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    UPPER AIRWAY CONSTRICTION

    EFFECT ON GROWTH AND TREATMENT

      CONTENTS

    1.HISTORY

    2.UPPER AIRWAY STRUCTURE – PARTS3.RESPIRATORY MECHANICS

    4.CAUSES OF UPPER AIRWAY CONSTRICTION

    5.NASO – REPIRATORY FUNCTION AND CRANIOFACIAL GROWTH

    6.HEAD POSTURE7.DIAGNOSIS

    8. HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

    .CLASSIFICATION OF RESPIRATORY O!STRUCTION1".LONG FACE SYNDROME

    11.MOUTH!REATHING AND DENTOFACIAL DEFORMITIES12.ROLE OF TONSILS AND ADENOIDS13.RHINITIS

    14.SE#UELA OF UPPER AIRWAY CONSTRICTION

    15.MUSCLES IN IMPAIRED NASAL AIRWAY

    16.IN$ESTIGATIONS17.TREATMENT

      ADENOIDECTOMY AND TONSILLECTOMY

      SEPTOPLASTY % TUR!INATE RESECTION  RHINITIS

      ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT – M&'()*+,-'*/ 00/-*+  RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSION

      ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY

    18.ROLE OF ORTHODONTISTS

    1.CONCLUSION

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    UPPER AIRWAY CONSTRICTION –

      EFFECT ON GROWTH AND TREATMENT

    INTRODUCTION

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    STRUCTURE OF UPPER AIRWAY

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    HISTORY AND PHYSICAL E(AMINATION

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    (')/ :-+ *', //*-+.H)* -*(*, ' *', 0')+ -)*'/')/-* '( ,- ':* (' , (-, , '*, '( 

    /-(. T*0/+*,/ ,*( (' ', * , -/@ , ,:' ')+. C-/*

    *', , ( ' *', , ,- -)*-,& *; )+; ' )+0,-/ ,' +-/''-//*. A++'-* ,' -

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     D*,-, * -*,/ 0, '( , /, + ,. A (; '* ,' @*': :*

    * :' ,' (. A//- *//& ), ,, (-,; (' +'*-,-'* '( *&

    )&. T ,, *) '( )-+/ (-/) -* //-+ 0,-*,. T ,,*) '( ',''*,-+ /0 -* 0,-*, :' 9 *', ,- ,-* 0'/

    )++()//& ,,.

    O,''*,-+ ,0& - ((+, & , ()*+,-'* '( , /-0; ,'*); * ,-+,'&

    )+)/,); // '( :-+ & ++'', ,' */ ',)+,-'* -* :& :-++* ((+, '++/)-'*. E((+,-9 ',''*,-+ ,0& & =)- , /--*,-'*

    '( , */ ',)+,-'* ,' //': (' *'/-B,-'* '( , (+-/ )+)/,)

    )')*-* , *,-,-'*. A++'-* ,' M-,; , ':, '( , (+>