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L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

Private College of Education

Zahira College Road

Kalmunai

MC College

Maruthamunai

Zahira National College

Anurathapura

AL-Irfan Ladies College

Pottuvil

MC Plus

Ninthavur

EDC

Sammanthurai

Uploaded to iStudyroom.com/forum By: L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

Fiw flj;jpfs;

0K ,y; fhtypahfTk; miw ntg;gepiyapy; flj;jpahfTk; njhopw;gLk; jputpaq;fs; Fiw flj;jpfs; vdg;gLk;

,J ,U tifg;gLk;

1. cs;sPl;Lf;; Fiwflj;jpfs; 2. ntspaPl;L Fiwflj;jpfs;

cs;sPl;Lf; Fiw flj;jpfs;

vdNt ntg;gepiy cau Fiwflj;jp xd;wpd; flj;Jjpwd; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.

gpizg;gpy; ,Ue;J xU ,yj;jpud; ntspNaWk; NghJ rhyfj;jpy; xU ntw;wplk;

Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Jis (Hole) vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ Jis Neh; Vw;wk; ngw;w gpuNjrkhFk;.

ntspaPl;Lf; Fiwflj;jpfs; (Extrinsic or Impure Semiconductors)

Fiw flj;jpnahd;wpd; flj;Jjpwid jFe;j kpff;Fiwe;j mstpdjhf khR mDf;fis Nrh;g;gjd; %yk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;ayhk;. nghJthf 106 mDf;fSf;F xU khR mD vd;w tpjj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gLfpdwd. ,r;nraw;ghL kh#l;ly; vdg;gLk;. ,t;thW kh#l;lg;gl;l Fiwflj;jpfs; ntspaPl;L Fiwflj;jpfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it ,U tifg;gLk;.

nghJthf 4k $l;l %yfq;fshfpa Ge,Si vd;gd Fiwfljljpfshf njhopw;gLfpd;wd. 0K ,y; vy;yh ,yj;jpud;fSk; gpizg;gpy; <LgLtjhy; gspq;fhdJ epiw fhtypahf njhopw;gLk;.

ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ ntg;gj;jpd; mUl;lypdhy; rpy ,yj;jpud;fs; gpidg;ig cilf;f $ba rf;jpiag; ngw;W mikg;gpypUe;J ntspNawp RahjPd ,yj;jpud;fshf khWfpd;wd. vdNt ntg;gepiy $l RahjPd ,yj;jpud;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; mjpfupf;Fk;.


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

1. n-tif fiwflj;jpfs;

2. p- tif Fiwflj;jpfs;

p-n re;jp

p-tif Fiwflj;jpapy; cs;s nrwpT $ba Rikf;fhtpfshfpa Jisfs; n-tif

Fiwflj;jpDhL guTk;. ,NjNghd;W n-tif Fiwflj;jpapy; cs;s ,yj;jpud;fs; p-tifapDs; gutp mq;Fs;s Jisfis epug;Gk;. ,t;thW guk;gy; epfOk; NghJ re;jpia mz;kpj;Js;s ,U gFjpfspYk; Rikf;fhtpfs; xd;iwnahd;W nehJky;gLj;Jk; vdNt ,g;gpuNjrkhdJ Rikf;fhtpfs; mw;w gpuNjrkhf khWk;. ,g;gpuNjrk; twpjhf;fy;

gpuNjrk;/nghyptopj;j gil vdg;gLk;.

twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrj;jpy; n-tifapy; ,Ue;J xU RahjPd; ,yj;jpud; p-tiff;Fs; nry;Yk;

NghJ mt; ,yj;jpuDf;Fupa mZthdJ Neu; Vw;w madhf khWk;. ,t; ,yj;jpud; p-gFjpapy; cs;s Jis xd;iw epug;Gk; NghJ mj;Jisf;Fupa mZ MdJ kiw

madhf khWk; . vdNt guk;gypd; NghJ p-tiff;F mz;ikapy; kiw Vw;w mad;fSk;

n-tiff;F mz;ikapy; Neu; Vw;w mad;fSk; cUthfp kpd;dOj;jk; xd;iw cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; re;jpf;F FWf;Nf kpd;Gyk; xd;iw cz;lhf;Fk;.


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

re;jpapd; jbg;G Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; (10-3 mm) ,k;kpd;Gyk; cau;thf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt NkYk; Rikf;fhtpfs; re;jpf;F FWf;Nf guTtij ,k;kpd;Gyk; jLj;Fk;. vdNt cUthf;fg;gLk; twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrkhdJ njhlu;e;J mjpfupf;fg;glhJ jLf;fg;gLk;. guk;gy; jLf;fg;gLk; NghJs;s ,t; kpd;Gyj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; fhuzkhd mOj;j NtWghL jLg;G

mOj;jk; (Barrier potential) vdg;gLk;.

Note :- jLg;G mOj;jkhdJ gspq;fpd; jd;ik khRgLj;jg;gl;l msT ntg;gepiy Mfpatw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

Note:- Si ,w;F jLg;G mOj;jk; 0.6v (0.7v) MfTk;> Ge ,w;F jLg;G mOj;jk; 0.2v (0.3v) MfTk; cs;sJ.

rpWghd;ikf; fhtpfSf;F ,k; kpd;dOj;j jLg;ghdJ jilahf ,Uf;fhJ p-n re;jpapDhlhf rpWghd;ikf; fhtpfspd; efu;T kpd;Ndhl;lk; v;nghOJk; Vw;gLk; ,J

Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f msT kpfr; rpwajhFk;. mjhtJ kpd;Ndhl;lk; 𝜇A tupirapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

rhYif my;yJ Nfhly; (Biasing)

twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrj;jpd; mOj;j jLg;ghdJ xU top Neu; kpd;Ndhl;l mOj;jj;ij toq;Ftjd; %yk; $l;lg;glyhk; my;yJ Fif;fg;glyhk;. ,r; nraw;ghlhdJ rhYif my;yJ Nfhly; vdg;gLk;. ,J ,Utifg;gLk;.

1. Kw;gf;fr; rhYif / Kd;Kff; Nfhly; (Forward Biasing)

2. gpw;gf;fr; rhYif / gpd;Kff; Nfhly; (Reverse Biasing)

Kw;gf;fr; rhYif / Kd;Kff; Nfhly; (Forward Biasing)

,q;F jLg;G mOj;jj;jpYk; ghu;f;f $ba kpd;dpaf;f tpirAila kpd;fyk; xd;W mjd;

Neu; Kbtplk; p- gFjpAlDk; kiw Kbtplk; n- gFjpAlDk; ,izf;fg;gLk; ,t;tpizg;G Kd;Kff; Nfhly; vdg;gLk;.

,q;F fyj;jpd; Neu;KidahdJ p- gFjpapy; cs;s Jisfis re;jpia Nehf;fpj;

js;Sk; ,Nj Nghy; fyj;jpd; vjpu; KidahdJ n-gFjpapy; cs;s ,yj;jpud;fis re;jpia Nehf;fpj; js;Sk; ,jdhy; twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrj;jpd; msT Fiwtile;J

,Wjpapy; ,y;yhJ NghFk; ,e;epiyapy; p-n re;jpapDhlhf ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; msT mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.

Note:- p-n re;jpia flf;Fk; Njwpa kpd; Vw;wk; G+r;rpakhFk;


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

Note:- p-n ,d; KbT ,lq;fSf;F ,ilNa Njwpa mOj;j NtWghL E-vB MFk;

,q;F E-gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; kp.,.tp. vB-jLg;G mOj;jk; gpd;Kff; Nfhly;

kpd;fyk; xd;wpd; Neu;Kbtplk; n- gFjpAlDk; kiwKbtplk; p- gFjpAlDk; ,izf;fg;gLkhapd; ,t; ,izg;G gpd;Kff; Nfhly; vdg;gLk;.

,q;F fyj;jpd; Neu;Kbtplk; n- gFjpapy; cs;s ,yj;jpud;fisf; ftUk; > kiw

Kbtplk; p-gFjpapy; cs;s Jisfisf; ftUk; . ,jdhy; twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrk; > rhjhuz epiyapYk; ghu;f;f NkYk; ngupjhFk;. vdNt ,e;epiyapy; re;jpapDhlhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghahJ. Mdhy; rpWghd;ikf; fhtpfshy; kpfr; rpwpa mstpyhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; cz;lhf;fg;gLk;

,k; kpd;Ndhl;lk; frpT kpd;Ndhl;lk; (leakage current) vdg;gLk; ,J Kd;Kff; Nfhly; kpd;Ndhl;lj;Jld; xg;gpLk; NghJ kpfr; rpwpajhFk;. vdNt ,J Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;fJ.

Note:- Kd;Kff; Nfhlypd; NghJ p-n re;jpapDhlhd kpd;Ndhl;k; mA ,Yk; > gpw;gf;f

rhYifapd; NghJ p-n re;jpapDhlhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; 𝜇A ,Yk; ,Uf;Fk;.

Note:- gp;d;Kff; Nfhlypd; NghJ ntg;g mUl;ly; fhuzkhf gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l rpwpjsT RahjPd ,yj;jpud;fSk; vz;zpf;iff;F rkdhd JisfSk; kl;LNk kpd;Ndw;wf; fhtpfshf nraw;gLk;.

,Uthap (Diode)

p- tiff; Fiwflj;jpahYk; n-tiff; fiwflj;jpahYk; xU p-n re;jp mikf;fg;gl;L

,t; p-n re;jpiaf; nfhz;Ls;s Xu; mikg;Ng ,Uthap vdg;gLk;.


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

Ngupwq;fp cilT > Ngupwq;fp mOj;jk; ,Uthap xd;W gpd;Kff; Nfhlypy; cs;s NghJ mjd; ntsp mOj;jk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ngWkhdj;jpYk; ghu;f;f mjpfupf;fgLk;NghJ kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ mjDhlhf rLjpahf mjpfupf;Fk;. ,e;epiy Ngupwq;fp cilT vdg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; cs;s mOj;j NtWghL Ngupwq;fp mOj;jk; vdg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ Rikf;fhtpfs; Mu;KLfYf;f cs;shfp mjpf rf;jpiag; ngw;W ,Uthapapy; cs;s tYtsT ,yj;jpud;fSld; Nkhjp mtw;iw fUTldhd gpizg;gpy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;fpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf rLjpahd kpd;Ndhl;l mjpfupg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;epiyia mile;j xU rhjhuz ,Uthap nraypoe;J tpLk;. nghJthf ,Uthapfs; ,U tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

1. nghJthd / rhjhuz ,Uthapfs;

Eg:- Si diode , Ge diode

2. rpwg;G ,Uthapfs;

Eg:- Zener ,Uthapfs; tifg;gLj;jg;gLtJ mtw;wpd; elj;ijfisf; nfhz;L MFk; elj;ij vdf; fUjg;gLtij ,UthapahdJ Kd;Kff; NfhlypYk; . gpd;Kff; NfhlypYk; cs;sNghj kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ Nthy;w;wsTld; vt;thW khWgLfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;.

rhjhuz ,Uthapfspd; I vjpu; V tiuG

,yl;rpa ,Uthapapd; I vjpu; V tiuG


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

xspfhYk; ,Uthap (L.E.D)

xspiaf; fhyf;$ba ,Uthapfs; xspfhYk; ,Uthapfs; vdg;gLk;.

Eg:- xspfhYk; ,Uthapfspy; Ga,P Nru;khdk; kQ;rs;> gr;ir xspfis fhyf; $bait rhjhud ,UthapfspYk; ghu;f;f ,it njhopw;gl rw;Wf; $Ljyhd mOj;j NtWghl;il gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;. kpd;Rw;wpy; Kd;Kff; Nfhlypy; ,izf;fg;gLk; 1. njhiyj; njhlu;G rhjdq;fspy; kpd; rkpf;iffis xsp nra;iffshf khw;w 2. fzpg;ghd; Nghd;w cgfuzq;fspy; vz;fisAk; vOj;Jf;fisAk; fhl;l 3. fhl;b tpsf;FfshfTk; . gad;gLfpd;wd.

xsp ,Uthap (Photo Diode) ,Uthap xd;W gpd;Kff; Nfhlypy; cs;sNghJ kpfr; rpwpa mstpyhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; rpWghd;ikf; fhtpfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; rpWghd;ikf; fhtpfis mjpfupg;gjd; %yk; kpd;Ndhl;l msit mjpfupf;Fk; tifahf jahupf;fg;gl;litNa xsp ,Uthapfs; MFk;. xsp ,Uthapfspy; twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrk; kpfTk; rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk; ,t; ,Uthapfs; gpd;Kff; Nfhlypy; cs;sNghJ ,it jilia kpfTk; cau;thf itj;jpUf;Fk;. vdNt ,tw;wpDhlhfg; ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; kpfTk; rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrj;jpy; xspgLk; NghJ Nkyjpf Rahjpd ,yj;jpud;fSk; JisfSk; cUthf;fg;gl;L kpd;Ndhl;lk; mjpfupf;fg;gLk;. ,q;F twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s tYtsTg; gl;il ,yj;jpud;fs; xspr;rf;jpiag; ngw;W flj;jpg; gl;ilf;Fr; nry;fpd;wd. nghJthf flj;jpg; gl;ilapy; Fiwe;jsT ,yj;jpud;fSk; tYtsTg; gl;ilapy; $basT ,yj;jpud;fSk; cs;s Fiwflj;jpfs; xsp ,Uthapahf

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Si ,jw;F cfe;jjhFk;. Rw;wpy; gpd;Kff; Nfhly; epiyapy; ,izf;fg;gLk;. gad;ghLfs;

1. miyfspd; nrwpit msf;f 2. njhopy; El;gj; Jiwfspy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

rPuhf;fk; (RECITIFICATION)

MlNyhl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij / mOj;jj;ij Neu; xl;l kpd;Ndhl;lkhf / NeNuhl;l mOj;jkhf khw;Wk; nraw;ghL rPuhf;fk; vdg;gLk;. ,J ,Utifahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

1. miu miyr;rPuhf;fk;

glj;jpy; fhl;bathW xU gbFiw khw;wp %yKk; Xu; ,Uthap %yKk; miu miyr; rPuhf;fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,Uthapapd; Clhf mNdhl;by; ,Ue;J fNjhl;L Nehf;fpa kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; . Mifahy; MlNyhl;l miyapd; Neuk; miug;gFjp khj;jpuk; ,UthapapDhL mDkjpf;;fg;gLk;. kiw miug;gFjp Kd;Kff; NfhlypYk; kiw miy miyapd; gpd;Kff; NfhlypYk; ,Uf;Fk; ,jdhy; RikapDhlhf xU jpirapy; khj;jpuk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk;. Xg;gkhf;fy; Rikf;F FWf;Nf nfhs;sstpnahd;iw ,izg;gjd; %yk; xg;gkhf;fyhk;

xU rPuhf;fpapd; gag;gpy; cs;s MlNyhl;lg;gFjp Fw;wiy (ripple) vd miof;fg;gLk;. nfhs;sstpahdJ kpd;rf;jpia Nrkpf;ff;$ba cgfuzk; Mifahy; rPuhf;fpahdJ cr;r msthd gag;ig ntsptpLk;NghJ nfhs;sstp kpd;Ndw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;du; rPuhf;fpapd; gag;G FiwtilAk;NghJ nfhs;sstpahdJ Nrkpf;fg;gl;l kpd; rf;jpapy; ,Ue;J Rikf;F kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghL njhlu;e;J eilngWtjhy; Rikf;Ff; FWf;Nfahd Fw;wiy ngUkstpy; Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;nraw;ghL xg;gkhf;fy; vdg;gLk;.


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

2. KO miyr; rPuhf;fk; (ikaj; njhLif)

glj;jpy; fhl;bathW xU ikaj;njhLif epiykhw;wp %yKk; xU ,Uthapfs; %yKk; KO miyr; rPuhf;fk; nra;ag;gLk; ,k;Kiw ikaj;njhLif epiykhw;wp tif KO miyr; rPuhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

Vin ,d; Neu; miy miyapy; ,Uthap D1 MdJ Kd;Kff; Nfhlypy; ,Ug;gpd; D2

MdJ gpd;Kff; Nfhlypy; ,Uf;Fk; ,jd;NghJ Rw;wpDhlhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; AD1 C jpirapy;

ngwg;gLk;. Vin ,d; kiw miu miyapy; ,Uthap D2 Kd; Kff; NfhlypYk; D1

gpd;Kff; NfhlypYk; ,Uf;Fk; ,jd;NghJ Rw;wpDhlhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; BD2C jpirapy; ngwg;gLk; . vdNt ,U miu miyfspd; NghJk; RikapDhlhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; xNu jpirapy; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. KO miyr; rPuhf;fk; (ghy ,izg;G Kiw)

,q;F Vin ,d; Neu; miu miyapy; ,Uthapfs; D1,D2 Kd;Kff; NfhlypYk; ,Uthapfs;

D3,D4 gpd;Kff; nfhlypYk; ,Ug;gpd; rikapdhlhf kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpir ABLMDC Mf ,Uf;Fk;.

Vin ,d; kiw miu miyapy; ,Uthapfs; D3,D4 Kd;Kff; NfhlypYk; ,Uthapfs;

D1,D2 gpd;Kff; NfhlypYk; ,Uf;Fk; vdNt kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpir CBLMDA Mf ,Uf;Fk; vdNt ,U miu miyfspd; NghJk; Rikf;Ff; FWf;Nf xNu jpirapy; kpd;Ndhl;lk; gha;fpd;wJ. vdNt KO miyr; rPuhf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

Note:- Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rPuhf;fpfspy; ,Uthapf;F FWf;Nfahd mOj;j tPo;r;rp fUjg;gltpy;iy Mdhy; ,Uthap xd;W Kd;Kff; Nfhlypy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ mjw;F


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

FWf;Nf mOj;j tpj;jpahrk; ,Uf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf si ,Uthap vdpd; 0.6 (0.7V). Ge

,Uthap vdpd; 0.2 (0.3V) mOj;jtpj;jpahrk; ,Uf;Fk;. ghy ,izg;G Kiw rPuhf;fpapy; kpd;Ndhl;lj; jpirapy; ,U ,Uthapfs; njhluhf

tUtjhy; (Kd;Kff; Nfhlypy;) Vwj;jhs 1.2V(1.4V) mOj;j NtWghL ,U ,UthapfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. kpd;Ndhl;lk; mjpfkhFk; NghJ ,tw;wpd; ngWkhdk; NkYk; $Lk;. vdNt jho; mOj;jj;ijAk; cau; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;l rPuhf;fpfspy; ,tw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fis Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ.

nrdu; ,Uthap (Zenner Diode) rhjhuz ,Uthap gpd;Kff; Nfhlypy; cs;s NghJ jd;DhL kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mDkjpf;fhJ Mdhy; nrdu; ,Uthapfspy; gpd;Kf mOj;j NtWghl;ilf; $l;Lk; NghJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l mOj;jj;jpy; ,it jk;%L kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij mDkjpf;Fk;.

nrdu; ,Uthapapy; p-n gFjpfs; fzprkhf khRgLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; vdNt ,tw;wpy; cs;s

twpjhf;fy; gpuNjrk; kpfTk; rpwpjhf ,Uf;Fk;. p-n rf;jp gpd;Kff; Nfhlypy; cs;sNghJ kpfTk; jho; mOj;j NtWghl;by; ,yj;jpud;fs; rf;jpapDhL ghahJ. Mdhy; mOj;j

NtWghL mjpfupf;fg;gl xU epiyapy; kpd;Gy cau;thy; p-n gFjpapy; cs;s tYtsT ,yj;jpud;fs; mtw;wpd; gpizg;gpy; ,Ue;J tpLgLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Gjpa ,yj;jpud;fs; Jis Nrhbfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L kpd;Ndhl;lk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. ,j;Njhw;wg;ghL nrdu; cilT vdg;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; cs;s mOj;jk; nrdu; cilT mOj;jk; vdg;gLk;. nrdu; ,Uthapapd; FwpaPL nrdu; ,Uthapapd; Kd;Kff; Nfhly; > gpd;Kff; Nfhly; nrdu; cilT vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lk; tiuG nrdu; cilT mOj;jkhdJ mjDhL ghAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpy; jq;ftpy;iy mjhtJ gpd;Kff; Nfhlypy; Vw;gLk; kpd;Ndhl;l mjpfupg;ghdJ nrdu; ,Uthapapf; F FWf;Nfahd moj;j NtWghl;by; ngupa msT khw; wj;ij Vw;gLj;jhJ. ,J nrdu; ,Uthapapd; rpwg;gpay;G

xOq;fhf;fpfs; (Regulators)

nrdu; ,Uthap xd;wpid gpd;Kff; Nfhlypy;

xU fUtpf;F / rPuhf;fpf;F FWf;Nf ,izg;gjd; %yk; mOj;j NtWghl;il khwhJ Ngzyhk;. ,jdhy; Rik khw;wq;fshy; rPuhf;fpapd; gag;G mOj;j NtWghL khwhJ jLf;fg;gLtJld; Fw;wiyapd; msTk; ngUksT Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

Rw;wpy; nfhs;sstp tbr;Rw;Wr; nraw;ghl;ilAk; > nrdu; ,Uthap jil RL Mfpad

xOq;fhf;fy; nraw;ghl;ilAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,q;F Rs MdJ nrdu; ,Uthapapf;F Clhd kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.

1. A. jug;gl;l Rw;wpy; jilf;$lhd mOj;j NtWghl;ilAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijAk; fhd;f

B. jug;gl;l Rw;wpy; rpypf;fd; ,Uthap Gwkhw;wp ,izf;fg;gLk; NghJ ,Uthap> jil vd;gtw;Wf;F FWf;Nfahd mOj;j NtWghl;ilAk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijAk; fhd;f

2. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpy; Rw;wpDlhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; ,Uthap> jil vd;gtw;Wf;F FWf;Nfahd mOj;j NtWghL vd;gtw;iwf; fhd;f

3. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpy; Vo , I vd;gtw;wpd; ngWkjpfis Jzpf

4. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpy; Vo , V1 , V2 , I vd;gtw;wpd; ngWkjpfis Jzpf

5. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpy; Vo , I1 , I2 vd;gtw;wpd; ngWkjpfis Jzpf

6. Rw;wpDlhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; I apidf; fhd;f

7. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpy; V0 ,d; ngWkhdj;ijf; fhd;f


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

8. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpy; I1 , I2 , I3 vd;gtw;wpd; ngWkjpfis Jzpf

9. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpy; V0 ,d; ngWkjp R ,Dlhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; vd;gtw;iwf; fhd;f

10. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Rw;wpy; V0 ,d; ngWkjp 1k Ω ,Dlhd kpd;Ndhl;lk; vd;gtw;iwf; fhd;f

11. fhl;lg;gl;l epiyapy; jug;gl;l nga;g;Gf;F xj;j

gag;ig tiuf. jil R apDL nry;Yk; cah;

kpd;Ndhl;lk;> ,opT kpd;Ndhl;lk;> R apw;F FWf;Nfahd cr;r mOj;j NtWghL vd;gtw;iw fhd;f. ,Uthap rpypf;fd; ,Uthap vdf; nfhs;sg; gl;lhy; NkYs;s tpdhit kPsr; nra;f.

12. fhl;lg;gl;l epiyapy; jug;gl;l nga;g;Gf;F xj;j gag;ig tiuf

13. fhl;lg;gl;l cUtikg;Gfspy; I apd; ngWkjpiaf; fhd;f


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

14. fhl;lg;gl;l cUtikg;Gfspy; V0 apd; ngWkjpiaf; fhd;f

15. fhl;lg;gl;l cUtikg;Gfspy; V01 > V02 apd; ngWkjpiaf; fhd;f

16. fhl;lg;gl;l cUtikg;Gfspy; V0 apd; ngWkjpiaf; fhd;f

17. fPOs;s tiy Ntiyapy; Id , Vo vd;gtw;iwf; fhd;f

18. Xt;nthU tiyNtiyf;Fk; fhl;lg;gl;l

nga;g;Gf;fhd Vo If; fhd;f


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

19. Xt;nthU tiyNtiyf;Fk; fhl;lg;gl;l nga;g;Gf;fhd Vo If; fhd;f

21. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s Nrdh; ,Uthapr;Rw;py; jil RL

,w;F FWf;Nfahd mOj;j NtWghL VL , jil

R ,w;F Fwf;Nfahd mOj;j NtWghL VR,

Nrdh; ,UthapDlhf kpd;Ndhl;lk; Iz , Nrdh;

,Uthap Dlhd tY Pz vd;gtw;iwf;

RL= 1kΩ , 3 𝑘 Ω MFk;NghJ fhd;f

22. fhl;lg;gl;l Rw;wpy; Nrdh; ,Uthapapf;$lhf

nry;yf; $ba cah; kpd;Ndhl;lk; IzM = 32 mA

Mapd; Nrdh; ,Uthap nraw;gLk; NghJ RL, IL vd;gtw;wpf;F vLf;f $ba ngWkhd tPr;ir fhd;f. ,Uthapapy; tpuakhFk; tY tPjj;ij fhd;f.

23. mUfpYs;s Rw;wpy; Nrdh; ,Uthap nraw;gLk;

epiyapy; Vi ,w;F ,Uf;f $ba ngWkhd tPr;irf; fhd;f

24. re;jp ,Uthap (Junction diode) xd;wpd; I-V rpwg;gpay;Gfis tiuf. Si, Ge ,Uthapfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F ,r; rpwg;gpay;Gfis vq;qdk; gad;gLj;JtPu;?

I. miuaiyr; rPuhf;fpapd; Rw;W tupg;glj;ij je;J> ngag;G miy tbtj;ijAk; gag;G miy tbtj;ijAk; tiuf.

II. cr;rg; ngWkhdk; 25V I cila MlNyhw;w Nthy;w;wsT xd;W xU rpypf;fd;

,U thapAlDk; xU Rikj;jil 600Ω clDk; njhlupNy njhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,Uthapapd; Kd;Kff; Nfhly; jil 40 Ω vdpd;> ,UthapapDglhfg; ghAk; cr;r kpd;Ndhl;lj;ijAk; cr;rg; gag;G Nthy;w;wsitAk; fhz;f.


L.Aswer BSc (Hons)

25. cUtpy; fhzg;gLk; ,Uthapia Kd;Kff; NfhlYwr; nra;aj; Njitahd

Nthy;w;wsT 0.7V vdpd; gw;wwpapUe;J vLf;fg;gLk;

kpd;Ndhl;lk; (I) MdJ

1. 0 2. 5ma 3. 10ma 4. 30ma 5. 60ma

26. fhdg;gLk; Rw;wpy; D MdJ xU rpypf;fd; ,UthapiaAk; V MdJ xU khWk;

Nthy;w;wsitf; nfhLf;Fk; Nthy;w;wsT KjYk; MFk;. Gpd;tUk; tisapfspy;

vJ V cld; I apd; khwiyr; rpwe;j tpjj;jpy; tif Fwpf;fpd;wJ.


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