Unraveling advanced compression ignition combustionusing optical diagnosticsZegers, R.P.C.

DOI:10.6100/IR734708

Published: 01/01/2012

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Citation for published version (APA):Zegers, R. P. C. (2012). Unraveling advanced compression ignition combustion using optical diagnosticsEindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven DOI: 10.6100/IR734708

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https://doi.org/10.6100/IR734708https://research.tue.nl/en/publications/unraveling-advanced-compression-ignition-combustion-using-optical-diagnostics(9d5010e9-b95a-4361-bb59-589331930b23).html

Unraveling advanced compression ignition

combustion using optical diagnostics

Ron Zegers

Ron ZegersUnraveling advanced com

pression ignition combustion using optical diagnostics.

Unraveling advanced compression ignitioncombustion

using optical diagnostics

PROEFSCHRIFT

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan deTechnische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van derector magnificus, prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een

commissie aangewezen door het College voorPromoties in het openbaar te verdedigen

op dinsdag 28 augustus 2012 om 16.00 uur

door

Ronald Peter Christiaan Zegers

geboren te Heerlen

Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor:

prof.dr. L.P.H. de Goey

Copromotoren:dr.ir. C.C.M. Luijtenendr. N.J. Dam

Copyright 2012 by R.P.C. ZegersAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a re-trieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author.

This research is supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, which is partof the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and partly funded bythe Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (project number 07911).

A catalogue record is available from the Eindhoven University of Technology LibraryISBN: 978-90-386-3196-7

Uitgeverij BOXPress || Proefschriftmaken.nlCover design by Robert van Dijk, Eindhoven.

ii

Contents

Contents

Contents iii

Summary vii

1 Introduction 11.1 Thesis outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Combustion strategies 52.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 Advanced compression-ignition combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2.1 Port fuel injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2.2 Early Direct injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.2.3 Late Direct injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.2.4 Multiple injection strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.3 Parameters influencing LTC combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.3.1 Stratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.2 Exhaust gas recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.3 Fuel composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.3.4 Compression ratio and load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.4 Controlling mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Flows in engines using PIV 13

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.3.1 Reynolds decomposed velocity fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.3.2 Turbulence intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.3.3 Turbulent kinetic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.3.4 Vorticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.3.5 Swirl center position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.4 Conclusions and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 High-speed PIV during fuel injection 23

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.2.1 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.2.2 Experimental datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.2.3 Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.3.1 Dataset 1: No injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.3.2 Dataset 2: Fuel injections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

iii

Contents

4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Temperature measurements using Toluene PLIF 49

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

5.2.1 Optically accessible engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515.2.2 High-pressure cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525.2.3 LIF setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535.2.4 Numerical setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

5.3 Aspects of quantitative measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575.3.1 Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585.3.2 Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595.3.3 Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.3.4 Optical effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.3.5 Collisional quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.3.6 Background subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615.3.7 Spatial alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615.3.8 Flat-fielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615.3.9 Evaluation of spatial alignment and flat field correction . . . . 62

5.4 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625.4.1 Optical path corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645.4.2 Engine model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645.4.3 Error analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

5.5 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675.5.1 Optically accessible engine results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675.5.2 High-pressure cell results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

5.6 Conclusions and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755.7 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.8 Appendix Data processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

6 Correlation of flame location and ignition delay 796.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806.2 Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

6.2.1 Optically accessible engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816.2.2 Optical diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.2.3 Artifical EGR system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856.2.4 Operating parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

6.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876.3.1 Varying oxygen concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886.3.2 Varying fuel reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.3.3 Varying equivalence ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906.3.4 Emissions versus ignition delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936.3.5 OH* chemiluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936.3.6 Flame location versus ignition delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956.3.7 Flame location versus load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

iv

Contents

6.3.8 Multiple injection strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

7 General discussion 1057.1 Optical diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .