unu un ddr in an era of violent extremism · threats to international peace and security and uphold...

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The Blue Flag in Grey Zones: Exploring the relationships between Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) in UN field operations Author: Naureen Chowdhury Fink Source: James Cockayne and Siobhan O’Neil, eds., UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism: Is it Fit for Purpose? (New York: United Nations University, 2015) URL: http://i.unu.edu/media/cpr.unu.edu/attachment/1122/UNWDDRWinWAnWEraW ofWViolentWExtremism.pdf 1 Edited by James Cockayne and Siobhan O’Neil UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism: Is It Fit for Purpose?

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Page 1: UNU UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism · threats to international peace and security and uphold the values enshrined in its Charter, the question of whether and how to engage

!

!!!!The!Blue!Flag!in!Grey!Zones:!Exploring!the!relationships!between!Countering!Violent!Extremism!(CVE)!and!Disarmament,!Demobilization!and!Reintegration!(DDR)!in!UN!field!operations!!Author:!Naureen!Chowdhury!Fink!!Source:!James!Cockayne!and!Siobhan!O’Neil,!eds.,!UN#DDR#in#an#Era#of#Violent#Extremism:#Is#it#Fit#for#Purpose?!(New!York:!United!Nations!University,!2015)!!URL:!http://i.unu.edu/media/cpr.unu.edu/attachment/1122/UNWDDRWinWAnWEraWofWViolentWExtremism.pdf!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

1

Edited by James Cockayne and Siobhan O’Neil

UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism: Is It Fit for Purpose?

Page 2: UNU UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism · threats to international peace and security and uphold the values enshrined in its Charter, the question of whether and how to engage

62 UN DDR IN AN ERA OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: IS IT FIT FOR PURPOSE?

Naureen Chowdhury Fink

Chapter 3

The Blue Flag

in Grey Zones

Exploring the

relationships between

Countering Violent

Extremism (CVE)

and Disarmament,

Demobilization and

Reintegration (DDR) in

:3�ąJQI�TUJWFYNTSX

Page 3: UNU UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism · threats to international peace and security and uphold the values enshrined in its Charter, the question of whether and how to engage

63 63

3 Introduction

T�`>Þ½Ã�V��«�iÝ�V��y�VÌ��>�`ÃV>«i�

increasingly features terrorist groups that

have the structures, tactics, and capacity

ÕÃÕ>��Þ�>ÃÃ�V�>Ìi`�Ü�Ì��VÀ����>��i�ÌiÀ«À�ÃiÃ]�

insurgent groups, and even states. Indeed, the

�Ã�>��V�-Ì>Ìi����Ì�i��iÛ>�Ì�­�-��®]89 with tens of

Ì��ÕÃ>�`Ã��v�ÌÀ��«Ã�>�`�xx]äää�õ°������iÌÀiÃ�

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group.90 ISIL has used its state-like capacity

to unleash an unbridled reign of violence and

ÌiÀÀ�À]�Ì�ÕÃ�Ài«ÀiÃi�Ì��}�>�Ã�}��wV>�Ì�Ì�Ài>Ì�Ì��

L�Ì��V�Û���>��«�«Õ�>Ì���Ã�>�`�}�ÛiÀ��i�ÌÃ����Ì�i�

region. ISIL is unusual in its capacity, but not alone

in its approach and aspirations. Al-Shabaab in

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ÜÀi>�i`��>Û�V�>�`�v��i�Ìi`���ÃÌ>L���ÌÞ°�/�i�À�

terrorist attacks and advances have rendered

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`iÛi��«�i�Ì°�7�>Ì��Ã��iÜ�>L�ÕÌ�ÃÕV��}À�Õ«Ã��Ã�

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threats to international peace and security and

uphold the values enshrined in its Charter, the

question of whether and how to engage with

such groups can no longer be an esoteric debate.

,>«�`�Þ�V�>�}��}�V��y�VÌ�`Þ�>��VÃ�«À��«Ì�Ì�i�

question of what role the organisation should

play in countering such violence and whether

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V��É>ÀÌ�V�iÃÉ£{Îä{ÎÉ>Õ`ÀiÞ��ÕÀÌ��VÀ����É

isis-is-not-a-terrorist-group.

Page 4: UNU UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism · threats to international peace and security and uphold the values enshrined in its Charter, the question of whether and how to engage

64 UN DDR IN AN ERA OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: IS IT FIT FOR PURPOSE?

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Given the increasing presence of terrorist groups

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of DDR practices that are designed to operate

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Given the UN’s current and potential roles in

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including DDR, or whether the latter requires a

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Afghanistan, or Libya. This paper will begin

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rehabilitation, on the one hand, and DDR on the

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militiamen gather to begin ddr. un photo/ky chung

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Page 5: UNU UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism · threats to international peace and security and uphold the values enshrined in its Charter, the question of whether and how to engage

CHAPTER 3 THE BLUE FLAG IN GREY ZONES: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CVE AND DDR IN UN FIELD OPERATIONS65

The emergence and

evolution of CVE and terrorist

rehabilitation efforts

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by states and international organisations on

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evolved in response to an understanding that

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the unintended consequences of fuelling

grievances and provoking further radicalisation.

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and the grievances that are believed to fuel

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peacebuilding and other efforts to strengthen the

state-society relationship and prevent the onset of

violence. However, instead of a responsive footing,

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Page 6: UNU UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism · threats to international peace and security and uphold the values enshrined in its Charter, the question of whether and how to engage

66 UN DDR IN AN ERA OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: IS IT FIT FOR PURPOSE?

These terrorist rehabilitation and reintegration

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have been developed in both custodial and

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great interest given the current concern about the

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peacebuilding, and particularly, DDR efforts.

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particularly Second Generation DDR with its focus

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reinserting previously violent actors into society.98

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CHAPTER 3 THE BLUE FLAG IN GREY ZONES: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CVE AND DDR IN UN FIELD OPERATIONS67

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purport to redress grievances and frustrations.99

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entry-level recruits or casual participants.100 Thus

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be replicable for another. That said, despite the

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and participants, and a consequent reliance on

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relatively successful, it nonetheless has several

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Nasir al-Wuhaiyshi, the leader of Al-Qaeda in

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deputy.102�/�>Ì��Ã���Ì�Ì��Ã>Þ�Ì�>Ì�Ì�iÃi�«À�}À>��iÃ�

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of thoughtful and effective innovations that

could prove successful – and have potential

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groups whose leaders have agreed to participate,

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group level and rarely is there leadership buy-in.104

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68 UN DDR IN AN ERA OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: IS IT FIT FOR PURPOSE?

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engage participants in a range of ways, including:

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spiritual and other counselling, and strategic

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religious, and psycho-social counselling, including

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been undertaken in an effort to reduce the appeal

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taking place in prison or detention centres with

dedicated staff and resources, in recognition that

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monuc distributes information leaflets on ddr programming throughout fdlr’s stronghold areas. un photo/marie frechon

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CHAPTER 3 THE BLUE FLAG IN GREY ZONES: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CVE AND DDR IN UN FIELD OPERATIONS69

social services.109���À�iÝ>�«�i]���� ÕÀ�«i]��>�Þ�

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w}�ÌiÀð110 The Danish response is considered by

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of good practice and an alternative to detention

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under consideration in other countries.111 The

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and Egypt.112�/�i�>v�Ài�i�Ì���i`�iÝ>�«�iÃ��vviÀ�

a brief snapshot of terrorist rehabilitation efforts

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characteristics with the target audience for

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role of families and communities

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«ÕL��V>Ì���ÃÉÓ䣣ÚäxÚÌÀ>�ÃÚÌiÀÀÚw�>�°«`v – offer global overview through the lens of international actors.

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70 UN DDR IN AN ERA OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: IS IT FIT FOR PURPOSE?

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elders were integral to guaranteeing the good

behaviour of participants and facilitating their

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which had previously created a situation whereby

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support.113�*ÀiÛi�Ì�Ûi�6 �ivv�ÀÌÃ��>Ûi�>�Ã��

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and serve as a source of support for vulnerable

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education and vocational training

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«ÀiÛi�Ì�Ûi��i>ÃÕÀi°114 Again, the relative youth

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also found useful to helping detainees challenge

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CHAPTER 3 THE BLUE FLAG IN GREY ZONES: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CVE AND DDR IN UN FIELD OPERATIONS71

mrc members are transported to a disarmament site in congo. un photo/martine perret

113. Ƃ��i����Ì�>�>�`��>�`��ƂL`��i]�º,>`�V>��Ã>Ì����>�`�>��-�>L>>L�,iVÀÕ�Ì�i�Ì����-��>��>]»���ÃÌ�ÌÕÌi�v�À�-iVÕÀ�ÌÞ�

-ÌÕ`�iÃ]��--�*>«iÀ�ÓÈÈ]��­-i«Ìi�LiÀ�Óä£{®]�>Û>��>L�i�vÀ����ÌÌ«\ÉÉÜÜÜ°�ÃÃ>vÀ�V>°�À}ÉÕ«��>`ÃÉ*>«iÀÓÈÈ°«`v.

114. ���L>��i�ÌiÀ������«iÀ>Ì�Ûi�-iVÕÀ�ÌÞ�>�`��i`>Þ>�]�º/�i�,��i��v� `ÕV>Ì��������Õ�ÌiÀ��}�

6���i�Ì� ÝÌÀi��Ã�]»��iiÌ��}� �Ìi]��iVi�LiÀ�Óä£Î]�>Û>��>L�i�vÀ����ÌÌ«\ÉÉÜÜÜ°�i`>Þ>�°>iÉ«`vÉ

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72 UN DDR IN AN ERA OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: IS IT FIT FOR PURPOSE?

post-release support

�>ÌiÀ�>�]�Ã�V�>�]�>�`�ë�À�ÌÕ>��ÃÕ««�ÀÌ�Ì��

`iÌ>��iiÃ�>�`�v>����iÃ�ÜiÀi�v�Õ�`�Ì��Li�

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ÀiVÀÕ�Ì�i�Ì��««�ÀÌÕ��Ì�ið�7���i����Þ�

anecdotal, it is interesting to note that in one

«À�}À>��i]�>�ÃiVÕÀ�ÌÞ��vwV�>��ÀiV�Õ�Ìi`�Ì�i�

deep bonds that he developed with detainees

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`iÌ>��iiý�v>���Þ�Üi``��}Ã����}�>vÌiÀ�Ì�i�À�

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i�`ÕÀ��}�L��`Ã��>Þ�Ài`ÕVi�Ì�i�«À�ëiVÌÃ�

�v�ÀiV�`�Û�Ã�°�Ƃ��Õ�LiÀ��v�«À�}À>��iÃ��>Ûi�

offered support for establishing businesses and

iÝ«>�`��}�v>����iÃ]�>Ã�Üi���>Ã�ÃÕ««�i�i�Ì>ÀÞ�

ÃÕ««�ÀÌ����Ì�i�iÛi�Ì�Ì�>Ì�>�«À��>ÀÞ�LÀi>`Ü���iÀ�

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�`i���}�V>��>�`�w�>�V�>��Li�iwÌÃ��v�Li���}��}�

Ì��>��iÝÌÀi��ÃÌ�}À�Õ«°�-ÕV��ÃÕ««�ÀÌ��>Þ��i�«�

participants develop resilience to subsequent

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v�À�À>`�V>��Ã>Ì�������Ì�i�LÀ�>`iÀ�v>���Þ��iÌÜ�À�°�

However, this has proved challenging in

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V��ViÀ��>L�ÕÌ�Û���>Ì���Ã��v��Õ�>��À�}�ÌÃ��À�

«À�Û>VÞ�`�iÃ���Ì�ÃÕ««�ÀÌ�����Ì�À��}�

detainees post-release.115

credibility of interlocutors

����>�Þ�V>ÃiÃ]�Ì�i�VÀi`�L���ÌÞ��v���ÌiÀ��VÕÌ�ÀÃ]�

����>ÌÌiÀÃ��v�v>�Ì��>�`�«���Ì�VÃ����«>ÀÌ�VÕ�>À]�

was essential to the success of rehabilitation

«À�}À>��iÃ]�>Ã�}�ÛiÀ��i�Ì��À��>Ü�i�v�ÀVi�i�Ì�

�vwV�>�Ã�ÜiÀi���Ì�ÌÀÕÃÌi`�LÞ�`iÌ>��iiÃ�Ì��ëi>��

����>ÌÌiÀÃ��v�v>�Ì���À��`i���}Þ�>�`�ÜiÀi�Ì�iÀiv�Ài�

��Ì����>�«�Ã�Ì����Ì��V�>��i�}i�iÝÌÀi��ÃÌ��>ÀÀ>Ì�Ûið�

Where interlocutors are seen as closely aligned

Ü�Ì��Ì�i�ÃÌ>Ìi]�«À>VÌ�Ì���iÀÃ�Ài«�ÀÌ�Ã��i�`iÌ>��iiÃ�

>Ài�Ài�ÕVÌ>�Ì�Ì��i�}>}i�Ì�i������>ÌÌiÀÃ��v�

spirituality or theology unless their credentials

>Ài�`ii�i`��i}�Ì��>Ìi°�����Ì�iÀ�V>ÃiÃ]�Ài«�ÀÌÃ�

ÃÕ}}iÃÌ�Ì�>Ì�`iÌ>��iiÃ��>Þ�i�}>}i����`�>��}Õi�

Ü�Ì���vwV�>�Ã�Ã��«�Þ�Ì��Ài`ÕVi�Ì�i�À�Ãi�Ìi�Við�

ƂÃ���i�«>ÀÌ�V�«>�Ì����9i�i�½Ã�i>À�Þ�«À�}À>��i�

��Ìi`]�º7i�Õ�`iÀÃÌ��`�Ü�>Ì�Ì�i��Õ`}i�­�>��Õ`�

Ƃ����ÌÌ>À®�Ü>�Ìi`�>�`��i�Õ�`iÀÃÌ��`�Ü�>Ì�Üi�

Ü>�Ìi`�vÀ������°�/�i�9i�i����Õ�>��`ii�����

«À�Ã������Ü���ÌÌ>À��Ã�>�Ü>Þ�v�À�Ì�i��Ì��}iÌ�

Ài�i>Ãi`�Ã��Ì�iÞ���}À>Ì�>Ìi�Ì�i�Ãi�ÛiÃ�Ü�Ì�����°�

/�iÀi�Ü>Ã�������}��À�V��«�iÝ�`�>��}Õi°»116 In

other instances detainees have refused to speak to

those interlocutors who were viewed as lacking the

necessary religious or ideological L��>�w`iÃ.

Finding credible interlocutors to lead rehabilitation

«À�}À>��iÃ��>Ã�Lii��>�V�>��i�}i����ÃiÛiÀ>��

115. ƂÕÌ��À�`�ÃVÕÃÃ���Ã�Ü�Ì��«À>VÌ�Ì���iÀÃ�>�`�ÃiVÕÀ�ÌÞ��vwV�>�Ã�­ÃiÛiÀ>��V��ÛiÀÃ>Ì���Ã�vÀ���Óää��Óä£{®°

116. �Ì��}�Ì�i�]�Ãii��°��>��>�]��°��ÕÌÌiÀLÕV��>�`��°�,ÕL��]�º,>`�V>��Ã>Ì�����À�,i�>L���Ì>Ì���\�1�`iÀÃÌ>�`��}�Ì�i�

�>��i�}i��v� ÝÌÀi��ÃÌ�>�`�,>`�V>��âi`�*À�Ã��iÀÃ]»�,Ƃ ����«iÀ>Ì���]�Óään]�>Û>��>L�i�vÀ����ÌÌ«\ÉÉÜÜÜ°À>�`°

�À}É«ÕLÃÉÌiV���V>�ÚÀi«�ÀÌÃÉ/,xÇ£°�Ì���­>VViÃÃi`��iLÀÕ>ÀÞ�Óä]�Óä£x®]�«°�ÎÇ°�

117. ,i��}��ÕÃ�,i�>L���Ì>Ì�����À�Õ«]�ºƂL�ÕÌ�1û]�>Û>��>L�i�vÀ����ÌÌ«\ÉÉÀÀ}°Ã}É>L�ÕÌ�ÕÃ�­>VViÃÃi`�£x��>Þ�Óä£x®°

118. �����E��i>À�iÆ�>ÕÌ��À�̀ �ÃVÕÃÃ���Ã�Ü�Ì��Ài�>L���Ì>Ì����«À>VÌ�Ì���iÀÃ�Ü�À���}����->Õ`��ƂÀ>L�>]�-Üi`i�]�-��}>«�Ài�>� �̀�>�>ÞÃ�>°

119. ��ÌiÀ�>Ì���>��À�Ã�Ã��À�Õ«]�º�iÀ>`�V>��Ã>Ì���»�>�`���`��iÃ�>��*À�Ã��Ã]»�ƂÃ�>�,i«�ÀÌ]� �°�£{Ó°]�£�� �Ûi�LiÀ�ÓääÇ]�

>Û>��>L�i�vÀ����ÌÌ«\ÉÉÜÜÜ°VÀ�Ã�Ã}À�Õ«°�À}Éi�ÉÀi}���ÃÉ>Ã�>ÉÃ�ÕÌ��i>ÃÌ�>Ã�>É��`��iÃ�>É£{Ó�`iÀ>`�V>��Ã>Ì����>�`�

��`��iÃ�>��«À�Ã��ð>ëÝ�­>VViÃÃi`�Ón��>�Õ>ÀÞ�Óä£x®°

120. -ii�v�À�iÝ>�«�i]� �V��"½À�>�]�º��ÌiÀÛ�iÜ�Ü�Ì��>���À�iÀ�/iÀÀ�À�ÃÌ\� >Ã�À�ƂLL>ý��iÀ>`�V>��Ã>Ì����7�À�������`��iÃ�>]»�

��L>Ì��}�/iÀÀ�À�Ã��i�ÌiÀ�-i�Ì��i��£]� �°�£Ó�­Óään®]�>Û>��>L�i�vÀ�����ÌÌ«Ã\ÉÉÜÜÜ°VÌV°ÕÃ�>°i`ÕÉ«�ÃÌÃÉ��ÌiÀÛ�iÜ�

Ü�Ì��>�v�À�iÀ�ÌiÀÀ�À�ÃÌ��>Ã�À�>LL>ï Ó¯nä¯���`iÀ>`�V>��Ã>Ì����Ü�À�������`��iÃ�>�>�`��>��>�Ì����iÌÌ�>ÀV�V��]�º-À��

�>��>½Ã�,i�>L���Ì>Ì����*À�}À>�\�Ƃ� iÜ��À��Ì�iÀ�����Õ�ÌiÀ�/iÀÀ�À�Ã��>�`��Õ�ÌiÀ���ÃÕÀ}i�VÞ]»�Prism�{]� �°Ó�­Óä£Î®]�

>Û>��>L�i�vÀ����ÌÌ«\ÉÉVV�°`�`��Ûi°���Éw�iÃÉÓä£{ÉäÓÉ«À�Ã�£äx�£ÓÓÚ�iÌÌ�>À>V�V��°«`v, pp.105-121.

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CHAPTER 3 THE BLUE FLAG IN GREY ZONES: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CVE AND DDR IN UN FIELD OPERATIONS73

countries. In settings where it is acceptable

v�À�}�ÛiÀ��i�ÌÃ�Ì��ëi>��>L�ÕÌ��ÃÃÕiÃ��v�v>�Ì��

>�`�Li��iv]�«À�}À>��iÃ�V>����V�À«�À>Ìi�>�

��Ài�Ài��}��ÕÃ�v�VÕÃ]�Ü��V���>Þ���«À�Ûi�Ì�i�

«À�}À>��i½Ã�VÀi`�L���ÌÞ°�Ƃ��Õ�LiÀ��v�«À�}À>��iÃ]�

such as the Religious Rehabilitation Group in

Singapore,117�v�À�iÝ>�«�i]��>Ûi�Ã�Õ}�Ì�Ì��LÀ��}�

in voluntary spiritual advisers, or respected

V���Õ��ÌÞ�>�`�Ài��}��ÕÃ��i>`iÀÃ�Ì���vviÀ�

counselling.118����V>ÃiÃ�Ü�iÀi�}�ÛiÀ��i�ÌÃ�>Ài�

wary or unable to address faith-based issues,

Ài�>L���Ì>Ì����ivv�ÀÌÃ��>Ûi�v�VÕÃi`���Ài����

«ÃÞV��Ã�V�>��ÃÕ««�ÀÌ]�>Ã����Ì�i�«À�}À>��i����

Ƃ>À�ÕÃ]��i��>À�°�

prison conditions and detainee handling

*À�Ã��Ã�V>��Li���VÕL>Ì�ÀÃ��v�À>`�V>��Ã>Ì���]�LÕÌ�Ì�iÞ�

V>��>�Ã��Li�«�>ViÃ��v�«�Ã�Ì�Ûi�ÌÀ>�Ãv�À�>Ì���°119

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disavowal of violence was fostered by the good

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�vwV�>�Ã]��Ã�>�V>Ãi����«���Ì°121�"��Ì�i��Ì�iÀ��>�`]�

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Ì��Ì�i�i�ÌÀi�V��i�Ì��v�Ì�i�À�Û���i�Ì�iÝÌÀi��ÃÌ�

tendencies or generated grievances and deep

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and strengthened, or sparked, support to an

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}��`�ÌÀi>Ì�i�Ì�ÃÌ>�`>À`Ã����V>�«Ã]�LÕÌ�>Ã��Ì�iÀ�

chapters in this collection highlight, doing so

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and when the UN does not have full control of

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underscores the potential risks that arise of out of

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contextually tailored programming

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>�`�iÛi����ÌiÀ�>Ì���>��`Þ�>��VÃ�Ì�>Ì�>vviVÌ�

conditions on the ground – has been underscored

LÞ�Ài�>L���Ì>Ì����«À>VÌ�Ì���iÀÃ�>�`�iÝ«iÀÌÃ�>VÀ�ÃÃ�

various regions. In societies where tribes, clans, and

i�`iÀÃ�>Ài���«�ÀÌ>�Ì�«���>ÀÃ��v�Ì�i�Ã�V�>��ÃÌÀÕVÌÕÀi]�

�Ì��>�iÃ�Ãi�Ãi�v�À�«À�}À>��iÃ�Ì��Li�L>Ãi`����

efforts to re-establish or strengthen bonds between

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Li�>Û��ÕÀ��>Þ���Ì�Li�>««À�«À�>Ìi�LiV>ÕÃi�

culture and legislation do not allow for it. Lessons

�i>À�i`�>�`�«À�}À>��i�`iÃ�}�Ã�vÀ�����i�V�Õ�ÌÀÞ�

V>���Ì�Li�>ÕÌ��>Ì�V>��Þ�ÌÀ>�ë�>�Ìi`����>��Ì�iÀ°�

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V��ÌiÝÌ�Ã����>À�Þ�Ü�����ii`�Ì��Li�Ì>���Ài`�Ì��Ì�i���V>��

>�`�Ài}���>��`À�ÛiÀÃ��v�iÝÌÀi��Ã��>�`�V��y�VÌ]�>�`�

i�ÃÕÀi�Ì�>Ì�Ì�i�i�}>}i�i�Ì��Ã����ÌÕ�i�Ü�Ì����V>��

VÕ�ÌÕÀi]��>ÜÃ]�>�`�«À>VÌ�Við�*À�}À>��iÃ��ii`�Ì��

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��Ì�Li�iÝ«>�Ã�Ûi]�«>ÀÌ�iÀÃ��«Ã�V>��Li�`iÛi��«i`�

Ü�Ì��V�>À�Ì�iÃ]� �"Ã]�>�`�Ì�i�«À�Û>Ìi�ÃiVÌ�À]�

Ü��Ãi�V��ÌÀ�LÕÌ���Ã��>Ûi�i�À�V�i`�>��Õ�LiÀ��v�

«À�}À>��ið122 Such partnerships of course create

new oversight and accountability challenges, as

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/�iÃi����`Ã��v��iÃÃ��Ã��>Ûi���v�À�i`�Ì�i�

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121. �ÌÌ«Ã\ÉÉÜÜÜ°VÌV°ÕÃ�>°i`ÕÉ«�ÃÌÃÉ��ÌiÀÛ�iÜ�Ü�Ì��>�v�À�iÀ�ÌiÀÀ�À�ÃÌ��>Ã�À�>LL>ï Ó¯nä¯���`iÀ>`�V>��Ã>Ì����

work-in-indonesia

122. �>��>�Ì����iÌÌ�>ÀV�V��]�º-À���>��>½Ã�Ài�>L���Ì>Ì����*À�}À>�\�Ƃ� iÜ��À��Ì�iÀ�����Õ�ÌiÀ�/iÀÀ�À�Ã��>�`��Õ�ÌiÀ�

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74 UN DDR IN AN ERA OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: IS IT FIT FOR PURPOSE?

,i�>L���Ì>Ì����>�`�,i��Ìi}À>Ì�����v�6���i�Ì�

ÝÌÀi��ÃÌ�"vvi�`iÀÃ]123 developed by the Global

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�i�LiÀð124 These good practices offer a valuable

set of practical guidelines for states undertaking

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��}�Ì�>�Ã����v�À��1 ���,�ivv�ÀÌÃ�Û�Ã�D�Û�Ã�6 "ð

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the question of whether the UN wants to wade

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rehabilitation present qualitatively different

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the UN Charter. �>�Þ�`����Ì�ÀiV�}��âi�Ì�i�

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international organisations to be credible

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while these insights from cve and rehabilitation programmes can inform ddr efforts, there remains the question of whether the un wants to wade further into this area of work.

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have grouped the UN alongside the Western

powers they oppose and several organisations

have placed the UN on their target lists. In this

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terrorist rehabilitation functions. When such

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organisation’s broader peace and security, and

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CHAPTER 3 THE BLUE FLAG IN GREY ZONES: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CVE AND DDR IN UN FIELD OPERATIONS75

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been targets of terrorist attacks.

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Syria or in Nigeria, or of the UN receiving requests

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strategic plan and resources to respond effectively

to these threats.126�ƂÌ�Ì�i�«ÀiÃi�Ì�Ì��i]������ÃÃ���]�

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capabilities.127�7�i����Ì�iÝ«��V�Ì�Þ��ÕÌ���i`����

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In these settings, DDR will need to be adapted to

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the UN will need to consider when developing such

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states on their related policies and practices:

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of involuntary detainees, rehabilitation is not a

likely option and that efforts will need to ensure

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the other hand, there is the possibility that

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prove counterproductive.128 In the case of

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that prisons are not the appropriate setting

and specially designed rehabilitation centres or

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3. ��Ü�Ì��ÀiÃ�ÕÀVi�«À�}À>����}�Ì��i�ÃÕÀi�

�ÌÃ�ÃÕÃÌ>��>L���ÌÞ¶�The credibility of

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full reintegration process. It is therefore

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ensure the predictability and sustainability

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work-for-international-peacekeepers-in-2015��­>VViÃÃi`��>�Õ>ÀÞ�Ón]�Óä£x®°

127. ƂÕÌ��À½Ã�`�ÃVÕÃÃ���Ã�Ü�Ì��1 ��vwV�>�Ã�>Ì��i>`µÕ>ÀÌiÀÃ�>�`����Ì�i�wi�`°�

128. Ƃ��i����Ì�>�>�`��>�`��ƂL`��i]�º,>`�V>��Ã>Ì����>�`�>��-�>L>>L�,iVÀÕ�Ì�i�Ì����-��>��>°»�

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76 UN DDR IN AN ERA OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: IS IT FIT FOR PURPOSE?

political or peacekeeping – can and should

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to reach out to civil society and private

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ddr programme launch in ed damazin, sudan. un photo/johann hattingh

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CHAPTER 3 THE BLUE FLAG IN GREY ZONES: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CVE AND DDR IN UN FIELD OPERATIONS77

4. ��Ü�Ì��i�ÃÕÀi�Ì�i�Ã>viÌÞ�>�`�«À�ÌiVÌ�Ì�i�

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operations include DDR-like efforts, it is

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detainees’ safety. Where the UN is called

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security and rights of detainees, as required

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discussed further in the Conclusion to this

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UN, national, and international actors and

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�>Þ�>�Ã��}i�iÀ>Ìi�}À�iÛ>�ViÃ�Ì�>Ì�V>��v�ÃÌiÀ�

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5. ��Ü�Ì��ÃÕ««�ÀÌ�vi�>�i�>�`�V���`�w}�ÌiÀÃ�

�À�v>����iö The UN needs to ensure that its

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it advises or assists, both address the special

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iÝÌÀi��ÃÌ�}À�Õ«Ã�`����Ì�ÃÌi«����Ì��w���Ì�i�Û��`�

�v�Ì�i�«À��>ÀÞ�LÀi>`Ü���iÀ��Ã����«À�Ã��°��i�>�i�

�i�LiÀÃ��v��Ã�>��ÃÌ�}À�Õ«Ã�>Ài����i�Þ�����>�Þ�

instances to carry out non-operational tasks

but in the event they are detained and found

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Ü�����ii`�Ì��Li��>`i�Ì��`iÛi��«�Ài�>L���Ì>Ì����

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post-release. As the guidance in the ��Ìi}À>Ìi`�

��,�-Ì>�`>À`Ã��>�iÃ�V�i>À]��Ì�Ã��Õ�`���Ì�Li�

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Ì��Ü��i��>�`�Þ�ÕÌ�Ã�}�Ûi��Ì�i�À�`�vviÀ��}�

social roles outside the prison setting. As such,

the UN should support separate facilities and

tailored reintegration support for these groups.

Recommendations

/�i�v����Ü��}�ÀiV���i�`>Ì���Ã�ÃÕ}}iÃÌ�Ã��i�

ways forward for the UN in this area:

1. ��«À�Ûi�Ì�i����iVÌ����iÌÜii��Ì�i�1 ½Ã�/�

vv�ÀÌÃ�>�`�*i>Vi�"«iÀ>Ì���Ã

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LiÌÜii��Ì�i�1 ½Ã�V�Õ�ÌiÀÌiÀÀ�À�Ã��ivv�ÀÌÃ�

and its peace operations. Although not

��,�ëiV�wV�ÀiV���i�`>Ì���Ã]�Ì�i�

v����Ü��}�Ü������iÛ�Ì>L�Þ�Li�iwÌ���,�

«À�}À>����}����Ì�i�wi�`\

• ��Ìi}À>Ìi�ÌiÀÀ�À�Ã��>�`�Û���i�Ì�iÝÌÀi��Ã��

��Ì��V��y�VÌ�>�>�ÞÃ�Ã�>�`���ÃÃ�����>�`>ÌiÃ�

Ü�iÀi�>««À�«À�>Ìi\����>�Óä£ä�*ÀiÃ�`i�Ì�>��

-Ì>Ìi�i�Ì]�Ì�i�-iVÕÀ�ÌÞ��Õ�V���ÕÀ}i`�Ì�i�

-iVÀiÌ>ÀÞ��i�iÀ>��Ì��Ì>�i�>���Ài���Ìi}À>Ìi`�

approach to transnational threats,

��V�Õ`��}��À}>��âi`�VÀ��i�>�`�ÌiÀÀ�À�Ã�]�

>�`�V��Ã�`iÀ�Ì�i�����`iÛi��«��}�V��y�VÌ�

>�>�ÞÃiÃ]���Ìi}À>Ìi`���ÃÃ����«�>����}]�

>�`�V��y�VÌ�«ÀiÛi�Ì����ÃÌÀ>Ìi}�ið131 This

integrated approach should be adopted at

Ì�i��i�LiÀ�-Ì>Ìi�>�`�-iVÀiÌ>À�>Ì��iÛi��Ì��

ensure that responses and resources are

calibrated to the threat at hand. It is critical

that peacekeeping and special political

��ÃÃ�����>�`>ÌiÃ��>�i�iÝ«��V�Ì�Ü�iÌ�iÀ�

q��À���Ì�q�wi�`���ÃÃ���Ã�>Ài�iÝ«iVÌi`�Ì��

Õ�`iÀÌ>�i�ëiV�wV�6 �Ài�>Ìi`�>VÌ�Û�Ì�iÃ�

>�`É�À���Ü���,�«À�}À>��iÃ�Ã��Õ�`�

130. �>��>�Ì����iÌÌ�>ÀV�V��]�º-À���>��>½Ã�Ài�>L���Ì>Ì����*À�}À>�\�Ƃ� iÜ��À��Ì�iÀ�����Õ�ÌiÀ�/iÀÀ�À�Ã��>�`��Õ�ÌiÀ�

��ÃÕÀ}i�VÞ]»�Prism�6��°�{]� �°�Ó�­Óä£Î®]�>Û>��>L�i�vÀ����ÌÌ«\ÉÉVV�°`�`��Ûi°���Éw�iÃÉÓä£{ÉäÓÉ«À�Ã�£äx�£ÓÓÚ

Hettiarachchi.pdf, pp. 105-121.

131. º-Ì>Ìi�i�Ì�LÞ�Ì�i�*ÀiÃ�`i�Ì��v�Ì�i�-iVÕÀ�ÌÞ��Õ�V��]»�-É*,-/ÉÓä£äÉ{°

Page 18: UNU UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism · threats to international peace and security and uphold the values enshrined in its Charter, the question of whether and how to engage

78 UN DDR IN AN ERA OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM: IS IT FIT FOR PURPOSE?

i�}>}i�6 "ð���Ài�ÛiÀ]��Ì��Ã�iÃÃi�Ì�>��Ì�>Ì�

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• �iÛi��«���ÌiÀ�>����ÃÃ����V>«>V�Ì�iÃ��À�

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i���i����i�/�/�]�/ ��>�`�1 "�]�>�`�

civil society partners. The focal point can

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to address these issues, it is critical that

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>�`�V�Û���>��ÃÕ««�ÀÌ�Ìi>�Ã����Ì�i�wi�`��>Ûi�

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sessions for UN personnel at HQ and in

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about UN protocols and resources that

can be leveraged when designing and

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• ��>�Vi�ÃÌÀ>Ìi}�V�V���Õ��V>Ì���Ã\ The

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the UN and its values. At the local level,

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work being done on the ground and

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for these efforts to address the potential

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or rehabilitation efforts, and to ensure that

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and ensuring sustained participation in

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of the Secretary-General to the Security

Council should outline current efforts

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Security Council resolutions relating to

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Such a report would also help keep the

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6 ������,

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The UN and its partners should host an

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to share good practices, lessons learned,

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Group on Rehabilitation and Reintegration.

The conference could build on the issues

highlighted in this collection and provide an

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Page 19: UNU UN DDR in an Era of Violent Extremism · threats to international peace and security and uphold the values enshrined in its Charter, the question of whether and how to engage

CHAPTER 3 THE BLUE FLAG IN GREY ZONES: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CVE AND DDR IN UN FIELD OPERATIONS79

the participants could be facilitated by a

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can serve as a repository also for relevant

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already contribute to efforts to prevent

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whether the UN is the right entity to

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rehabilitation, and issues surrounding

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the role of the UN in countering violent

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which UN entities will be involved in, and

lead, this work.

• �iÛi��«�i�Ì��v�>�,�Ã��ƂÃÃiÃÃ�i�Ì�>�`�

-VÀii���}�/����Ì��-VÀii��v�À�6 "Ã����

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a tool could draw on ones developed for

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ÝÌÀi��Ã�132 – but will need to be tailored

to each DDR setting.

Conclusion

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threats to international peace and security that

they pose underscores the potential for the UN

to play a critical role in efforts to counter violent

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ÃiÛi��`iV>`iÃ��v�`iÛi��«�i�Ì]��Õ�>��Ì>À�>�]�

and peacekeeping work, the UN is well placed to

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«�Ã�Ì�Ûi�`iÛi��«�i�ÌÃ����Ì�i�V�Õ�ÌiÀÌiÀÀ�À�Ã��

architecture at headquarters, the challenges

v>Vi`�LÞ�1 ���ÃÃ���Ã��«iÀ>Ì��}����V��y�VÌ�ë>ViÃ�

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v�À�}Ài>ÌiÀ�i�}>}i�i�Ì�Ü�Ì��>�`�ÃÕ««�ÀÌ�v�À�

wi�`���ÃÃ���ð�ƂÃ�ÃiVÕÀ�ÌÞ�Ì�Ài>ÌÃ�iÛ��Ûi]�Ã��Ì���

�ÕÃÌ�Ì�i���ÌiÀ�>Ì���>��Àië��Ãi]�>�`�Ì�i�«���Ì�V>��

}Õ�`>�Vi�Ì��Ì�i�wi�`������Ü�Ì��V��`ÕVÌ���,�

���V��«�iÝ�V��y�VÌ�i�Û�À���i�Ìð�7�iÀi>Ã]�Ì�i�

IDDRS and later the Second Generation DDR

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�v�Ì�i��>ÃÌ�`iV>`i]�Ì�i�i�iÀ}i�Vi�>�`�iÝ«>�Ã����

of terrorist groups and their roles in instigating

social and political instability, fuelling sectarian

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