UPAYA AMNESTI INTERNASIONAL DALAM

PENYELESAIAN PELANGGARAN HAM TERHADAP

IMIGRAN HAITI BESERTA KETURUNANNYA DI

REPUBLIK DOMINIKA

Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar

Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S. IP) Strata-1

Oleh

NUR IRVAN

AFANDI

201410360311122

PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMADIYAH MALANG

2019

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vii

KATA PENGANTAR

حيم حمن الر بســــــــــــــــــم هللا الر

Segala puja dan puji syukur penulis haturkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang

telah melimpahkan rahmat serta hidayahnya kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan

tugas akhir skripsi dengan judul Upaya Amnesti Internasional Dalam

Penyelesaian Pelanggaran HAM Terhadap Imigran Haiti Beserta

Keturunannya Di Republik Dominika. Shalawat serta salam juga tidak lupa

terucap untuk junjungan besar Nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah membawa kita

dari zaman gelap gulita menuju zaman terang benderang Dinul Islam.

Penghargaan dan Ucapan terima kasih setulus-tulusnya kepada ayah dan ibu

penulis yang tak henti-hentinya mendukung penuh penulis, baik dalam segi moril

maupun materiil, demi kelancaran penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi. Tak lepas

juga ucapan terima kasih sebesar-besaranya kepada pihak-pihak yang tiada jenuh

memberikan motivasi serta semangatnya kepada penulis tatkala semangat terasa

redup dan mulai memudar, sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik.

Penyelesaian skripsi ini digunakan untuk meraih gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik

(S.IP) strata-1, Prodi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu

Politik (FISIP), Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM). Dalam penulisan

skripsi ini penulis menyadari banyak kekurangan dan jauh dari kesempurnaan.

Untuk itu, kritik serta saran yang sifatnya membangun sangat diharapkan oleh

penulis demi kesempurnaan agar bisa bermanfaat bagi para akademisi khususnya

mahasiswa jurusan Hubungan Internasional.

Malang, 1 September 2019

Nur Irvan Afandi

viii

LEMBAR MOTTO

“LIFE IS SHORT, MAKE IT SWEET”

Menunda menambah derita

ix

LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN

Atas berkat rahmat Allah SWT dan didorongkan oleh keinginan tinggi,

supaya bisa menjadi pribadi yang bermanfaat bagi nusa dan bangsa kelak,

penelitian ini dapat terselesaikan dengan cukup baik dan lancar. Skripsi ini saya

persembahkan untuk :

1. Ayah dan Ibu yang telah sabar mendampingi dan rela mengorbankan segala

hal demi kebahagiaan masa depan anaknya. Terima kasih dan mohon maaf

yang sebesar-besarnya atas kekhilafan anakmu selama ini.

2. Sahabat terbaik yang tak pernah luput untuk menemani, menghibur,

menghina, dan selalu ada dalam setiap ranah suka dan duka penulis,

diantaranya : laka dzimar, abdul somat, risky m.s, alfian, suluh, tiara,

badrus, putra, ilmi, ozi, jitol, ulil, affan, dan sahabat lainnya yang tak sempat

terlintas dibenak penulis saat menulis lembar persembahan ini.

3. Seluruh kalangan Lab HI UMM yang senantiasa menebarkan benih receh

dalam kehidupan penulis, diantaranya : aya, iqo, nugi, erik, haidar, nawawi,

mbak fitri, dan mereka yang tak terlintas pula dalam benak penulis saat

menulis lembar persembahan ini.

4. Bapak dosen yang senantiasa mengarahkan saya dalam penulisan skripsi ini,

diantaranya : pak dedi, pak naja, pak ruli, pak adim dan pak azmi

5. Seluruh dosen HI UMM yang telah mendidik penulis, serta teman-teman HI

UMM yang penulis temui selama ini.

6. Dan tak luput tulisan ini penulis persembahkan untuk seseorang yang telah

merenggut dunia, cita-cita serta harapan penulis untuk beberapa tahun dan

meninggalkan tanpa kepastian yakni seseorang yang entah ada dimana kini.

7. Kepada para kharem yang pernah ada dalam hidup penulis selama

menempuh perkuliahan, diantaranya : ismi yustisi, belqis, cahyaning, mala,

wahyu purnamasari, bila, weegy, naya.

8. Kepada keluarga besar asrama calon ibu kota Penajam Paser Utara, terutama

untuk : bang Amat, Andywir, Adi Sebastian, bang Iman, bang Can, fian, jon

yutuber, dani pongkeng dan nama-nama lain yang tak sempat terlintas

x

dalam benak penulis. Tempat penulis bercengkrama, menjalin ikatan

persahabatan, dan yang paling utama, sebagai tempat penulis numpang

mandi tatkala air PDAM bermasalah.

9. Kepada keluarga Hashtag Café yang senantiasa menemani penulis dalam

kesendirian akhir-akhir tahun 2019 ini, diantaranya : andy kolay, aan, rian,

mutiara dan nama lain yang tak sempat terlintas dalam benak penulis.

10. Kepada tempat-tempat yang menjadi saksi hidup penulis selama menempuh

kuliah di UMM Malang. Diantaranya: kos dau gang limo, perumahan

embong anyar, perumahan villa bukit sengkaling, warkop warning, kedai

siboy, J 25, kontrakan pak budi, kos villa bukit tidar, kontrakan perumahan

pendem inside, hashtag café, kos jl. Kanjuruhan asri, print it belakang

kampus, champions print copy, sanggar teater sinden, pak jenggot, ibuk tahu

telor sengkaling, dan ibuk gorengan sore disebelahnya, desa pait, dan tempat

lain yang tak sempat terfikirkan oleh penulis saat menulis lembar

persembahan ini.

11. Tulisan kecil ini juga penulis persembahkan untuk seseorang yang akan

mendampingi hidup penulis (kelak).

Demikian lembar persembahan ini penulis buat dalam tempo waktu

sesingkat-singkatnya, tanpa pengaruh atau dorongan dari pihak manapun. Tanpa

kalian mungkin masa kuliah saya akan formal-formal saja. Terimakasih atas segala

support yang luar biasa diberikan kepada saya hingga saat ini. Ucapan maaf yang

tak terucapkan juga turut penulis haturkan dalam lembar persembahan ini. Saya

menyadari bahwa saya tak lebih dari manusia tempat berbagai macam salah, luput

dan dosa. Sekian.

Malang, 22 September 2019

Nur Irvan Afandi

xi

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN SKRIPSI ...........................................................i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .............................................................................ii

BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ...................................................iii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ...............................................iv

ABSTRAKSI .....................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................vi

KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................vii

LEMBAR MOTTO ..........................................................................................viii

LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN ..........................................................................ix

DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................xiv

DAFTAR GRAFIK ...........................................................................................xvi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ..................................................................................xvii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .....................................................................................xix

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................1

1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ...............................................................1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah .........................................................................10

1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian .....................................................10

1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian ..............................................................10

1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian ...........................................................11

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu .....................................................................12

1.5 Kerangka Teori dan Konsep .........................................................28

1.5.1 Teori Global Civil Society .................................................28

1.5.2 Konsep Hak Asasi Manusia ..............................................34

1.6 Metodologi Penelitian ...................................................................40

1.6.1 Metode / Tipe Penelitian ...................................................40

1.6.2 Teknik Analisa Data ..........................................................40

1.6.3 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ................................................41

xii

1.6.4 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian .................................................41

1.7 Argumen Pokok ............................................................................42

1.8 Sistematika Penulisan ....................................................................44

BAB II IMIGRAN HAITI ...............................................................................46

2.1 Kondisi Masyarakat Haiti ..............................................................46

2.2 Faktor Pendorong Migrasi Masyarakat Haiti .................................48

2.2.1 Krisis Politik ......................................................................48

2.2.2 Kondisi Sosial dan Ekonomi ..............................................52

2.3 Imigran Haiti di Republik Dominika .............................................57

BAB III. PELANGGARAN HAM TERHADAP IMIGRAN HAITI ...........60

3.1 Dinamika Pelanggaran HAM .........................................................60

3.2 Pelanggaran HAM Oleh Pemerintah (by commission) ..................66

3.3 Pelanggaran HAM Oleh Masyarakat (by omission).......................84

3.4 Masuknya Amnesti Internasional di Republik Dominika ..............93

3.4.1 Amnesti Internasional Sebagai Global Civil Society .........93

3.4.2 Amnesti Internasional Sebagai Gerakan Reformis ...........110

BAB IV. UPAYA AMNESTI INTERNASIONAL .........................................124

4.1 Visibility .......................................................................................124

4.2 Audibility ........................................................................................132

4.3 Lobbying .........................................................................................143

4.4 Networking ....................................................................................147

BAB V PENUTUP ............................................................................................158

5.1 Kesimpulan ...................................................................................158

5.2 Saran ..............................................................................................165

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................166

LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................................177

xiii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1 Tabel Penelitian Terdahulu .................................................................21

Tabel 2.1 populasi imigran Haiti .........................................................................59

Tabel 3.1 Pencapaian Amnesti Internasional ......................................................107

Tabel 3.2 Upaya Amnesti Internasional Dalam Penyelesaian Pelanggaran

HAM Republik Dominika 1991-2014 ................................................113

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Parsley Massacre ...............................................................................62

Gambar 2. Protes Pembatasan Pendidikan oleh Anak Keturunan Imigran

Haiti ...................................................................................................67

Gambar 3. Protes Penuntutan Keadilan oleh Imigran Haiti ................................69

Gambar 4. Bateyes; Tempat Tinggal Imigran Haiti ...........................................73

Gambar 5. Juliana Deguisse Pierre; Korban Deportasi Berdokumen Lengkap ..77

Gambar 6. Proses Deportasi Identifikasi Warna Kulit oleh Aparat Republik

Dominika ...........................................................................................80

Gambar 7. Pembakaran Bendera Haiti oleh Antihaitianismo .............................85

Gambar 8. Pembunuhan Anak Keturunan Haiti oleh Kelompok

Antihaitianismo ................................................................................87

Gambar 9. Ritual Vodoo Imigran Haiti di Bateyes .............................................88

Gambar 10. Tenaga Manual Imigran Haiti di Industri Gula ...............................91

Gambar 11. Kampanye Pertama Amnesti Internasional .....................................97

Gambar 12. Kampanye Write for Rights Amnesti Internasional ........................105

Gambar 13. Kampanye Amnesti Internasional di Republik Dominika ..............112

Gambar 14. Kampanye Amnesti Internasional Melalui Youtube .......................126

Gambar 15. Kampanye Melalui Media Sosial: Facebook, Instagram dan

Tweeter .............................................................................................128

Gambar 16. Poster Kampanye Amnesti Internasional di Republik Dominika ...129

Gambar 17. Kampanye di Depan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Dominika ...130

Gambar 18. Buku Amnesti Internasonal tentang Hak Imigran, 2007 .................131

Gambar 19. Siaran Radio Amnesti Internasional di Chanel Radio Haiti ............135

xv

Gambar 20. Siaran Radio Amnesti Internasional di Chanel Radio Oasis ...........136

Gambar 21. Siaran Televisi Amnesti Internasional di Chanel Noticias Sin .......138

Gambar 22. Border Light March Amnesti Internasional bersama Masyarakat

Republik Dominika..........................................................................139

Gambar 23. Sekretaris Umum Amnesty Internasional Menyampaikan UPR

HAM ................................................................................................140

Gambar 24. WADD Melakukan Kampanye di New York .................................141

Gambar 25. ASCME Melakukan Kampanye di Amerika Serikat ......................142

Gambar 26. Pertemuan Delegeasi Amnesti Internasional dengan Presiden Danilo

Medina .............................................................................................143

Gambar 27. Amnesti Internasional Mengajak Masyarakat untuk Mengirimkan

Aspirasinya ke Otoritas Republik Dominika ...................................151

Gambar 28. Petisi Online Amnesti Internasional untuk Masyarakat Internasional

Gambar 29. Kampanye Amnesti Internasional bersama Reconoci.do ................152

Gambar 30. Aktivis HAM Republik Dominika Memberi Dukungan Terkait Upaya

Amnesti Internasional dalam Menegakkan HAM ...........................154

xvi

DAFTAR GRAFIK

Grafik 2.1 Perlindungan HAM Haiti ...................................................................49

Grafik 3.1 Kampanye Amnesti Internasional di Republik Dominika .................120

Grafik 4.1 Strategi Amnesti Internasional dalam Penyelesaian Pelanggaran

HAM .................................................................................................155

xvii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

AS : Amerika Serikat

ASCME : American Federation of State, Country and Municipal

Employees

ASOMILIN : Asociaciones Solidarias de Trabajadores Migrantes de la Línea

Noroeste

ATT : Arms Trade Treaty

CARICOM : Caribbean Community

CFR : Council on Foreign Relations

ECOSOC : Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

ENI : Encuesta Nacional de Immigracion

ESKA : Eksploitasi Seksual Komersial Anak

GDP : Gross Domestic Product

IACHR : Inter-American Court of Human Right

ICC : International Criminal Court

ICCPR : International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

ICRC : International Committee of The Red Cross

IGO : International Governmental Organization

INGO : International Non-Govermental Organization

HAM : Hak Asasi Manusia

HCPI : HIV Cooperation Program For Indonesia

LSM : Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat

MINUJUSTH : United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti

MINUSTAH : The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti

MUDHA : Movimiento de Mujeres Dominico Haitianas

OECD : The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OHCHR : Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human

xviii

Rights

PBB : Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa

TBC : Tuberculosis

UDHR : Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UNCHR : United Nations Commission on Human Rights

UN DESA : United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFPA : United Nations Population Fund

UNHCR : United Nation High Comission for Refugees

UNICEF : United Nations Children's Fund

UPR : Universal Periodic Review

UU : Undang-Undang

WAAD : We Are All Dominican

WALHI : Warga Lingkungan Hidup

WHO : World Health Organization

WWF : World Wide Fund For Nature

xix

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Konstitusi Dasar Republik Dominika, Pasal 21-22 UU Migrasi 2004

Lampiran 2. Konstitusi Dasar Republik Dominika, Pasal 21-22 UU Migrasi 2004

Lampiran 3. Peraturan No.168/13 Tahun 2013 Republik Dominika, Pasal

Kebangsaan

Lampiran 4. Penggalangan Dukungan Amnesti Internasional

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Haggerty, Richard. 1989. Dominican Republic: A Country Study. Washington:

GPO for the Library of Congress

Howard, David. 1997. Colouring The Nation : Race And Ethnicity In The

Dominican Republic. Cambridge: Oxford

Keane, John. 2003. Global Civil Society?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Matibag, Eugino. 2003. Haitian-Dominican Counterpoint: Nation, State, and Race

On Hispaniola. USA: Palgrave MacmillanTM

Power, Jonathan. 2001. Like Water On Stone : The Story Of Amnesty International.

Boston: Northeastern University Press

Rosyada, Dede. dkk. 2005 Demokrasi, Hak Asasi Manusia, & Masyarakat Madani

(Rev.ed).Jakarta: Fajar Interpratama Offset

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Unresolved Past.

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Republic. https://bppj.berkeley.edu/2017/12/01/foreigner-birth-certificates-

and-statelessness-in-the-dominican-republic/

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3

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and-global-democracy

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Dominican Republic: Challenges And Opportunities.

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Apartheid. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-dominican-

government_b_6141618

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back-dominican-republic-201310317427887906.html

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immigration/index.html,

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republic-2/

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Forgotten. https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/la-apatrida-dominicans-

of-haitian-descent-are-deported-and-forgotten-9153733

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Trouble. http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21698805-one-about-

hold-elections-other-has-not-had-proper-government-months

Megan Bradley. Resolving Displacement After Disasters: Insights From Haiti.

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displacement-after-disasters-insights-from-haiti/

Michael Matera. Report Roll-out: Illicit Trade and the Haiti-Dominican Republic

Border. https://www.csis.org/analysis/report-roll-out-illicit-trade-and-haiti-

dominican-republic-border

Milo Milfort. Haiti’s Political And Social Crisis Persists Despite The Deceptive

Calm. https://www.equaltimes.org/haiti-s-political-and-social?lang=en

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