthening partnerships with Governments and decision-

makers. This will contribute to smooth implementation of projects

and help influence development processes, policy decisions,

programmes and budgets.

It is thus essential to grasp opportunities for synergies with other

stakeholders and interventions that can together contribute to

institutionalizing project processes and to the sustainability of

project assets. Communication, continued advocacy and organising

of consensus-building and coordination events to ensure that all

partners are regularly informed about what is going on are vital.

An important lesson is that changes in average temperatures and

longer dry seasons affect water sources and increase vulnerabilities

of people in project areas. This, and natural calamities such as

floods and droughts, and civil strife or other emergency situations,

affect direct implementation of interventions. They stretch the

staff and financial resources of implementing partners who

are required to concentrate on rehabilitation and relief efforts.

In some situations, lengthy administrative and procurement

procedures, project auditing requirements, limited capacities,

lack of effective coordination mechanisms, non-availability of

contractors, security issues, delays in decision making, extensivenegotiations with governments to secure their support or lengthy

negotiations for mobilising of communities for a bottom-up

development approach can result in delays in implementation.

Thus, project timelines not only need to build in factors that cause

delays but also to provide adequate time while optimising staff

and financial resources.

A related challenge is the depletion of water resources and its

impact on sustainability of projects, especially for areas where

water supply is dependent on underground sources and where

salinity is a major issue. Similarly, the sustainability of facilities


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and post-project operation and maintenance of assets created

under projects are a major challenge. Although community

level institutions are established in project areas, they require

handholding for leveraging support from the government for long

term sustainability.

UN-Habitat supports capacity building initiatives and exposure

visits to address gaps in capacities for strategizing, planning,

and implementing integrated as well as inclusive development

initiatives that exist at various levels. This includes gaps in

capacities among government departments, public service

providers and institutions, partner NGOs, local training institutions

and resource centres. With the emphasis on sustainable

development, environmental issues also need to be addressed

while planning and implementing urban infrastructure projects.These include aspects of energy use/access, use/conservation of

resources and local materials, minimal pollution, climate change

and hazard risk reduction.

1.4 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

UN-Habitat is already reaching out to more people by working at

regional levels and through infrastructure projects in disaster or

civil strife affected areas. The initiatives supported by UN-Habitat

focus on different levels policy, institutional and stakeholder. The

pro-poor focus of initiatives complements the governments focus

on achieving poverty reduction and the Goals targets. It also has

substantial knowledge and experience in implementing sustainable

approaches and processes at a smaller scale in different countries.

UN-Habitat is, therefore, in a position to build on the achievements

and upscale tested initiatives and viable technologies.

However, the context has changed dramatically because of theurgent need to address sustainability issues and risks related to

climate change. In terms of the types of responses and actions

that can be taken to address urban basic services issues, the

context has changed because of the global focus on poverty

reduction and the commitments for achieving the Goals targets.

In addition, advances in information technology have dramatically

impacted upon management practices, communication,

coordination and transparency. The wider changes in context

are complemented by global support for entrepreneurs and

innovations for addressing service delivery and climate change

related problems.

Thus, the key conclusions are related to how limited financial

resources are affecting UN-Habitats potential for planning and

implementing strategic initiatives, building partnerships and

optimally utilising its human resources. UN-Habitat, specifically

the Urban Basic Services Branch, needs to raise the profile of

the urban basic services portfolio by taking a lead in planning

and implementing model, sustainable, inclusive and integrated

initiatives. In order to reach urban basic services to more people,

there is potential for upscaling the successful regional model

initiatives by covering more urban and peri-urban areas.

Urban Basic Services Branch can take a lead in institutionalising

actions that contribute towards UN-Habitat functioning as one

entity. One of the options for facilitating a coordinated approach

is to make the Project Approval and Accountability System (or anappropriate database) the reference point for sharing data/details

regarding new, ongoing and completed initiatives supported by

different UN-Habitat Branches and Regional Offices. It is essential

that theSystem is easier to use for administrative, financial and

project level information and monitoring. UN-Habitat can also

enhance coordination to provide updated information in one

location by linking quarterly and annual programme level progress

reports and appropriate Mission Reports.

There should also be a focus on optimally using financial resources

through demonstration projects in a way that enables partnerships

with the Government and private sector to be strengthened for

upscaling as well as influencing policy guidelines

In ongoing projects, UN-Habitat has the option for investing in

project reviews that recommend ways of making the processes/

community structures, partnerships and assets more sustainable.

This includes actions for optimal utilisation of available human and

financial resources.

Besides the emphasis on energy and mobility related interventions,

there is need to upscale sanitation and HVWSHE related

interventions since the target is among the most lagging of the

Goals. Funding for sanitation interventions is likely to be more

easily available in response to the UN Secretary-Generals Call to

Action on Sanitation1.

1 Launched in March 2013


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Thai woman washes her child outdoors on

August 28, 2010 in Bangkok Shutterstock


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UN-Habitat believes that urban areas

are an asset and a solution, and that

the urbanization process can be steered

and shaped. It is therefore committed to

working towards promoting an urban

paradigm shift for creating cities where

economies of agglomeration and scale are

maximized, collective interest prevails and

where transport and service delivery costs

are minimized, use of land is optimized

and urban open spaces are protected and

better organized.

To achieve this, a holistic, integrated,

and citywide approach that addresses

vulnerability, poverty and inequality issues

is required. This requires positioning the

city within the regional, national andglobal development context, nurturing and

utilizing local human and other resources,

and maximizing local opportunities and

potentials.

UN-Habitat focuses on Urban Planning,

Urban Economy and Urban Legislation

as the three levers of change in urban

areas. It looks to knowledge management,

settlements financing, and strategic

partnerships at the national and local

level, while responding to current social,

economic and political changes. UN-

Habitat contributes to making model

cities, reducing vulnerability and backing

rehabilitation by supporting partner

countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America

and the Caribbean and through projects,

global policy work, and advocacy

activities. UN-Habitat also engages in

global normative and advocacy work to

disseminate good practices and inform on

policies for effective and environmentally

sound development.

The comparative advantages of UN-

Habitats contributions in urban areas are:

i. Combined normative and operationalapproach to urbanisation

ii. Recognized capacity to bring all

spheres of government and civil

society together to engage in policy

dialogue and participatory planning

and social organisation

iii. Long-standing partnership with local

authorities in promoting sustainable

urban development

iv. Technical expertise in such areas as

land and property administration;

urban environmental management;

participatory planning; bridging

relief with sustainable recovery and

reconstruction; urban safety and

security and urban governance.

2.1 UN-HABITAT ANDURBAN BASIC SERVICES

To achieve its strategic vision, besides

other focus areas, UN-Habitat is

focussing on enabling equitable access of

unserved and underserved populations

to environmentally-sound basic urban

infrastructure and services, that is,to adequate and clean water supply,

sanitation and waste management

facilities, and to sustainable energy,

mobility and communication systems. UN-

Habitat does this by providing policy and

technical assistance to partner countries

and local authorities for:

Evolving an enabling policy and

institutional framework to rehabilitate

and expand access to environmentally-

2. Introduction

UN-Habitats strategic vision is that city, regional and national authorities adopt

enabling legislation and establish systems for improved access to land, effective

decentralised governance and urban safety, which foster sustainable urban development

(Strategic Framework 2014-2019) (UN-Habitat, 2013a).


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One UN (UN-Habitat, 2011a). This includes

changing the Water, Sanitation and

Infrastructure Branch that was responsible

for water and sanitation before 2012 into

an Urban Basic Services Branch and the

expansion of the Water and Sanitation

Trust Fund into an Urban Basic Services

Trust Fund (UN-Habitat, 2013b). The

Urban Basic Services portfolio covers four

programmatic clusters/sub-themes: Water

and Sanitation; Urban Mobility; Urban

Energy and Urban Waste Management.

2.1.1 Rio+20: RelevantOutcomes

At the Rio+20 conference (20 to 22 June

2012), the participants renewed their

commitment to sustainable development

and reaffirmed their commitment to

making every effort to accelerate the

achievement of the internationally

agreed development goals, including the

Millennium Development Goals by 2015.

They also reaffirmed the need to achieve

sustainable development by promoting

sustained, inclusive and equitable

economic growth, creating greater

opportunities for all, reducing inequalities,

raising basic standards of living, fostering

equitable social development and inclusion

and promoting integrated and sustainable

management of natural resources andecosystems that supports, inter alia,

economic, social and human development

while facilitating ecosystem conservation,

regeneration and restoration and

resilience in the face of new and emerging

challenges.

The outcomes relevant to the four

programmatic clusters under the Urban

Basic Services portfolio of UN-Habitat are

given below.

Overall, Governments, private companies

and multilateral agencies committed

themselves to voluntary pledges worth

USD513 billion toward a series of

development projects aimed at reducing

fossil fuel use, improving renewable

energy sources, conserving water, and

reducing poverty (Suan Ee, 2012).

Water and SanitationThere is widespread commitment to

progressive realization of access to safe

and affordable drinking water and basic

sanitation for all, the empowerment

of women and to significantly improvethe implementation of integrated water

resource management at all levels. To

achieve these objectives, there is a need

to mobilize resources from all sources,

build institutional capacities and support

technology transfer (Goransson, 2012).

Sustainable TransportIn order to introduce sustainable public

transport systems to cut down on

congestion and emissions over the next

decade, eight international development

banks (African Development Bank, Asian

Development Bank, CAF Development

Bank of Latin America, European Bank

for Reconstruction and Development,

European Investment Bank, Inter-American

Development Bank, Islamic Development

Bank, and the World Bank) agreed toinvest USD175 billion in loans and grants

over a ten-year period (UNCSD, 2012a).

Experts also agreed that, to have a

significant global impact, Asian and Latin

American countries would have to take

the lead in shifting to sustainable public

transport systems.

Sustainable Energy for AllThe focus is on meeting the three inter-

linked objectives of the Sustainable Energy

sound urban infrastructure and services

to keep pace with growing demand,

especially for unserved and underserved

populations, and address climate change

and risk prevention, including mitigation

and adaptation

Increased institutional efficiency and

affordability in service provision to foster

cross-sectoral planning at different

levels, facilitate partnership and dialogue

among various stakeholders, different

administrative levels and partners and

through promotion of decentralized

decision-making

Enhancing consumer demand for

efficient and sustainable basic urban

infrastructure and services

To meet the various development

challenges in urban areas, UN-Habitat has

over the past few years commissioned

a peer review of the implementation of

UN-Habitats 20082013 Medium-Term

Strategic and Institutional Plan (2010); a

review of UN-Habitats Participation in the

Delivering as One initiative (2011), and

a Review of the governance structure of

the United Nations Human Settlements

Programme (2012). In addition, the first

Water and Sanitation Trust Fund Impact

Study (including a Nepal Country Impact

Study and a Gender Mainstreaming ImpactStudy) (October 2009 to January 2010);

and an external evaluation of BASF The

Chemical Company-funded initiatives in

India and Nepal were undertaken.

One of the most significant outcomes of

the first Water and Sanitation Trust Fund

Impact Study was the initiation of the

internal reorganisation within UN-Habitat

in response to the need for Delivering as

One both as one UN-Habitat as well as


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I. Brief introductory meetings with

senior management where key

documents and requirements were

identified with reference to the

assignment. The documents are listed

in Table below.

II. In addition, short interviews were

conducted in the Branch with

the coordinators of focus areas

to identify what they consider to

be the key achievements, lessons

learnt, challenges and so on in their

focus areas.

2.2.1 Data Sources

The Branch provided and/ or identified the

sources of information listed in Table 1 for

this report.

Table 1: Sources of information

Documents

Rio+20 Outcomes: Implications and Relevance for UN-Habitats Urban Basic Services portfolio, July 5-6, 2012

Strategic Plan Medium-Term Strategic and Institutional Plan (MTSIP)

Thematic Paper on Urban Basic Services

2 pagers for senior management by focus areaswater and sanitation

urban mobilityurban energy, andurban waste management

The Future we WantRio+20 draft declaration

UN-Habitats Strategic Vision/ Framework (2014-2019)

MTSIP Annual Report Guidance template

MTSIP Regional and country level reporting templates Organisational structure of UN-Habitat and initial list of projects

Project Based Management Strategy

Six-monthly Progress Report (JanuaryJune, 2012), Implementation of the Medium-term Strategic and Institutional Plan for 2008-2013 through

Work Programme 2012-2013

January December 2011: Annual Progress Report on the Implementation of the Medium-Term Strategic and Institutional Plan (MTSIP) 2008-

2013

Country activities Report 2009

External evaluation document including the 35 recommendations

Project Approval and Accountability System database for financial and project information

2.2.2 Overview of the Portfolio

The Project Approval and Accountability

System database enabled access to a

list of all projects by Branch and focus

area; errors were identified in the list

of initiatives under the Branch. As per

the first list of projects from the System

(December 2012), of the 67 projects being

implemented by the Urban Basic Services

Branch, 55 were being implemented by

the Branch, two by the Regional Office

for Africa, seven by the Regional Office

for Asia and the Pacific, one by the

Regional Office for Latin America and the

Caribbean and two by the Arab States and

Europe offices.


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Table 2:Project data on Project Approval and Accountability System (PAAS)

Worldwide Africa Arab

States

Asia-

Pacific

LAC Europe Total

Nos Value in USD

Urban Basic Services Branch 27 11 0 14 0 2 54 170,903,009Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 0 0 0 7 0 0 7 64,583,39

Regional Office for Africa 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 290,000

Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2,741,777

Regional Office for the Arab States 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2,853,023

Total 27 13 2 22 1 2 67 241,371,205

Based on data accessed on PAAS 2 December2012

However, subsequently, cross-checks and

queries with listed project coordinators

revealed that fewerprojects were being

supported by the Branch. Table 2 gives an

overview of the projects. Of these, five are

on urban energy, four on urban mobility,

52 on water and sanitation, one on solid

waste, four on global best practices and

one is not clear.

The next step was to conduct a quick

assessment of projects by all four sub-

themes. The Database enabled access to

information on project finances, project

start and end dates, funding and partners.

A list was prepared of all initiatives listed

under the Urban Basic Services theme

(as of 2 December 2012), including the

key contacts for the different initiatives.A review of the list by the Branch

Coordinator revealed that there was lack

of clarity and information on some of the

initiatives, including whether the initiatives

actually came under the Branch or were

ongoing. Email communication with the

identified persons helped resolve the

inaccuracies identified.

Further attempts at garnering additional

information on the initiatives revealed

that, while Cooperation Agreements with

detailed objectives and planned outputs

were available for some of the initiatives,

descriptive details were not available in

some cases (especially for new initiatives at

Regional levels such as Myanmar).

2.2.3 Template for the Annual

Report

It was essential to finalise a template for

the Annual Report in consultation with

the Branch Coordinator before initiating

communication with the key contact

people. It was decided to primarily

follow the template used by UN-Habitats

Regional and Technical Cooperation

Division (RTCD) for preparing the Annual

Country Activities Report. For the

additional information required for this

Report, the sub-heads of best practices,

lessons learned and main challenges and

necessary actions required to address them

were added.

Please note that programme details

provided in the template below do not

include small scale initiatives valued at

less than USD50,000 as well as those

for which details were not available on

the Project Approval and Accountability

System.

Project Code The identified initiatives are listed in a sequence

Total Cost The total cost, expenditure to 2012 and remaining to be spentbeyond January 2013 for the initiatives are listed in the same

sequence as aboveExpenditure to 2012*

Amount remaining to be spentbeyond January 2013*


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2.2.4 Interviews with SeniorManagement

Brief interviews were held with

senior management of the different

programmatic areas with the objectivesof finalising the list of initiatives under the

sub-theme, request for the relevant/ latest

progress reports and to get their feedback

on the key issues to be addressed, namely:

Main project outputs and results

achieved

Best practices

Lessons learned

Financial issues, partnerships and so on

Main challenges and necessary actions

required to address them

2.3 STRUCTURE OF THEREPORT

The 2012 Annual Report of UN-Habitats

Urban Basic Services portfolio is in two

parts as given below.

PART A: Progress report onUN-Habitats urban basic services

projectsThis part highlights the status during2012 of UN-Habitat initiatives under the

four programmatic areas under urban

basic services. This includes the following

information for each initiative:

Main outputs and results achieved

Best practices introduced

Lessons learned

Main challenges and necessary actions

required to address them

Summary of financial implementation

in 2012

The report is based on data available in

the Project Approval and Accountability

System, and other relevant documents

and reports identified and/or provided

by the Branch and Regional Offices. This

includes progress monitoring reports

and evaluations conducted during

2012. This was supplemented through

interviews with key UN-Habitat staff atthe Headquarters during 26 November-12

December 2012. Additionally, more

detailed information was sought from

contact persons in Regional Offices and in

the field through e-mails.

PART B: Report on the state ofurban basic services in 2012In the context of the changing urban

development scenario, specifically the stateof the art in the areas of water, sanitation,

waste management, energy and mobility/

transport, this part of the Report will

focus on how UN-Habitat, specifically the

Urban Basic Services Branch and Regional

Offices, is responding to emerging issues

and trends. Specifically, it contextualises

the lessons learned and challenges for the

coming years in terms of:

Goals targets, the outcome of

Rio+20, the formulation of Strategic

Development Goals to replace the

Milliennium ones, the Secretary-

Generals Five Year Action Agenda and

so on

Key lessons learnt under the

project, including (project strategyand approach, implementation

arrangements and partners and the

extent of community involvement

For the remaining part of project

periods, what are the challenges in

terms of all resources (financial, human

and so on), and other arrangements?

What are the necessary actions required

at the project and Urban Basic Services

Branch/regional office levels to meet the

identified challenges?

Any other comments/observations that

can contribute to enhancing the role

of UN-Habitat and Urban Basic Services

Branch as the key urban settlements

agency in the coming years?

This part of the Report is based on

information provided by the Branch as

well as the ongoing global debates on thesector.

Public toilets, Nairobi, Kenya UN-Habitat


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Modern Dutch houses with

solar panels on roof Name

Allard One / Shutterstock


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3. Focus on Urban Basic Services

The initiatives under the urban basic services theme during 2012 are presented in this

Section as follows:

Programmatic Area Total

Nos Value in USD1 Water and sanitation

Water for Cities Programme, which includes Water for African Cities Programme, Water for Asian CitiesProgramme and Water and Sanitation for Cities in the Latin American and Caribbean Region Programme

18 12,812,542

Replicable Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative 4 25,578,261

Replicable Mekong Water and Sanitation Initiative 5 988,533

Regional Offices initiatives 8 66,753,824

Global Water Operators Partnerships 3 4,399,956

2 Urban Mobility 3 4,031,0173 Urban Energy 6 3,666,822

4 Urban Waste Management 1 765,457

The support provided by UN-Habitat and partners is having a catalyticeffect on national policy reforms for improved access to basic urban

services, resulting in the adoption of financing mechanisms targetingpoor households including gender mainstreaming and womenempowerment in all operational and normative activities


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UN-HABITAT FOCUS AREA 4Environmentally sound urban infrastructure and services

Provide policy and technical assistance to partner countries and local autjorities to:

An enabling policy andinstitutional framework to rehabilitate and expand access to environmentally sound urban infrastructure and services to keep pace withgrowing demand, especially for unserved and underserved populations, and address climate change and risk prevention, including mitigation and adaptation

Increased institutional effeciency and effectiveness in service provision in order to foster cross-sectoral planning at different levels, facilitatepartnership anddialogue among various stakeholders, different administrattive levels and partners , and through promotion of decentralized decision-making

Enhance consumer demand for efficient and sustainable basic urban infrastructure and services

Source: UN-Habitat, 2011b

WATER AND SANITATION

Increased institutionalcapacity for pro-poorgender-sensitive Watsaninitiatives and policies

Increased flow of

investments into the Watsansector

Improved MDG monitoringmechanisms

URBAN ENERGY

Increased access to cleanand reliable energy serviceswith a focus on energyefficiency

Energy effeciency measures

for the built environment

Demonstrate use of

renewable energytechnologies

URBAN MOBILITY

Improved mobility throughafforadable publictransport solutions andappropriate technologies

Improved infrastructure for

pedestrians and cyclists

Urban design to reduce

travel needs

URBAN WASTEMANAGEMENT

Capacity development fprsolid waste management

Community based solidwaste managementsystems

Wastewater management

Safe and clean energy

from charcoal briquettes.

UN-Habitat


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3.1 WATER ANDSANITATION

The urban basic services focus area builds

on UN-Habitats Water and Sanitation

Trust Fund (WSTF) - a consolidated fundthat provides a coordinated programmatic

approach and an opportunity to donors for

improving their aid affordability. Through

this Fund, UN-Habitat has established

strategic partnerships with multilateral

organizations and regional development

banks for capacity development and

access to investment funding. The support

provided by UN-Habitat and partners ishaving a catalytic effect on national policy

reforms for improved access to basic

urban services, resulting in the adoption

of financing mechanisms targeting

poor households including gender

mainstreaming and women empowerment

in all operational and normative activities.

The operational activities, funded throughthe trust fund, are:

i. Water for Cities Programme in

Africa, Asia and Latin America and

the Caribbean, which was initiated

in 2002 in Africa and gradually

introduced in the other regions

ii. Replicable/model-setting initiativesto address the water and sanitation

needs of poor people living in

WATER & SANITATIONIncreased institutional capacity for pro-poor Watsan initiatives, policies and governance frameworks

Increased flow of investments into Watsan sector

Improved MDG monitoring mechanisms

Institutionalization of participatory, transparent, and accountable water governance to benefit the poor

and marginalized

Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change

Promote a human value-based approach to water, sanitation and hygiene education

Promote community based water and sanitation projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America and theCarribean

Address regional water chllenges and protect their fresh-water resources through regional model-setting initiatives in the Lake Victoria znd mekong regions

Water education, with emphasis on public health, hygiene and water resource conservation

Strengthen capacities of water and sanitation providers

secondary urban centres in the Lake

Victoria and Mekong regions

iii. The Global Water Operators

Partnership Alliance (GWOPA) that

complements the normative andoperational activities of the Water

and Sanitation Trust Fund, and which

aims to improve the knowledge base

of water utilities through a number

of capacity-building initiatives, and by

facilitating cross-regional knowledge

sharing and learning among individual

utilities and networks

Each of these is described in detail in the

following sections.

Promote a human value-based approach to water,

sanitation and hygiene education UN-Habitat


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3.1.1 Water for Cities Programme

Project Title Water for Cities Programme

Project Location(s) Africa: Nigeria, Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Mali, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Tanzania and UgandaAsia: India (Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Gwalior Narsullahganj in Madhya Pradesh, Madhepura in Bihar, Cuddalore in

Tamil Nadu, Mangalore in Karnataka, and Support My School Campaign in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, HimachalPradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal); Nepal {15 small towns,35 municipalities and 9 peri-urban towns (WAC); 6 districts, 7 municipalities (GSF)}, and Lao PDR (MDG Goal WASH and

partnership with Department of Statistics on Urban Inequities Survey in 17 towns)Latin America and the Caribbean: Mexico (Municipality of Alpuyeca); Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz, Patacamaya, Sacaba, SanIgnacio de Velasco, Santa Cruz, Tiquipaya); Cuba and Ecuador

Project Code W054, W063, W062, W052W017, W012, W065, W040, W032, W044, W037, T050, W015, W023

W049, F074; F080

Total Cost USD815,868 + 500,000 + 369,518 + 74,347USD145,000 + 301,000 + 750,000 + 195,659 + 100,000 + 299,895 + 130,000USD274,843 + 757,281 + 2,741,777USD5 million (WAC) + USD5 million (GSF)

Part of activities under an Agreement of Cooperation USD130,000

Development partners Governments of Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Kazakhstan, Lao PDR, Nepal, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines,Thailand and Viet Nam. International Organizations:Mexican Institute of Water Technologies (IMTA)

Funding partners Global Environment & Technology Foundation Contribution-GETF

WSTF and Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC)/ GSFAsian Development BankAfrican Development BankMexican Institute of Water Technologies, Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL)

Coca-Cola, BASF Social Foundation

Partners Government entities, I/NGOs, water and sanitation users committeesMexican Institute of Water Technologies, Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL)Municipality of Alpuyeca; Municipality of Tiquipaya;

Starting Date 2005 (WAC) 2010 (GSF)

Completion Date 31-Dec-2013 (WAC) 2015 (GSF)

Expenditure to 2012* USD372,953 + 70,905 + 329,238 + 62,505USD121,132 + 289,508 + 23,100 + 159,406 + 76,840 + 296,037

USD4,500,000 (WAC) + 900,000 (GSF)

Amount remaining to bespent beyond January 2013*

USD442,915 + 429,095 + 40,280 + 11,842 + 140,641USD23,868 + 11,492 + 726,900 + 36,253 + 23,160 + 3,858USD300,000 (WAC) + 4,600,000 (GSF)

* Expenditure to 10 December 2012 with PSC on PAAS.


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Background and objectivesUnder the Water for Cities Programme,

UN-Habitat has implemented pro-poor

initiatives in Africa, Asia and Latin America

and the Caribbean. The regionally-

focussed programme supports partnercountries to improve management

of urban water supply and sanitation

through a combination of policy dialogue,

normative work and on-the-ground

demonstration projects. The initiatives are

undertaken in partnership with regional

development Banks, other development

agencies and the private sector.

In Africa, where the first phase

interventions were started in 1999, the

programme was undertaken in Abidjan

(Cte dIvoire), Accra (Ghana), Addis

Ababa (Ethiopia), Dakar (Senegal),

Johannesburg (South Africa), Lusaka

(Zambia) and Nairobi (Kenya). The second

phase of the programme, which covers

Nigeria, Mozambique, Burkina Faso,

Cameroon, Mali, Rwanda and Uganda,has a multi-faceted strategy to programme

formulation and implementation. It uses

a top-down approach to encourage

and support national governments in

the development of policies, regulations

and legal frameworks, and a bottom-

up approach to build capacity in local

authorities, and strengthen relevant

institutions through training programmesand other capacity building measures.

In Asia, the Programme was formally

launched in March 2003 and is a

collaborative initiative of UN-Habitat,

the Government of the Netherlands, the

Asian Development Bank and countries

in the region, including Bangladesh,

Cambodia, China, India, Kazakhstan, Lao

Peoples Democratic Republic, Nepal, thePhilippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. The

programme focuses on three interlinked

priorities:

Introducing demand management

strategies to improve efficiency of water

use and give priority to those currentlydeprived of water and sanitation services

Scaling-up sanitation provision city-wide

through innovative publicprivatenon-

governmental organization (NGO)

partnerships, financing mechanisms and

appropriate technical options

Pro-poor investments in urban watersupply and sanitation with emphasis on

serving the urban poor with piped water

and formal sanitation facilities

In Latin America and the Caribbean, the

Programme was initiated after 2006 and

aims to increase the flow of investments

to the water and sanitation sector in the

region through strategic partnerships

amongst different institutions andorganisations, donor countries, central

governments, local authorities, the private

sector, NGOs and local communities. The

strategic interventions in Latin America

and the Caribbean are:

Adaptation to climate change impact

Promotion of sustainable sanitationnetworks and technologies

Promotion of sanitation as a business concept

Water governance and civil participation

Integral water and sanitation projects

Piloting low-cost innovative technologies

for sustainable sanitation in peri-urbanareas

The programme is mainly funded by the

Spanish Government and, in 2008, a

strategic partnership was forged with the

Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)

to achieve greater leverage in the flow

of resources and concerted actions inselected countries across the region. Other

partners include multi-lateral agencies,

national and local governments as well

as local and international NGOs (INGOs),

universities, water utilities and training

institutions. The programme has been

providing technical support in Bolivia,

Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador,

Mexico, Nicaragua and Peru.

Activities and OutcomesThe activities and outcomes in the three

regions during 2012 are given below.

Africa

Integrated Community School water

and sanitation (WatSan) Project in theunplanned settlements of Tandale

Chakula Bora, Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania),

for which UN-Habitat is collaborating

with UNICEF and the World Health

Organisation (WHO) under the One UN

Development Assistance Plan. Jointly

with the African Development Bank, UN-

Habitat technical aid has strengthened

the Zanzibar Water Authoritysprocurement management function

and contributed greatly to accelerating

implementation of the Zanzibar

(Tanzania) Water and Sanitation Project.

Further, an additional USD560,000

has been secured from the second

year programme of UN Development

Assistance Plan for the project.

UN-Habitat and the Ministry of State forDevelopment of northern Kenya and


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water treatment and safe storage

(HWTS) products can best be introducedin a national market, and to assess the

benefits of using HWTS products. This has

contributed to a reduction in the cost of

energy used to boil water by 48 per cent

per household. In a post-project survey,

99 per cent of beneficiaries reported the

project helped them improve their hygiene

and health conditions. The initiative has

reduced prevalence of diarrheal diseasefrom 27 to 11.6 per cent and resulted in

savings of 0.5 Kg of firewood and 0.9

Kg of charcoal per household per day.

Thus, there is a saving of the equivalent

to 2.2 tons of CO2 per Solvatten per year.

Replication of the project is foreseen using

local businessmen networks.

A biogas project, which was

implemented at the main Bamakoprison, has improved the urban

environment significantly and supported

vegetable gardening using the treated

wastewater. The project has been

recognized as a best practice by

Association Malienne des Droits de

lHomme(the Malian Association ofHuman Rights) - an international human

rights organization.

In Rwanda, the construction of 40

ecosan toilets has increased access

to water and sanitation facilities with

emphasis on improving hygiene. Further,

rainwater harvesting systems and urban

hillside protection initiatives have beenintroduced to mitigate negative impacts

of development activities in the peri-

urban areas of Kigali.

In Malawi, UN-Habitat promoted the

ecosan technology as a sustainable

sanitation tool in a densely populated

area where space for new pit latrines

to replace old ones was not available.

The project initially targeted thesettlement of Mtandile in Lilongwe.

After community members from other

low-income settlements visited the

settlement on a study tour, communities

from ten settlements are now promoting

this technology in their settlements.

Quick Impact Project: Urban Water and

Sanitation Project in Southern Sudan(United Nations Mission in the Republic

of South Sudan (UNMISS) (01-Aug-2012

to 31-Dec-2014).

Vacutug Development Project: Post-

Project Evaluation (20-Feb-2012 to 31-

Dec-2013).

Overall, approximately 20,800 people in

Africa have gained access to water andsanitation, including 16,000 beneficiaries

other arid zones supported projects for

provision of adequate and safe drinkingwater and improved sanitation in

Mandera County. UN-Habitat mobilized

funds to support the initiative and

preparatory activities for implementation

of a WatSan project in a congested

settlement of Mandera town have been

completed.

Technology transfer to access safe waterin a changing climate. The Solvatten

(water purification using solar ultraviolet

(UV) rays) demonstration project was

implemented with a contribution to Water

Sanitation Trust Fund (now Urban Basic

Services Trust Fund)from Tillvaxtverket

(Swedish Agency for Economic and

Regional Growth). It was implemented in

a peri-urban area of Africa - Dialakorodji

area north of Bamako, Mali. The aimwas to identify how suitable household

Water project in South Sudan. UN-Habitat


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of schools and community water

sanitation projects in Tandale Chakula

Bora; 230 households (total population

of about 2,300) benefitted in Bamako,

Mali from the water purification system

using solar UV project and 1,500 inmatesin Bamakos main prison from the biogas

facilities, and 96 households or about

1,000 people benefitted from household

water supply connections.

Asia

In India, a project on promotion ofHuman Values Based Water, Sanitation

and Hygiene Education (HVWSHE)

with main objective of bringing about

behavioural change among students

and the community through value based

education towards water, sanitation and

hygiene issues was successfully completed.

34 teachers training programme and

138 classroom programme for students

were organised in 4 cities where morethan 7,000 students were benefitted. In

addition, UN-Habitat and Coca-Cola India

Pvt Ltd. (CCI), in association with NDTV

(New Delhi Television) - a leading news

channel and Charities Aid Foundation

(CAF) embarked on a unique nationwide

public service initiative called Support My

School on 24 January 2011. The aim is to

create awareness on water and sanitation,environment, healthy active living and for

providing a holistic environment in schools.

The Programme has covered 63 schools

in eight states (Andhra Pradesh, Haryana,

Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,

Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal) of India

benefitting over 32,000 students. This

includes initiatives in 40 schools in four

states during 2012. Further, with support

from Coca Cola Atlanta, and under aCooperation Agreement with CAF, the

campaign has been initiated in 18 other

schools in five States.

Similarly, a Support My School

programme, financially supported by

Coca Cola Foundation (Nov 2012-March2013), was launched in ten schools of

Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The aim is to

improve the learning environment in

schools through: i) improved access to

water and sanitation facilities for girls

and boys; ii) improved sports facilities

for better health and fitness of students;

iii) improved education facilities such as

libraries and iv) enhanced awareness aboutground water recharge and promotion of

school-led rain water harvesting. During

2012,

Ten schools were selected for the

intervention in consensus with the

District Education Office

Relevant teachers, headmasters of

selected schools were oriented on theprogramme focus, and

School level support plan was finalized

in consensus with respective schools

Further, in Nepal, UN-Habitat has

successfully partnered with the national

government and with communities for

community-led initiatives for enablingsustainable access to water and sanitation.

The achievements during 2012 are:

1. Capacity developed for addressing

water and sanitation challenges in

municipalities and small towns:

The institutional capacity of

15 Water Users and SanitationCommittees (WUSCs) under the

Asian Development Bank-supported

Small Towns Water Supply and

Sanitation Sector Project has been

strengthened for sustainable service

delivery to the poor

Pro poor WatSan governance was

initiated in ten municipalities

Solid waste management strategy

plans were prepared and integrated

in respective municipal periodic

plans, and capacity for urban solid

waste management was enhanced

through training of municipal staffin 15 municipalities

Three municipalities with

community-managed water supply

systems have introduced graded

tariff system to build affordable

services to the poor households

A demonstration project on water

supply scheme for low incomeconsumers was completed

2. To achieve the national goal of

universal sanitation coverage by

2017, the Global Sanitation Fund

(GSF) supported by Water Supply

and Sanitation Collaborative Council

(WSSCC/GSF), is assisting the

government of Nepal. The aim is

to trigger the sanitation campaign

in selected areas, to work towards

achieving Open Defecation Free status

and sustainable promotion of hygiene

and behavioural change (01-Oct-2010

to 31-Sept-2015) through:

Stimulating community action for

achieving Open Defecation Free

status


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Developing capacity of stakeholders

Strengthening the national

sanitation sector strategy

Supporting knowledgemanagement

The capacities of five District level

Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene

(WASH) Coordination Committees

were enhanced to meet the sanitation

goal, 240 communities in two districts

achieved Open Defecation Free status

and Sanitation Strategy Plans were

prepared for two districts and two

municipalities. Overall, 500 schools

with 150,000 students were reached

through the sanitation campaign.

Following three years of collaboration

between UN-Habitat and the BASF Social

Foundation, an impact assessment of

projects supported under the partnership

in India and Nepal was completed during2012. The key findings are as given below.

Under the PostTsunami Water and

Sanitation Reconstruction in Cuddalore

District (India), various innovative

approaches have been adopted to

improve access to safe drinking water

and sanitation, specifically for reaching

vulnerable groups. Improved and secure

water and sanitation services have been

achieved for at least 11,000 people in

13 Tsunami-affected villages, while a

Disability Resource Centre established at

Saraswathi Nagar is providing support

to more than 2,000 people with

disabilities.

Under the project on Water and

Sanitation Education in Mangalore,India, water and sanitation facilities

have been created in 15 schools, water

laboratories were established in eight

schools and water testing kits were

provided to all 25 project schools. In

addition, teachers and students were

trained to implement a communitydrinking water quality monitoring

programme.

The outcomes of the project Enabling

access to quality water and improved

sanitation facilities to Koshi flood

affected people in Bihar, India and

Sunsari District, Nepal have been

achieved. In India, drinking water

sources with iron removal systems were

created in 24 locations to provide safe

drinking water in 21 wards and 240

household toilets were constructed

to provide sanitation facility to every

family in four wards of three Gram

Panchayats of Kumarkhand Block

in Madhepura district. In Haripur

village, 235 single pit toilets and 50

hand pumps were successfully put inplace for the resettled people. Village

Development Committees and Water

Users Committees were established to

facilitate project implementation and for

the proper maintenance and up keep of

the infrastructures created.

At the regional level, 400 water utility

staff from the participating towns under

the Water for Cities programme in Asia

and the Mekong Region Water and

Sanitation Programme (Mek-Watsan) were

trained in project management, logistics,

procurement, gender mainstreaming,

HIV/AIDS awareness, water demand

management, operations and

maintenance.

In Lao PDR, under the MillenniumDevelopment Goal WASH initiative, the

water supply and sanitation national sector

strategy for the emerging towns have

been developed. Urban inequities survey

focussing on 17 towns is ongoing. In the

process more than 52 water utility staff

have been trained.

Latin America and the Caribbean

The projects in Bolivia are focussed in

poor peri-urban areas of La Paz (through

an agreement with the Municipal

Government); Cochabamba {through five

projects with the Municipality, INGOs such

as Water for People and Yaku and the

WatSan operator (EMAPA) of the District

of Sacaba} and Santa Cruz (in cooperation

with Plan International).

In the Patacamaya Municipality, UN-

Habitat, jointly with Plan International,

completed a Programme in water,

sanitation and solid waste management,

resulting in 60 percent water coveragein Municipality area. This includes

expanded water networks and 132 new

connections in five neighbourhoods

benefiting 16,000 inhabitants.

Extension of sewerage networks to

one neighbourhood has enabled

approximately 90 households have

access to sanitation.

In addition, 11 local schools have new

sanitary modules. Two programmes in

Human Values Based Water, Sanitation

and Hygiene Education were implemented

in 11 local schools and the community,

and guides were prepared with the

American NGO Project Wet. A total of

3,427 students (1,807 boys and 1,620

girls) were trained in water, sanitation,

hygiene, water resources and solid wastesmanagement in September 2012.


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With the aim to reduce waterborne

diseases in schools and to create a

culture of hygiene and good water use,

a Human Values Based Water, Sanitation

and Hygiene Education component was

included in UN-Habitat projects in Bolivia.To date, more than 20.000 students and

1,000 teachers have been trained in this

methodology with the use of materials

and guides to change bad practices and

improve hygiene and health in La Paz,

Cochabamba and Santa Cruz.

The Villa Satelite Norte in Tiquipaya,

Cochabamba completed a project

between UN-Habitat, the Italian NGO

Yaku and the Municipality in September

2012. The project in a neighbourhood

included 83 sewerage connections

and a wastewater treatment plant

with constructed wetlands. A total

of 52 families have connected to the

treatment plant.

A capacity-building programme wascompleted in two water utilities: EMAPA

- Patacamaya and EMAPA - Sacaba,

Cochabamba. A new billing system

that was introduced in Sacaba in June

2012 has resulted in increased revenue

collection for the utilities.

In Cuba, UN-Habitat supported the

implementation of four projects that

have built capacity for the production

of local materials that are used for the

construction of houses, social facilities,

water harvesting tanks and potable water

storages and sidewalks.

In Ecuador, the programme Governance

in the Water and Sanitation SectorMDGs

enabled 11,000 persons from 2,750 families

to have access to water services. The familieshave been trained to operate the water

systems. With the provision of the basic

urban infrastructure, local communities

through consultation have developed a

mechanism and agreed to pay for water

services. The social component that

accompanies the building process had ledthem to define the minimum rate to be paid.

The programme also empowered women

and men to be more active with their

demands and to work together and protect

the environment and water resources.

UN-Habitat collaborated with the Gender

Water Alliance for providing tools in

mainstreaming gender in water and

sanitation projects and developing a

monitoring mechanism for the integration

of gender related issues in ongoing

projects in the Region. In March 2012,

a final regional workshop organised in

Ecuador for sharing of experiences, was

attended by participants from the UN-

Habitat Regional Office, Bolivia, Ecuador,

all Gender Water Alliance facilitators

involved in the programme. Based on thesharing of experiences from the different

countries, a Gender and WatSan matrix

was developed.

In Mexico, a regional document The right

to waterwas produced in partnership

with the Inter-American Development

Bank, and distributed to relevant national

partners to raise awareness on the

issue. Further, UN-Habitat launched a

distance-learning diploma for water and

sanitation operators in partnership with

the National Association of Water Utilities

and the Distance Learning Division of the

Faculty of Engineering of the National

Autonomous University of Mexico.

The topics covered included technical,

managerial, legal-regulatory matters, as

well as billing and accountancy systemsimprovement. Training for the first group

is underway while the Womens Justice

Centre Implementation Guideline project

achieved provision of specialized urban

infrastructure and services to address

particular needs of women who have been

victims of violence.

Following UN-Habitats Human Values

Based Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

EducationProject in Mexico in 2010 in the

context of the National Level Democratic

Governance Programme supported

financially by the Spanish Millennium

Development Goal Achievement Fund, a

series of HVBWSHE Initiatives have been

undertaken. Alpuyeca - a small town

with intermittent water services and no

water treatment facilities - was selected

for a pilot climate resilient Community

Development Centre. The HVBWSHE

project in the Municipality of Alpuyeca is

being implemented under a Memorandum

of Understanding (MoU) with the

Ministry of Social Development. The aim

is to support the initiation of appropriatetechnologies for water supply, sanitation

and water treatment in the context of an

urban poverty alleviation programme.

This pilot, which would be autonomous

from the main water services and also

be more climate-resilient, is expected

to help establish a replication model.

The main activities comprised diagnostic

participatory workshops, feasibility studies,

project design, project construction and

capacity-building processes.

3.1.2 Regional Model-SettingInitiatives

These are the Lake Victoria Water and

Sanitation Initiative, and the MekongWater and Sanitation Initiative.


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3.1.2.1 Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Program

Project Title Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Program

Project Location(s) Kericho, Keroka & Isebania (Kenya); Geita, Sengerema & Nansio (Tanzania);Mayuge, Buwama/Kayabwe, Bukakata & Ntungamo (Uganda);

Nyagatare, Kayonza & Nyanza (Rwanda); Muyinga, Kayanza & Ngozi (Burundi)

Project Code W006, W057, W014, W055, W036

Total Cost USD20,719,970 + 4,244,445 + 553,000 + 225,000 + 60,846

Development partners African Water Facility

Funding partners African Development Bank AfDBGlobal Environment & Technology Foundation Contribution-GETFEuropean Investment Bank

Coca-Cola Africa Foundation

Implementing Partners LVBC (Lake Victoria Basin Commission on behalf of East African Community) with five Implementing Agencies - LakeVictoria South Water Services Board LVSWSB (Kenya), Mwanza Urban Water and Sewerage Authority MWAUWASA(Tanzania), Directorate of Water Development DWD (Uganda), WSSSUI (Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority) EWSA

(Rwanda), Rgie de Production et de Distribution de lEau et de lElectricit REGIDESO (Burundi)

Starting Date 01-Dec-2005/ June 2010

Completion Date 31-Dec-2015

Expenditure to 2012* USD20,759,654 + 1,206,288 + 551,759 + 222,037 + 63,343

Amount remaining to be spentbeyond January 2013*

USD-39,684 + 3,038,157 + 1,241 + 2,963 + -2,497

* Expenditure to 10 December 2012 with PSC on PAAS.

Background and objectivesLake Victoria, the second-largest lake in

the world and one of the sources of the

River Nile, is an important trans-boundary

natural resource in Africa. UN-Habitats

Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation

initiativeis one of several programmes in

the region. The programme objective is to

support secondary urban centres around

the lake meet water and sanitation related

Millennium Development Goals.Phase I

(2005 onwards) focused on 10 towns in

Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, while Phase

II (2009-2012) has been expanded to

cover three towns each from five partner

states, including Rwanda and Burundi

which joined the East African Communityin 2009. It is expected that the programme

will be expanded to other towns in the

basin with subsequent phases.