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N I G E W LAIR CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

EssaysinHanourd. SIR, CHIEF (DR) GABRI[EL OSAWARZT IGBINEDION, JP., LLD., GCKB.

THEE§AMA OF BENIN KINGDOM &CHANCEUOR

Prof. M.O. Ogongbe (Dean) C College of Law, Igbhedion Univedy, Ok&

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PAGE C

. . ... *.. I , . , .,. X

... . . . ,Fo~eworc' ... . . . . . . , , . xi: ... ... ... Ptt$de ... . . . . . . . . xiii ... ... ... ... ... Coatribrrtors ... ... .-. xh,

~ i a ~ C q b & r . . . . . . . .'. ... ... . ... . . . . . ..: xvii

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Part I: PWATE LAW ' . CBY,*O~=: SWWOR-s AWD C A R G Q W O ~ S

W C ~ C T O F ~ G ~ INMGERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - O~eakagbu A. Ikedinna

Chapter Two: INTESTATE SUCCESSION AND VVIDOWOOD

-0

m W E R : A F R E W C U S T O M A , R Y LAW I N N I G m A N D S m m C A '? ... 2 1 - i k ~ i a M s o g k r M . 0 .

h

. Chrpteri.pme: CUSTOWY R W AND EVOLUT]:ON OF . . . . . . . . . EFFECTIVE LAWS 51 - I . X @

Chaptor FfPc: AH ENQUIRY INTO TXE RIGHTS OF WORKIN0 CLasSWOMENINNIOEllU . . . . . . 76 - A & r @ i ~

Part H: BUSBESS LAVE-

Chapter Scrm: -BREACH AND &ON - .+ .. ~ ~ O F ~ C O N S U M E R

. . . . . . . . . . . . I 107 -E$rmBcro.~ ~ ~ o d o .

Chapter Eight: cBl[MINAL AND CIVIL LIABILITB OF THE

i . . . COWANY - AN EXAMINATION OF THE STATUS

........ OFTHECOMPANYSECRETARY 138 - S. 0. Akindipc,

0apter Nine: P R N ' O N OF THE PRISON SYSTEM: . . . . . . . . A PANACEA FOR NIGERIA?. 1 52

I - Oluyunisi, Bamgbose (Mrs)

* Part nT: PUBLIC LAW I

Chapter Tea: INSTITUTIONAL MONITORING, ENFORCEMENT, AND THE NIGERIAN J%WRO?WENTAZ, IMPACTASSESSMENT(EL4) ACT CONST'RANTS AND COMPLIANCE . . . . . . . . . 165 - Prqiiior L A. A&egbuo&Folarin Dimowo.

.I - . Chapter ESwem: HUMAN R . I m AND THE LAW AGAINST

PROSmUTlON . . . . . . . . . 183 - Prqf (MrJ) M b. Ogmgbe

mPta w&e MGERDELDID~PMENT COWHSION WIDc) Am HUblAN RIGHTS DMENSIONS 1 %

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viii 3

CSapter lWrheen:$. COMP- EVALUATION OF '- . 2 CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO S?ZZC~-I

. ~ 2 ;3 TFE RIGHT TO GOOD REPUTA? : : 2:: - Jide Opnsakin

Chapter Fourteen: THE LAW OF RAPE IN NIGERIA - . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A REVISIT 227

Jc- - - - . - & r w w w - - - 4.-

i . ' !

apter-: TOR~TO~LSOFTORTUREANDANTON PILLER ORDER: A NEW DIMENSION . . . . 242 - K o l o ~ . . . .

I ti

. c h ~ ~ t u ' s h ~ N I O E ~ S M U L ~ - ~ G I O U S PLATFORM: . . A MYTH OR REALJTY-PUBLIC HOLIDAYS

. . . . . . . . . . . AQUESTION :. 266 - S d m E k w ~ ~ t a

POLITICAL Q:%ZnOh' ,X '<;GEM - 8,7T3 ?ARXrZ:--L.;-T: m35]\;CE TO POLITICAL

Chapter Seventeen: LEGIS- MhNNlTY AND CONlEh4PT . . . . . . OFCOURT . . . . . . 28E

I I i

- Ilia B. I

- p ~ E ~ ~ - cb~Sm;mo~~~~k~soLuTIo~ OF O O ~ C T S : ... " - - . wf;zw $a FEDWSTATE HIGH COURTS &d4E*s

300 . . . . grds >XJ.

Chapter Tbentjr-One: THE LAW AND THE IMPRTSONMENT k2 * I' ._ - OF CHILDREN: THE NVENILE JUSTICE - -.-

sysm . . . . . . . . . 337 - Prq$usar M. 0. Adrdrm

. -. .#

=.

Chapter ~ i n - ARBlTRkllON AND MEDIATION - WHEN . . * .*, % 7

IS EITHER BETTER SUITED FOR DISPUTE t;

... RESOLUTION . a . m - Pro/iw (Mrs. Ad 0. OStrnph h\h+3,* B lfi=i2'.F9f tPPB=? Jl,+Bi;e$z.--~; - rnbn@@~-I~,k

. L.- s. 7 %,* .. II - .

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Chapter Nine: PRIVATISATION OF THE PRISON SYSTEM: A PANACEA FOR NIGERIA?

prislons ham gone through many changes since its inception. As thne are remodeling in the world outside, new attitudes and philosophies are b c i i adopted under the criminal justice system. The prison m e over the last century has evolved largely as a response to criticisms within and outside governmental @ms. Despite its in the gmed penal schane, the prison system has @d a highly critical assessment. There is no doubttbatCrimeratebasinawrsed~nomicaUyovertheyernsandthtu~e of imprisonment as a sentedng method has grcatly i n d .

The primary mandate of the prison is confinement. AS succinctly put by Logan, the mission of a prison is to keep prisoners -to keep them in, keep them safe, keep them busy a d to do Ji v,<& ftiimes? ~nri_.hout aqhc sfiering and as efficiently as possible. The ques~on is the extern to which &e prison bas achieved tbis. A re~uning problem in the prison system worldwide is ' that of overcrowdfhg and congestion. The ripple effect of conge'kions in most prison are m a n i f i i in non - classificatipn of prisoners, inadequate beddings, sickex& physicat conditions, poor feeding, inadequate s-g, bad state of prisoners health and iqmmed rate of recidivism. This present state of the prisons has degenerated to a level that several methods have been adopted to solve the problem.

P r i v M o n of prisons is one of the methods ailopted by different national policies in reSponSe to the growing problem of prisons crowding and congestioa h spite of aery effort to use privatisation to solve the problem ofprisans in d i fka t nations, policy remains as controversia! today as it was when it emerged. The crux of this paper is to examine the genesis of p i i d d o n in Cac%ling the problem in prisons, the debates and controvasits on its introductian into the jn%011 system and finaIly lessons for the Nigerian government h m global @-.

Punishment har tle::.

---?-,

some r ird to me

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l%e issue whetha or 201 t 0 ' ~ : 1 l s l ~ t ,Le pdson system a d tun the mamgcment and opeiztj:~r. - :̂ 35s::: - : - :- ??~z:e f a s has been a hotly c o n t d one in recent ?e~-:. l-. V,TZ I::;. , :i 13r ZLTOW~~ focused services A" - , . .

+-.L-. 3 5 x a t aa like tho health care, foai :enricer z,L'., =ore recently in Nigeria the ~ ~ ~ c a t i 0 ~ to be subject to m&act 'Ibis d m b been . I

1

L.

~~f#)n~havt~h~wif~.lirtbe~~tlm~.~w8sin ttrclawmtni~prisanwhcnt~~serviccs~m~~arfbod stavhsdfinv~.&_rhis-titae,*n-~~ oom*btowll&ldtobcho~~~dbypdntc~l~.~)3i~,~~nl0cd St- gov- responsibility for prisons,6 by mid 1980'9, privrde Grins had S ~ W I I herest iii tht management and total takt OVM of tlhtSC

i public institutions. Thls isme came to i: h e d in &e mid 1980's wbea tht amst carpsation of^ now ?(;ryest private pison com~any i ttte W States of h & c a off& to tako OVQX the w&uk p b q in

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f

3. #.Hwml. TheSWeofRisoes~blishUnlaewn)J7M),pe.16. 4. XO8w. LoAdosRirollsofT*sndy-. Loadbn,N-d-

4333, R& 3. W. S. I i e A Histay of%rgtfsb

b in Histmid Pgopecrives in Matinti011 an 1 M&h# W. 1. ~ ~ ~ W U E V I & I aaS0 1 9 9 3 , . ~ 397.

5. B. Moiusfvey Ammbn R h u : A Hfrtory af -4 O a t a t b ~ i Mmtdak, ? d . J : m t m m r n 1977

: 6. M . M , F ~ ~ ~ o f R i w a s t o ~ ~ ~ ) r O M f q d o a ,

. d b ~ a d . , W . O a m l a y ~ ~ w . I . ) , w v m i t y o f ~ bss'1991, pg. S97.

, . .

1%. I 155

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~this~~sayW1~~wffg~fiomartyS~~-~es&llishme~t.~hc 'low kw, M sbSWt ~ k f st?e&'of r r: z~i?.g h & m ' h a b*."*

The arguncnt for a d tigainst p::.,-z-.sa5o;, : : ;. . s::i .;cli :D: E sery $a% t h e be a subjtd of debate and t:, e ia-ge exten: . : -2: farm e basis f i

m s w w m a k c

the inmates, private prisom weakem the legitimatty of governmental

tuiioniii and I m ~ c p . "

c;anbew,dou&tBat~1'

of Mwte Inurceratioa, Wasbingtan, D.C,

lncarcmtion (Washington D.C, American ~ r r ~ ~ ' W

16. J . jXWo,Tb~TPOo*Qn: ~ ~ r i t i c s l P m p c c t i v e o n t b e P r i & t e ~ r a d t 1- d., D. MuDonald (New Brunswick, N. J. Rtqon rn IWh-

17. Ada*.*lll*. I p . I C I H - d - ( O d r g 1 9 m ,. .

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'-. T ~ $ u i @ ~ n s t m r o h a ~ r o w s t a ~ i o ~ c U n i ~ S l q t e s ~ f P n r k a hr;: ?ssd &a. ~ulborirhy dd~gatik~~ of corec: d Wr.57- . - - .. -_. L-: k,ljt; . . 'Usand &~IS. Thishas b~ done in the t-L-. : ;f Cc:;: - - :

r": o r l a , kessachusetts, Texas, Ut&, New hkxico, Ci:f&~x;~i ;;t

against the poli~y has bet; aebunked. On the is~uc of the dele-g its fimctidn by d:cv+!~ pivate pri#ma, suppordcrs ~ Y e s ~ s s e d . = - - -.L. .& >;.- -. cl-.L; . . . .--. . - . .r. -, . go~~erntnentto pmvidc a

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c o n s i d g p r i ~ o n . " hivabe p k ~ ~ m a cb&qe. a %e ~Wtutid inertia of pubh

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- C Ofpei-03 of $satl. cf dm it sam m ~ q ? . ~ a a l b t m f:: 3~:jq iz-r..,-:_: :: :: szid tf3at primis CM f buih and maintains5 icss sx;f:s:-7::, --- , , , --.;-::: s~ctor. A

P k-

.* *- - . . z

%

. . # . * hivatlsstion System in Nigeria . W' - ,?

The prim ryrtcol in Nigaia is a creation of ~olonialism in pre- ..

. ~ I 0 n i d Nigeria. There was evidence of the use of confmemt~.t md :L 5,. C hawration B ~ W fh Ybz-&a and Ed0 people. The modan c0Ionial priao.

system bore little a no *adtip with similar indigenous iosbMom. lh $ colonial prison to a lage e x a t WSs modeled after the British pdsomn in terms of mUchn+ building7 w e o n , ngulation, skd&g and discipline. %- -

Two main landmarks in the history ofthe pfiso: systsa h Nigcda have hplication for the administratioil, s&uc?re a i d mr1;ijoi of the @om up io the present times.ll These..are: t6e iurpact o: P:e&ericL Lugads acfministratiun in 19ld snl the DoIan reform of the prison system which occurred the Second World War fiom 1945 to 1955.

-

PrivaMngthcPrbons SY- usingthe PriMte Sdaorto detemhe h e , National Center for Policy Analysis. Dallas. T k u s 2001. NCPA - Study6 # 181, h t @ ~ c ~ a , ~ a / ~ d i ~ s l 8 1 / 1 8 1 p . i 1 W . Alsa see N.Xiong, "Private Prisons: A ~ U ~ O I I ofdIi@: m e New YO& h, 13 July 1997. See abo N.Xim& "Private Riscms: A Q u ~ . o n of Savingsn, The Nnv York Times, 13 Jufy 1997. Should Grime pay? Private Prisons do wt save money. Amen'can Federation of State, m t r y md rnunkiaal ~ ~ I o Y c ~ s . w ~ w . ~ . o r g / p r i ~ ~ t e I c r i m e po2,htm, Pmjcad F. Y. 2% Cost d D ~ . O p n t r d Medium Security Bsda Cornpad to Private Prjsons C011tmt Damis Cunningham, P Annual Privatizing Security Correctional Facilities. sponsored &y World Research Group, h vagas, Nevada, September 24,1999.

. M. ~ k i n g IhC RLnr Syrtrm. using the private sector to atcr crhu, ~ a t i o m ~ . . R Center bor Policy Analysis, Dallas, Texas 2001, NCPA - Study # 181. h t t p Y w w m q a ~ d W i e d s l 8 1/181 phtml

31. Ayo Ajomo and I. I?. Okagbue, bison in Human Rights and the Administration of ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ O f A d v a n a d ~ ~ t u d i e s ~ ~ SeriesNo. 1 1999,pg. 176. .

Werius~ Low: Co.~mpo.w?. issum

The D o h .er.~ .,:ihesseShe putting into placc what ronstitnt: '.&?.ae-,-- - -?.-.

,I. A- y -- C, ; p~:t: ::f : - -. i .w:r-zPr i~rfi j~h utlf-d~k deteri~~aef ornd decayed. In tCs : i ,-rructurts md administratio& not nrach change bi;s ou;mi?d in the prim5 s2-srtm ir; Nigeria despite ?he spW doi$ oftbt

A\#le;"thegrisOnm dm--

-. 4

32 in TO. ~lies, (cd.~ 7 . k 9 6 8 , ~ ltf,

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PrivaCkdofi oj &.r .+ision S J ' S I ~ A Pmacea for Nigeria?

At tbe time it, is ~ f c a , i 5.5 no& Gitif siMm in N i b &is s h i f t s d m r p h . s i r i n b u s i n e ~ ; ~ m m r m ~ ~ - ~ b s ~ b i g h p m m ~ ~ h i r ~

TBs-wbe

&*safetg,- p u E r ~ * s r t a f f

~bcin&andin~051of;mnatcEado ~ac**-~~pol1.~hir~il lrmrrgurwclltathelcfonndm of the prison system*

U n l ~ ~ s t y k o f ~ ~ o n i n ~ ~ t h e H o m e office is said to eoy a monopoly, in ~i~cr ia , there is a trsmmdou~ amount of-CHI of-091. In Nigeria, the flow of-0115 ~ ~ s y s o r m ~ ~ t h t ~ 6 0 f h ~ ~ a n d ~ t o i d i v i ~ ~ ~ ~ p b m n m d a r ~ ~ ~ o f ~ n ~ ~ t f s h s b u d c d b y a ~~r of Prison at the apex, Assistant Directors at the headquarters and ControUm in the states.

strtaeinAnsnior,lhtm

rn:f:'_:r=rL?g flup ifand when W ~ s s a ~ . ~ - .. .

: - - r;i2ter h e argument in favour or agains~privak.: 2:. : : 3:: : r.: -.. &. = d, . . ,. .-23 skeptics who are suspicious of the. pri\latizaz.: :. 7: -.:, f: - L - p5: : r r.,7tem. Natban succinctfy b r i b e d the privatizatior. prOEaRLr!f E

"a a iit on a haucid time bomb.= The ~hepgicnw in tht United States is re1eVant as a Itsson for N ' i I n m ~ l 9 ~ b ~ L i t c ~ ~ d h s S ( ~ 1 i n B e U n i t a d S ~ ~ 1 m r

. *'thG~lanof*n-*mdpolit icaip~c~a3nbo pr iv&i*1prisono .TheStrserp2noc lcbtq~~idea~~, tkSt ide adhtlrrt*nsofmcnacI/Zo.dpiBD~~OPC~f~~wsp r u n b y t b e S t a t e w h i f t t h t o t b n t w o y d n ~ b t w o p r i v a t e ~ ~ . T h e ~ ~ ~ c n f ~ t o 6 0 ~ ~ l s i d d a u n ~ r m d m i s S i o n s a s stipui8tcdby*;gp-*

mtbc~o~idmr~-.~.Sa;irn~bctllrclltrmc d e c i & ~ t o p P i ~ t h e N i g e d r r n p i r O n ~ W I d l e i t i s ~ t h a t t b t p r i s o n s y s t c m i s Q a ~ m t s r , ~ s b o l l l d n o t b e h a i i a d ; k s t h e curedlfortheummpt&kdbg~dbIdsaaP.LWdbc~into c o ~ ~ ~ o i a i s ~ o a e of ED offender. Consideaing the p+z;ieon, it i s m that i o d m t b e Nwat prism syse~.

cost &kcti= 4 mirre cwsmtive shwd t BuiWe60thoN~~ay.

tleamws * i d fiats, tommunity service, wmpcllsltion and cwfbw &. &re d y a nm fmm of "Rison Sentenwn lmom as "!krvicc Work" vrns~ daptd in lstad whaeby an offender could be swtcnotd to ~ 8 0 ~ M l l t sad W d tire sentence without actually ever passing thou@ tfie lrrison m"

. ~ h c ~ipa*n O O V ~ is a m of& hpmtancc of pr(ariog u W ~ p r i v a t e s e c t o t . ~ ~ m a d i a e t o ~ ~ ~ o f t h e F ~ o n ,

-llcport

'- . 4 ~ * s o b b . , l v l m t . ~ . * . ~ ~ & b ~ l d ~ r i . *

~ l , c T i & l a i ~ ~ r l t - 5 1 1 9 . Sscrb6EC,Bmd-winkiaUbatytnda ~ t t a n m - t R ~ f p t i ~ f s & ) A - ~ ~ i "

Cbicrgo: IMICIU, 1991, pp. 293 - 304.

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'41. Akinlolu SeptEmbi; 'Olujimni, "ReforSming pg 'i3. the ~ustia S+ in WiWicln The Punch,

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