unusual architectural design of buildings will increase their vulnerability in earthquakes
TRANSCRIPT
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SKY CITY (2,749 FEET--NOT YET FINISHED) : CHANGSHA, CHINA
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UNUSUAL BUILDINGS AND VULNERABILITY IN
EARTHQUAKES
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BACKGROUND
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INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
LACK OF ATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CASE HISTORIES
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BUILDING ELEVATIONS
• FACT: Unnecessary horizontal and vertical changes in symmetry, mass, and stiffness will increase a building’s vulnerability to strong ground shaking.
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FACT: UNUSUAL BUILDINGS ARE LIKELY TO BE MORE
VULNERABLE IN AN EARTHQUAKE
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A CHURCH: REYKJAVEK, ICELAND
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ATLANTIS HOTEL: DUBAI, UAE
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EMP MUSEUM: SEATTLE, WASHINGTON (USA)
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A LIBRARY: KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI (USA)
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A HOTEL: PYONGYANG, NORTH KOREA
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“THE GHERKIN,” AN OFFICE BUILDING: LONDON
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REGULARITY IN A BUILDING’S ELEVATION REDUCES ITS
VULNERABILITY TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1-2
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non-structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. X-Cracks around windows.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Box
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DAMAGED HOUSE:CHINA
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ASYMMETRY AND LATERAL CHANGES: CHINA
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Pyramid
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Inverted Pyramid
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 6
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join.
BUILDING ELEVATION
“L”- Shaped Building
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
3 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Inverted “T”
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 3
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Multiple Setbacks
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4 - 5
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Overhang
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
6 - 7
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Partial “Soft” Story
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors.
BUILDING ELEVATION
“Soft” First Floor
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THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Combination of “Soft” Story and
Overhang
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Building on Sloping Ground
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SOFT STORY BUILDING ON SLOPING GROUND: CHINA TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 9
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transition in stiffness and cause failure of individual members.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Theaters and Assembly Halls
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
9 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE
Horizontal and vertical transition in mass and stiffness may cause failure columns.
BUILDING ELEVATION
Sports Stadiums
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SIMPLICITY IN A BUILDING’S FLOOR PLAN REDUCES ITS
VULNERABILITY TO STRONG GROUND SHAKING
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BUILDING FLOOR PLANS
• FACT: CHANGING FLOOR PLANS FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX AND FROM SYMMETRICAL TO ASYMMETRICAL WILL INCREASE A BUILDING’S VULNERABILITY TO GROUND SHAKING.
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
1
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
None, if symmetrical layout maintained.
FLOOR PLAN
Box
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 4
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Differences in length and width will cause differences in strength, differential movement, and possible overturning.
FLOOR PLAN
Rectangle
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
2 - 4
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at corners.
FLOOR PLAN
Street Corner
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will enhance damage at corner regions.
FLOOR PLAN
“U” - Shape
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
4
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Open space in center reduces resistance and enhance damage at corner regions.
FLOOR PLAN
Courtyard in Corner
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at intersection and corners.
FLOOR PLAN
“L” - Shape
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TORSION: CHINA
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5 - 7
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner.
FLOOR PLAN
“H” - Shape
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
8 - 10
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting.
FLOOR PLAN
Complex Floor Plan
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RELATIVE VULERABILITY
[1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)]
5- 9
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Asymmetry and irregularities will cause torsion and enhance damage along boundaries and at corners.
FLOOR PLAN
Curved Plan