upper south lower south wheat replaced tobacco long-staple (sea island) easy to harvest; primarily...
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Upper SouthUpper South
Lower SouthLower South
Wheat replacedWheat replacedtobacco tobacco
Long-staple (Sea Island)Long-staple (Sea Island)easy to harvest; primarilyeasy to harvest; primarilygrow along sea coastgrow along sea coastShort-staple—hardier,Short-staple—hardier, coarser, grow well in coarser, grow well in several climates/soils,several climates/soils, but harder to processbut harder to process
Cotton Engine revolutionized the South and Cotton Engine revolutionized the South and the institution of slavery the institution of slavery
1820: ½ million bales/year;1820: ½ million bales/year;1850: 3 million bales/year; 1860: 5 mil b/year1850: 3 million bales/year; 1860: 5 mil b/year1861: cotton 2/3 US exports; $200 million/year1861: cotton 2/3 US exports; $200 million/year
18201820
18601860
1820-1860: AL 41K-435K MS: 32K-436K 1820-1860: AL 41K-435K MS: 32K-436K 1840-1860: 410K slaves from U. S. to L. S.1840-1860: 410K slaves from U. S. to L. S.
Tredegar Iron Works,Tredegar Iron Works,Richmond, VA Richmond, VA
Factors: Factors: brokers whobrokers who Marketed planters’ crops Marketed planters’ crops Lived in large cities of towns of the South Lived in large cities of towns of the South Maintained a very rudimentary financial syst.Maintained a very rudimentary financial syst.Served as bankers/creditors for plantersServed as bankers/creditors for plantersVery influential throughout the South Very influential throughout the South
Lack of adequate transportation systems Lack of adequate transportation systems Limited investment in transportationLimited investment in transportationNo canalsNo canalsCrude roads, unsuitable for heavy vehicles Crude roads, unsuitable for heavy vehicles Railroads: local and limited Railroads: local and limited Primary transportation: river or seaPrimary transportation: river or sea
Albert Pike Albert Pike James B. D. De Bow James B. D. De Bow
De Bow’s Review
Hey! That Hey! That De Bow De Bow
guy guy actually actually
looks like looks like me!me!
Why did the South do so little to Why did the South do so little to develop a larger industrial and develop a larger industrial and commercial economy of its own?commercial economy of its own?
•Great Great profitability of agricultural systemprofitability of agricultural system & & cottoncotton•Little incentiveLittle incentive for planters to for planters to look beyondlook beyond emerging capitalist economy of Southemerging capitalist economy of South•So much capital invested in land and slaves;So much capital invested in land and slaves; little capital remainedlittle capital remained for other investments for other investments•Southern Southern climateclimate—less suitable for industrial—less suitable for industrial developmentdevelopment•Southern Southern work habitswork habits impeded industrial- impeded industrial- izationization
What proportion of southern What proportion of southern whites owned slaves?whites owned slaves?
•MinorityMinority•1860—White population = 1860—White population = 8 million 8 million 383,637 owned slaves383,637 owned slaves•One quarter of familiesOne quarter of families owned slaves owned slaves•Very small number of people owned slaves Very small number of people owned slaves in large numbersin large numbers
The Planter AristocracyThe Planter Aristocracy•Owned >Owned >800 acres800 acres of land of land•Owned Owned 40-50 slaves40-50 slaves or more or more•Exerted great powerExerted great power•Apex of societyApex of society—determined political, —determined political, economic and even social life of regioneconomic and even social life of region•Others deferredOthers deferred•Landed aristocracyLanded aristocracy
The Southern Aristocracy and The Southern Aristocracy and the code of Chivalry the code of Chivalry
•Avoided “coarse” occupations Avoided “coarse” occupations •Those who Those who did not become plantersdid not become planters:: militarymilitary
Raised in a culture in whichRaised in a culture in which medieval knights were a medieval knights were a popular and powerful popular and powerful imageimageCode of chivalryCode of chivalry—obligated—obligated to defend honor of familiesto defend honor of families
Often through duelingOften through duelingEnormous stock in conventionalEnormous stock in conventional forms of courtesy and respect forms of courtesy and respect
Southern Ladies Southern Ladies •Men: defense of womenMen: defense of women (important) (important)•Men: more dominantMen: more dominant; white women were ; white women were more subordinatemore subordinate•No access to public worldNo access to public world•25% completely illiterate25% completely illiterate•BirthrateBirthrate in South in South 20%20% higherhigher than rest of US than rest of US•Half of children diedHalf of children died before age 5before age 5 (1860) (1860)•Male slave owners Male slave owners “ “affairs” with slave affairs” with slave womenwomen (humiliating (humiliating to wives)to wives)
Slave Codes Slave Codes •Slaves could Slaves could not hold propertynot hold property•Slaves could not Slaves could not leave masters’ premisesleave masters’ premises without permissionwithout permission•Slaves could not be Slaves could not be out after darkout after dark•Slaves could not Slaves could not congregate with other congregate with other slavesslaves except at church except at church•Slaves could not carrySlaves could not carry firearmsfirearms•Slaves could Slaves could not strikenot strike a white persona white person•Whites could not teachWhites could not teach slaves to read or writeslaves to read or write•Killing a slave: not a Killing a slave: not a crimecrime
Who was defined as Black? Who was defined as Black? •Anyone with even a trace of African Anyone with even a trace of African ancestry or even rumored to possess any ancestry or even rumored to possess any such trace—burden of proof on person such trace—burden of proof on person accused to be black to prove otherwiseaccused to be black to prove otherwise
But: uneven enforcementBut: uneven enforcement
Some lived in prison-Some lived in prison- like conditions like conditions Some had autonomy Some had autonomy Enforcement of codesEnforcement of codes was spotty & unevenwas spotty & unevenSome slaves learned Some slaves learned to read/write & got to read/write & got propertyproperty
Slave-Master Relationships Slave-Master Relationships •Depended on the Depended on the size of the plantationsize of the plantation•MostMost masters— masters—few slavesfew slaves•White farmers with few slaves supervised White farmers with few slaves supervised directly and directly and often worked side-by sideoften worked side-by side •Whites and Blacks in such situations formedWhites and Blacks in such situations formed a type of intimacy unknown on larger a type of intimacy unknown on larger plantationsplantations•But But Blacks preferred to liveBlacks preferred to live on larger plantationson larger plantations where where they had more privacy and they had more privacy and a chance to build a culturala chance to build a cultural and social world of their and social world of their ownown
Two impulses of reform movementsTwo impulses of reform movements
Optimistic faith in human natureOptimistic faith in human nature
Desire for order and controlDesire for order and controlNostalgia for better or simpler times Nostalgia for better or simpler times
Hudson River School Hudson River School
Walt Whitman Walt Whitman
Thoreau Thoreau
Melville Melville
Poe Poe
Ralph Waldo Emerson: the Ralph Waldo Emerson: the most important intellectual of most important intellectual of his age.his age.
Brook FarmBrook Farm
Shakers Shakers
Joseph SmithJoseph Smith Brigham Young Brigham Young
Charles G. FinneyCharles G. Finney
Phrenology Phrenology
Horace MannHorace Mann
By the beginning of the By the beginning of the Civil War, the U. S. had one Civil War, the U. S. had one of the highest literacy of the highest literacy rates of any nation in the rates of any nation in the world at 94% of the world at 94% of the population of the North and population of the North and 83% of the white population 83% of the white population of the South (53% total)of the South (53% total)
Thrift, order, discipline, punctuality, Thrift, order, discipline, punctuality, respect for authorityrespect for authority
Things I like!Things I like!
Criminals of all kinds were crowded together Criminals of all kinds were crowded together indiscriminately—prisons/jails were holes in indiscriminately—prisons/jails were holes in groundground
Asylum movement Asylum movement
1820s: replaced with penitentiaries & mental1820s: replaced with penitentiaries & mental institutions; rigid prison discipline; silence & institutions; rigid prison discipline; silence & solitary confinement to meditate on solitary confinement to meditate on wrongdoings. But, what happened?wrongdoings. But, what happened?
Angelina GrimkeAngelina GrimkeSarah GrimkeSarah Grimke
Women’s MovementWomen’s Movement
Temperance Temperance Abolitionist Abolitionist Movement MovementMovement Movement
Catherine BeecherCatherine BeecherHarriet BeecherHarriet Beecher
StoweStowe
Lucretia Mott Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady Stanton Stanton
Dorothea Dix Dorothea Dix
Seneca Falls (NY) Convention of 1848Seneca Falls (NY) Convention of 1848 Declaration of Rights and Sentiments All men and women are created equal,All men and women are created equal, and have certain inalienable rightsand have certain inalienable rights Most prominent demand:Most prominent demand:
Right to voteRight to vote
American Colonization Society—American Colonization Society—resettlement of Blacks to Africa or resettlement of Blacks to Africa or CaribbeanCaribbean LiberiaLiberia
Monrovia Monrovia
Abolitionism Abolitionism By 1820s, more than 100 By 1820s, more than 100 antislavery societies in USAantislavery societies in USAMost radical white abolitionist: Most radical white abolitionist: William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison
Editor of Editor of The Liberator The Liberator Called for immediateCalled for immediate emancipation with no emancipation with no repayment to holders repayment to holders
Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass
Prudence CrandallPrudence Crandall Uncle Tom’s Cabin Uncle Tom’s Cabin By By
Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe
Amistad Case (1839) Amistad Case (1839)
Slaves took over a ship Slaves took over a ship bound for Cubabound for CubaU. S. Navy seized shipU. S. Navy seized shipAbolitionists argued the Abolitionists argued the slave trade had been slave trade had been illegal in U. S. since 1808illegal in U. S. since 1808 (per the Constitution)(per the Constitution)John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams argued before Supreme argued before Supreme CourtCourtCourt declared Africans Court declared Africans free based on U. S. law free based on U. S. law