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University of Groningen Medication use for acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam Nguyen, Thang IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Nguyen, T. (2018). Medication use for acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam. [Groningen]: University of Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 12-01-2020

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Page 1: University of Groningen Medication use for acute coronary ... · major cardiovascular outcomes (Chapter 3). 3. To determine types and the effect of interventions tested to improve

University of Groningen

Medication use for acute coronary syndrome in VietnamNguyen, Thang

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.

Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Publication date:2018

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):Nguyen, T. (2018). Medication use for acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam. [Groningen]: University ofGroningen.

CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.

Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.

Download date: 12-01-2020

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Addendum

SummarySamenvatting (Dutch summary)Tóm tắt (Vietnamese summary)

AcknowledgmentsList of PublicationsCurriculum Vitae

Previous Dissertations of SHARE

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SummaryIschemic heart diseases (IHDs) including acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stable angina are the world’s biggest killer. Survivors of ACS have an increased risk of recurrent infarc‑tions. Their annual death rate is up to six times higher compared to people of the same age without IHDs. Evidence‑based treatment for secondary prevention includes the use of antiplatelet agents, beta‑blockers, angiotensin‑converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins, as well as modifying lifestyle. The benefits are large, for example, medication use combined with smoking cessation may prevent nearly 75% of recurrent vascular events. Despite substantial benefits and generally low treatment costs, appropriate measures for secondary preven‑tion after ACS are implemented in  less than half of eligible patients, even in high‑income countries. Inequality, lack of access to health care, inefficient use of limited resources and investment of scarce resources in  interventions that are not cost‑effective, the secondary prevention coverage is far worse in low‑ and middle‑income countries (LMICs).

This thesis has been inspired by  the wish to gain more insight into the process of medicine use and to develop interventions to improve secondary prevention of ACS in  Vietnam where ACS is one of the leading causes of deaths. The first part of the thesis focuses on  physician adherence to prescribing guidelines. In Vietnam, little is known whether physicians prescribe according to guidelines and whether there is an association between guideline adherence and patient outcomes. "Drugs don't work in patients who don't take them" (C. Everett Koop), therefore, the second part of this thesis focuses on  patient adherence to treatment. Little is known about the level of patient adherence to treatment for ACS and the role of pharmacists to support patients in Vietnam. To measure medication adherence, standardized questionnaires are probably the most appropriate tool in LMICs like Vietnam. The aims were:1. To determine the extent of physician adherence to prescribing guideline‑recommended

medications for patients with acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam (Chapter 2).2. To determine the association between in‑hospital guideline adherence and postdischarge

major cardiovascular outcomes (Chapter 3).3. To determine types and the effect of interventions tested to improve prescribing and

health outcomes in patients with ischemic heart diseases (Chapter 4).4. To translate and cross‑culturally adapt the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire,

the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire, and the Eight‑item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale into Vietnamese (Chapter 5).

5. To determine the extent of patient adherence to taking cardioprotective medications for acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam (Chapter 6).

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Summary

6. To assess whether a  pharmacist‑led intervention enhances medication adherence in patients with acute coronary syndrome and reduces mortality and hospital readmis‑sion (Chapter 7).

In the first part, the cross‑sectional study in two Vietnamese hospitals, 284 patients, showed that physicians strictly adhered to prescribing guideline‑recommended medications [antiplatelet agents, angiotensin‑converting enzyme inhibitors or an angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEIs/ARBs), and statins] for patients with ACS, but adherence was suboptimal for beta‑blockers and clopidogrel loading doses. Patients who underwent percutaneous intervention (PCI) were more likely to receive these medications (Chapter 2). In the cohort study (two hospitals, 512 patients), we found that about half of the patients were prescribed all medications according to guidelines. In about one‑third of patients, major cardiovascular outcomes (hospital admissions and mortality) occurred within the first six months after hospital discharge. A 29% reduction in major cardiovascular outcomes was seen in the first six months after discharge for patients who received medications according to guidelines compared to those who did not. Prior heart failure, renal insufficiency or not receiving PCI also significantly increased the risk of major cardiovascular outcomes (Chapter 3). Our systematic literature review showed that interventions to enhance prescribing guideline‑recommended medications for patients with ischemic heart diseases (IHDs) were of organizational or professional nature. The interventions significantly improved prescribing of statins/lipid lowering agents and target blood pressure but not other medications (antiplatelet agents, beta blockers, and ACEIs/ARBs) and patient health outcomes. Our findings support the need for improving physician adherence to guidelines (Chapter 4). Financial and regulatory strategies could be tested. These could be integrated into large quality improvement programs with close cooperation of all healthcare professionals. In practice, any intervention needs to fit the local context and local barriers to change should be addressed.

In the second part, we translated and cross‑culturally adapted the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), the Belief about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), and the Eight‑item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS‑8) into Vietnamese. Our findings suggested that the Vietnamese version of these questionnaires were reliable tools for assessing perception of illness, beliefs about medicines, and medication adherence in patients with ACS in Vietnam and could be used in further studies with IHDs and for other disease areas (Chapter 5). In our observational study (two hospitals, 95 patients), over three‑quarters of the patients with ACS in Vietnam were adherent to treatment in the first six months after discharge. Most frequently reported reasons for non‑adherence were missing/forgetting taking medicine, not complying with medical visits, and finding it hassling to stick to treatment. Patients who perceived that ACS had serious consequences, who believed stronger in the necessity of prescribed medications, and who were adherent at one or three months after discharge were more likely to be adherent at six months. Patients who perceived they had personal control of ACS or believed that physicians overused medicines were less

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Summary

likely to be adherent (Chapter 6). In our randomized controlled trial (RCT) (166 patients at baseline: 87 control and 79 intervention), we found that the intervention comprising of pharmacist‑led medication counselling, tailored patient education, and providing medica‑tion aids enhanced the proportion of adherent patients by over 13% in the first three months after discharge, but there was no statistically significant improvement in  quality of life, mortality or readmission to hospital over the 3 months of the study (Chapter 7). The role of pharmacists in Vietnam has been expanding. They strive to provide services on medication management to support rational use of medications. With an increasing number of patients needing the long‑term use of secondary prevention medications for treatment of chronic diseases, the pharmacist should become an essential partner for other healthcare profes‑sionals and the patients.

In summary, survivors from an ACS are at increased risk of recurrent infarctions and death. We have shown that adherence to prescribing and medicine taking remains subop‑timal in clinical practice. We have also shown that prescribing according to guidelines and medication adherence reduced morbidity and mortality in patients with IHDs. We hope that our results contribute to change the Vietnamese health service for IHDs to improve patient care. Furthermore, we hope that our results trigger policymakers, healthcare professionals and researchers in Vietnam and similar LMICs to investigate how improve the medication use process for other non‑communicable diseases.

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Samenvatting (Dutch summary)Ischemische hartziekten, waaronder acuut coronair syndroom (ACS) en stabiele angina, vormen 's werelds grootste doodsoorzaak. Overlevenden van een ACS hebben een verhoogd risico op recidiverende infarcten. Het jaarlijkse sterftecijfer onder deze groep mensen is tot zes keer hoger ten opzichte van mensen met dezelfde leeftijd zonder ischemische hartziekten . De evidence‑based behandeling voor secundaire preventie omvat het gebruik van throm‑bocytenaggregatieremmers, bètablokkers, angiotensin‑converting enzyme remmers (ACEr) en statines, evenals aanpassing van de levensstijl. De gezondheidswinst van deze behandeling is groot. Bijna 75% van de recidiverende vasculaire gebeurtenissen kan worden voorkomen door medicijngebruik in combinatie met stoppen met roken. Ondanks deze gezondheidswinst en de over het algemeen lage behandelingskosten, worden geschikte maatregelen voor secundaire preventie slechts bij minder dan de helft van de in aanmerking komende patiënten toegepast. Zelfs in landen met een hoog inkomen. In lage‑ en middenin‑komenslanden (LMIC’s) is de secundaire preventie nog lager door ongelijke behandeling, gebrek aan toegang tot gezondheidszorg, inefficiënt gebruik van schaarse middelen én het gebruik van schaarse middelen bij niet‑kosteneffectieve behandelingen.

Dit proefschrift is gebaseerd op de wens om meer inzicht te krijgen in het proces van geneesmiddelgebruik in Vietnam. Daarnaast is getracht interventies te ontwikkelen ter verbetering van de secundaire preventie van ACS in Vietnam, waar ACS een van de meest voorkomende doodsoorzaken is. Het eerste deel van het proefschrift richt zich op de naleving van voorschrijfrichtlijnen door artsen. In Vietnam is weinig bekend over het naleven van voorschrijfrichtlijnen door artsen en of er een verband bestaat tussen het navolgen van de richtlijnen en patiëntuitkomsten. "Geneesmiddelen werken niet bij patiënten die ze niet nemen" (C. Everett Koop), daarom richt het tweede deel van dit proefschrift zich op de therapietrouw van de patiënt. Slechts in enkele studies is onderzoek gedaan naar de thera‑pietrouw bij patiënten met ACS en de rol van apothekers bij het verbeteren van de therapie‑trouw in Vietnam. Gestandaardiseerde vragenlijsten zijn waarschijnlijk het meest geschikte hulpmiddel om therapietrouw te kunnen meten in LMIC's zoals Vietnam. De doelen van dit proefschrift waren:1. Vaststellen in hoeverre de arts geneesmiddelen voorschrijft volgens de richtlijn bij

patiënten met ACS in Vietnam (Hoofdstuk 2).2. Vaststellen wat het verband is tussen het voorschrijven van geneesmiddelen volgens de

richtlijnen in het ziekenhuis en de belangrijkste cardiovasculaire uitkomsten na ontslag (Hoofdstuk 3).

3. Bepalen van de typen interventies en het effect ervan voor het verbeteren van het voorschrijven bij patiënten met ischemische hartziekten (Hoofdstuk 4).

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Samenvatting (Dutch summary)

4. Het vertalen en cross‑cultureel aanpassen van de volgende vragenlijsten in het Vietnamees: Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) en de Eight‑item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS‑8) (Hoofdstuk 5).

5. Bepalen van de mate van therapietrouw van ACS patiënten bij het nemen van cardiopro‑tectieve geneesmiddelen in Vietnam (Hoofdstuk 6).

6. Beoordelen of een interventie door de apotheker de therapietrouw kan verbeteren bij patiënten met ACS en daarbij de mortaliteit en heropname in het ziekenhuis vermindert (Hoofdstuk 7).

De cross‑sectionele studie in het eerste deel van dit proefschrift (twee Vietnamese ziekenhuizen, 284 patiënten) beschrijft dat artsen zich strikt hielden aan het voorschrijven van door richtlijnen aanbevolen medicatie voor patiënten met ACS waar het de volgende geneesmiddelen betreft; thrombocytenaggregateremmers, ACEr of angiotensine II‑receptorblokkers (ARB), en statines. Het in acht nemen van de voorschrijfrichtlijnen was echter suboptimaal voor bètablokkers en oplaaddoseringen clopidogrel. Deze laatst genoemde geneesmiddelen werden vaker voorgeschreven bij patiënten die een percutane interventie (PCI) ondergingen (Hoofdstuk 2). In de cohortstudie (twee Vietnamese ziekenhuizen, 512 patiënten) ontdekten wij dat bij ongeveer de helft van de patiënten alle geneesmiddelen volgens de richtlijnen waren voorgeschreven. Ongeveer een derde van de patiënten hadden cardiovasculaire events (ziekenhuisopnames, mortaliteit) binnen de eerste zes maanden na ontslag uit het ziekenhuis. Patiënten die medicatie volgens richt‑lijnen voorgeschreven kregen hadden 29% minder cardiovasculaire events in de eerste zes maanden na ontslag in vergelijking met patiënten dit niet volgens richtlijnen behandelt werden. De co‑morbiditeiten hartfalen en nierinsufficiëntie of het niet‑ontvangen van PCI verhoogden ook significant het risico op cardiovasculaire events (Hoofdstuk 3). Onze systematische literatuurstudie toonde aan dat de interventies voor het verbeteren van voorschrijven van geneesmiddelen volgens de richtlijnen voor patiënten met ischemische hartziekten van organisatorische of professionele aard waren. Deze interventies verbeterden significant het voorschrijven van statines/lipiden‑verlagende middelen en het behalen van de beoogde bloeddruk, maar verbeterden niet het voorschrijven van andere geneesmid‑delen (thrombocytenaggregatie remmers, bètablokkers en ACEr/ARB) en andere gezond‑heidsuitkomsten van de patiënt. Onze bevindingen ondersteunen de noodzaak om de naleving van voorschrijfrichtlijnen door artsen te verbeteren (Hoofdstuk 4). Financiële en regulatoire strategieën kunnen getest worden door deze te integreren in programma's voor kwaliteitsverbetering in nauwe samenwerking met alle professionele zorgverleners. In de praktijk moet elke interventie passen in de lokale context en moeten lokale belemmeringen voor verandering worden aangepakt.

In het tweede deel hebben wij de volgende vragenlijsten in het Vietnamees vertaald en cross‑cultureel aangepast: Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), Beliefs about

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Samenvatting (Dutch summary)

Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) en de Eight‑item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS‑8). De Vietnamese versies van deze vragenlijsten waren betrouwbare hulpmiddelen voor het beoordelen van de perceptie van ziekte, opvattingen over geneesmiddelen en thera‑pietrouw bij patiënten met ACS in Vietnam. Deze vragenlijsten kunnen worden gebruikt in vervolgonderzoeken met patiënten met ischemische hartziekten en voor andere ziekten (Hoofdstuk 5). In onze observationele studie (twee ziekenhuizen, 95 patiënten) vonden wij dat meer dan driekwart van de patiënten met ACS in Vietnam gedurende de eerste zes maanden na ontslag uit het ziekenhuis therapietrouw was. De meest voorkomende redenen voor therapie‑ontrouw waren het vergeten of simpelweg niet innemen van geneesmiddelen, het niet komen opdagen bij vervolgafspraken met de behandelend arts en moeite om zich te houden aan de behandeling. Patiënten die vonden dat ACS ernstige gevolgen had, die sterker geloofden in de noodzaak van de voorgeschreven geneesmiddelen en die één of drie maanden na ontslag therapietrouw waren, bleken ook eerder therapietrouw te zijn zes maanden na ontslag uit het ziekenhuis. Patiënten die vonden dat ze zelf de controle over ACS hadden of die vonden dat artsen te veel geneesmiddelen voorschreven, waren minder geneigd om therapietrouw te zijn (Hoofdstuk 6). In onze RCT (166 patiënten bij baseline: 87 controle en 79 interventie) ontdekten wij dat de interventie, bestaande uit medicatiebegelei‑ding door de apotheker, op maat geleverde patiëntenvoorlichting en het bieden van medica‑tiehulpmiddelen, het aandeel therapietrouwe patiënten verhoogde met 13% in de eerste drie maanden na ontslag. Er was echter geen statistisch significante verbetering van de kwaliteit van leven, mortaliteit of heropname in het ziekenhuis gedurende de 3 maanden van het onderzoek (Hoofdstuk 7). De rol van apothekers in Vietnam breidt uit van het verstrekken van geneesmiddelen naar ook het leveren van services omtrent medicatiemanagement en het ondersteunen van goed geneesmiddelgebruik. Het aantal patiënten dat langdurig medicatie nodig heeft voor secundaire preventie bij de behandeling van chronische ziekten stijgt. Hierdoor zal de apotheker een essentiële partner moeten worden van andere professionele zorgverleners en patiënten, om optimaal gebruik te maken van de geneesmiddelen.

Samenvattend, overlevenden van een ACS hebben een verhoogd risico op terug‑kerende infarcten en overlijden. We hebben aangetoond dat de naleving van richtlijnen bij voorschrijven door artsen en de therapietrouw door de patiënt in de praktijk suboptimaal zijn. Evenals lieten we zien dat voorschrijven volgens richtlijnen en therapietrouw zowel morbiditeit als mortaliteit bij patiënten met ischemische hartziekten vermindert. Wij hopen dat onze resultaten tot veranderingen in de gezondheidszorg in Vietnam leiden, met name het ontwikkelen van interventies om voorschrijven volgens richtlijnen te bevorderen en het versterken van de rol van apothekers om patiënten bij therapietrouw te ondersteunen. Dit proefschrift is hopelijk ook een trigger voor onderzoekers, beleidsmakers en zorgpro‑fessionals in Vietnam en andere LMIC’s om het gebruik van geneesmiddelen voor andere chronische ziekten te verbeteren.

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Tóm tắt (Vietnamese summary)Bệnh mạch vành (IHD) bao gồm hội chứng vành cấp (ACS) và đau thắt ngực ổn định là một trong những nguyên nhân gây tử vong hàng đầu trên toàn thế giới. Bệnh nhân sau ACS có nguy cơ cao tái nhồi máu và có tỷ lệ tử vong hàng năm cao hơn có thể đến 6 lần so với người cùng độ tuổi mà không mắc ACS. Điều trị phòng ngừa thứ phát bao gồm sử dụng thuốc chống kết tập tiểu cầu, ức chế thụ thể beta giao cảm, ức chế men chuyển và statin, cũng như kết hợp với việc thay đổi lối sống. Lợi ích của từng thuốc đã được chứng minh, khi các thuốc được chỉ định kết hợp đồng thời với việc ngưng hút thuốc lá giúp ngăn ngừa được gần 75% các biến cố tim mạch. Mặc dù có nhiều lợi ích và chi phí điều trị thường không cao, việc đánh giá điều trị phòng ngừa thứ phát cho bệnh nhân sau ACS chỉ mới áp dụng không đến một nửa số bệnh nhân ở các nước có thu nhập cao. Ở các nước có thu nhập thấp và trung bình, con số này còn thấp hơn do sự mất cân đối và yếu kém của hệ thống y tế.

Quyển luận án được thực hiện nhằm đánh giá cụ thể quá trình sử dụng thuốc và đóng góp vào việc xây dựng các biện pháp can thiệp giúp nâng cao sử dụng thuốc bám sát hướng dẫn điều trị của bác sĩ và tuân thủ điều trị của bệnh nhân sau ACS ở Việt Nam, nơi mà ACS cũng là một trong những nguyên nhân gây tử vong hàng đầu. Quyển luận án tập trung vào hai giai đoạn chính của quá trình sử dụng thuốc. Phần đầu nghiên cứu việc sử dụng thuốc bám sát hướng dẫn điều trị của bác sĩ. Ở Việt Nam, việc sử dụng thuốc bám sát hướng dẫn điều trị và sự ảnh hưởng đến kết cục lâm sàng của bệnh nhân vẫn chưa được nghiên cứu đầy đủ. Chẳng những vậy, trên thế giới cũng chưa có các bài tổng quan hệ thống hay phân tích gộp đánh giá hiệu quả của các biện pháp can thiệp giúp nâng cao chất lượng kê đơn thuốc trong điều trị cho bệnh nhân IHD. "Thuốc không thể có tác dụng ở bệnh nhân không sử dụng chúng" (C. Everett Koop), vì vậy ở phần sau của luận án, chúng tôi tập trung vào nghiên cứu việc tuân thủ điều trị của bệnh nhân. Thực tế cho thấy chưa có nghiên cứu đầy đủ đánh giá mức độ tuân thủ điều trị của bệnh nhân sau ACS và vai trò của người dược sĩ giúp nâng cao sự tuân thủ này ở Việt Nam. Các bộ câu hỏi dùng để đánh giá tuân thủ điều trị có thể nói là biện pháp phù hợp trong điều kiện Việt Nam hiện tại. Chính vì vậy, quyển luận án được thực hiện với các mục tiêu:1. Xác định mức độ bám sát hướng dẫn điều trị của bác sĩ trong kê đơn cho bệnh nhân hội

chứng vành cấp tại Việt Nam (Chương 2).2. Xác định mối liên quan giữa việc bác sĩ kê đơn bám sát hướng dẫn điều trị trong lúc nằm

viện với các biến cố tim mạch chính sau xuất viện của bệnh nhân hội chứng vành cấp tại Việt Nam (Chương 3).

3. Xác định loại và đánh giá hiệu của của các biện pháp can thiệp giúp nâng cao chất lượng kê đơn và kết cục lâm sàng của bệnh nhân bệnh mạch vành (Chương 4).

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Tóm tắt (Vietnamese summary)

4. Dịch sang tiếng Việt và điều chỉnh phù hợp với người Việt các bộ câu hỏi: Nhận thức về bệnh, Niềm tin vào thuốc và Tuân thủ điều trị Morisky (Chương 5).

5. Xác định mức độ tuân thủ điều trị của bệnh nhân hội chứng vành cấp ở Việt Nam (Chương 6).

6. Đánh giá hiệu quả của can thiệp bởi dược sĩ giúp nâng cao tuân thủ điều trị và giảm tỷ lệ tử vong và tái nhập viện ở bệnh nhân hội chứng vành cấp ở Việt Nam (Chương 7).

Ở phần đầu, nghiên cứu cắt ngang của chúng tôi (trên 284 bệnh nhân ở hai bệnh viện tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh) đã xác định được tỷ lệ bám sát hướng dẫn điều trị của bác sĩ khá cao trong kê đơn cho bệnh nhân ACS các thuốc: chống kết tập tiểu cầu, ức chế men chuyển/ chẹn thụ thể angiotensin II và statin; nhưng vẫn chưa cao ở thuốc ức chế thụ thể beta giao cảm và clopidogrel liều khởi đầu. Nghiên cứu cũng cho thấy bệnh nhân được can thiệp mạch vành qua da (PCI) thường được bác sĩ chỉ định thuốc bám sát hướng dẫn điều trị (Chương 2). Trong nghiên cứu đoàn hệ (trên 512 bệnh nhân ở hai bệnh viện tại thành phố Cần Thơ), chúng tôi xác định được gần một nửa số bệnh nhân nhận được đầy đủ các thuốc theo khuyến cáo. Trong 6 tháng sau xuất viện, có khoảng một phần ba số bệnh nhân gặp các biến cố tim mạch chính (tái nhập viện và tử vong). Việc sử dụng thuốc bám sát hướng dẫn điều trị giúp giảm 29% các biến cố tim mạch chính ở bệnh nhân ACS trong sáu tháng đầu sau xuất viện. Ở các bệnh nhân có tiền sử suy tim, suy giảm chức năng thận hoặc không nhận được PCI có tỷ lệ cao xảy ra các biến cố (Chương 3). Bài tổng quan hệ thống và phân tích gộp của chúng tôi cho thấy các biện pháp can thiệp nâng cao tuân thủ điều trị cho bệnh nhân IHD đều có bản chất là tác động trên cách tổ chức và chuyên môn. Các biện pháp can thiệp này giúp cải thiện có y nghĩa việc kê đơn statin/ thuốc điều trị rối loạn lipid máu và tỷ lệ bệnh nhân đạt huyết áp mục tiêu, tuy nhiên, không có hiệu quả trên các thuốc khác (chống kết tập tiểu, ức chế thụ thể beta giao cảm và ức chế men chuyển/ chẹn thủ thể angiotensin II) và các kết cục lâm sàng khác của bệnh nhân (mức LDL‑C mục tiêu và tỷ lệ tử vong) (Chương 4). Các biện pháp can thiệp hướng đến mặt tài chính và quy định nên được kiểm chứng bằng các thử nghiệm lâm sàng ngẫu nhiên có nhóm chứng (RCT). Tất cả các biện pháp can thiệp này có thể được áp dụng thống nhất với sự hợp tác của các nhân viên y tế trong các chương trình nâng cao chất lượng kê đơn với quy mô lớn. Trong thực hành lâm sàng, các biện pháp can thiệp cần phù hợp với thực tế và các khó khăn cụ thể tại cơ sở.

Ở phần sau của quyển luận án, chúng tôi dịch sang tiếng Việt và điều chỉnh các bộ câu hỏi nhận thức về bệnh (BIPQ), niềm tin vào thuốc (BMQ) và tuân thủ điều trị Morisky (MMAS‑8). Kết quả đánh giá cho thấy phiên bản tiếng Việt của các bộ câu hỏi này là công cụ đáng tin cậy để đo lường các phạm trù liên quan cho bệnh nhân ACS ở Việt Nam (Chương 5). Nghiên cứu tiến cứu quan sát của chúng tôi (trên 95 bệnh nhân ở hai bệnh viện tại thành phố Cần Thơ) cho thấy có hơn 75% bệnh nhân ACS tuân thủ điều trị và tỷ lệ này tương đối ổn định trong 6 tháng đầu sau xuất viện. Các ly do không tuân thủ thường được báo cáo là quên dùng thuốc, tái khám không đúng theo hướng dẫn và gặp khó khăn khi phải bám sát chế độ điều trị. Bệnh nhân nhận thức ACS có thể dẫn đến hậu quả nghiêm trọng, tin tưởng vào sự cần thiết của các thuốc được chỉ định, và những bệnh nhân tuân thủ

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Tóm tắt (Vietnamese summary)

điều trị ở thời điểm 1 tháng và 3 tháng sau xuất viện thường sẽ tuân thủ điều trị ở thời điểm 6 tháng sau xuất viện. Bệnh nhân nhận thấy bản thân họ có thể kiểm soát được bệnh hoặc nghĩ là bác sĩ lạm dụng thuốc thường kém tuân thủ điều trị (Chương 6). Trong RCT (ban đầu gồm 166 bệnh nhân được điều trị tại Viện Tim thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: 87 thuộc nhóm chứng và 79 thuộc nhóm can thiệp), chúng tôi nhận thấy biện pháp can thiệp bởi dược sĩ bao gồm tư vấn sử dụng thuốc, giáo dục bệnh nhân và cung cấp các công cụ hỗ trợ sử dụng thuốc giúp nâng cao tỷ lệ tuân thủ trên 13% trong 3 tháng đầu sau xuất viện, tuy nhiên, chất lượng cuộc sống, tỷ lệ tử vong và tái nhập viện không được cải thiện (Chương 7). Vai trò của người dược sĩ ở Việt Nam ngày càng được mở rộng, không chỉ cấp phát thuốc, người dược sĩ còn góp phần rất quan trọng trong việc đảm bảo sử dụng thuốc cho bệnh nhân được hiệu quả, an toàn và hợp ly. Cùng với việc ngày càng nhiều bệnh nhân mắc các bệnh mạn tính cần được điều trị phòng ngừa thứ phát, người dược sĩ trở thành một người cộng tác quan trọng với các nhân viên y tế khác và thậm chí là bệnh nhân để giúp tối ưu hiệu quả điều trị và đạt được kết quả điều trị lâu dài theo mong muốn.

Tóm lại, bệnh nhân sau ACS có nguy cơ cao tái nhồi máu và tử vong. Tuân thủ hướng dẫn điều trị và tuân thủ dùng thuốc được chứng minh giúp giảm gánh nặng bệnh tật và giảm tỷ lệ tử vong ở bệnh nhân IHD. Tuy nhiên, các nghiên cứu của chúng tôi cho thấy tỷ lệ bác sĩ kê đơn bám sát hướng dẫn điều trị và bệnh nhân tuân thủ dùng thuốc vẫn chưa được tối ưu ở Việt Nam. Chúng tôi hy vọng kết quả nghiên cứu góp phần nâng cao chất lượng và hiệu quả trong điều trị cho bệnh nhân IHD tại Việt Nam. Đồng thời, chúng tôi cũng hy vọng kế quả nghiên cứu này là cơ sở để các chuyên gia y tế ở Việt Nam cũng như các nước có thu nhập thấp và trung bình khác có thể đánh giá và xây dựng các biện pháp can thiệp giúp nâng cao chất lượng của quá trình sử dụng thuốc trong điều trị cho các bệnh không lây nhiễm khác.

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AcknowledgmentsFirst of all, I am deeply grateful to my supervisors, Prof. Katja Taxis, Prof. Bob Wilffert, Prof. Tam T Pham, and Dr. Thao H Nguyen. This thesis would not have been possible without the intellectual support and motivation from my principal supervisor, Prof. Katja Taxis. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to work on this project, and for guiding me along the journey. Your openness to consider my opinions and arguments gave me a lot of confidence in doing my research. Thank you, "professor"! I would like to express a great “thank you” to Prof. Bob Wilffert, Prof. Tam T Pham and Dr. Thao H Nguyen for the invaluable encour‑agement during the time I was conducting my research and writing this thesis. My dear respectful teachers, you have inspired me a lot with your passion for conducting research.

Many thanks to my teachers and colleagues at the Deparment of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy of Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, particularly to Ms. Hoang TK Cao, Ms. Khanh K Le, Prof. Suol T Pham, and Ms. Hao Y Tran for numerous constructive discussions. Your tailored advice were extremely valuable for the interpretation and discussion of our research findings.

I would like to thank all my co‑authors: Prof. Eelko Hak, Dr. Hoa TK Pham, Dr. Phong T Pham, Dr. Ban N Ha, Dr. Thu TA Nguyen, Ms. Niken N Widyakusuma, Mr. Hoa Q Nguyen, Ms. Sam X Au, Prof. Donald Morisky, and my dear students (Khoa M Huynh, Phuong TB Vo, Dao TT Tran, Dung N Quach, Linh M Ho, Trang ND Thai, Phu T Nguyen, Ha T Tran, Ngoc V Nguyen, Hieu M Huynh, and Quynh NP Huynh) for the great contribu‑tions to this thesis.

I would like to acknowledge the Vietnam International Education Development for the financial support (Project 911–Project of Training Lecturers with PhD Degree for Universities and Colleges in the period from 2010 to 2020). Thank you Ms. Nga T Tran and Ms. Thuy TT Bui for their constant support during my PhD program.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the members of the assessment committee: Prof. Petra Denig, Prof. Veronika Wirtz, and Prof. Marion Bennie. Thank you so much for your time to read my manuscript and your kind considerations which allowed me to finalize this thesis.

Furthermore, I  would like to express my appreciation to all the Professors, the teaching staff and the PhD students from the Unit PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology & Economics (PTEE). I would like to send a special “thank you” to Bert Bijker and Jugo Pavlovic for your technical support. My sincere thanks go to our secretary, Jannie Schoonveld. Thank you so much for all the arrangements you have made for me.

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Thank you Ms. Annette Korringa for assisting me with all administrative issues and for your constant support during my PhD. Moreover, a word of thankfulness I would like to send to Truus van Ittersum for your kind advice about thesis preparation.

I am grateful to my paranymphs, Linda and Heleen. Thank you very much for your help. My "special day" would not have been successful without your support. I  am also indebted to you who did an excellent translation of the summary of my thesis into Dutch.

A special “thank you” goes to my Vietnamese friends in Groningen. Thank you for the unforgettable time we had together. I am really happy that I have met you and that I have shared with you a memorable part of my life.

To reach this milestone, I am gratefully indebted to all of my family, especially my parents, my wife and my lovely daughter for the endless love and encouragements. Without you and your support, this thesis could hardly have been completed. A huge “thank you” to the nurses, doctors, and pharmacists at the study hospitals and the patients who kindly participated my research. Thank you for the great collaborations. There are many names to mention, please pardon me if I forget someone.

Thank you! Bedankt! Cảm ơn!

Can Tho city, March 2018Thang Nguyen

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List of publications

From this thesisNguyen T, Nguyen TH, Pham HT, Nguyen TT, Huynh KM, Vo PT, Pham TT, Taxis K. Physicians' adherence to acute coronary syndrome prescribing guidelines in  Vietnamese hospital practice: a cross‑sectional study. Trop Med Int Health. 2015 May;20(5):627–637.

Nguyen T, Le KK, Cao HTK, Tran DTT, Ho LM, Thai TND, Pham HTK, Pham PT, Nguyen TH, Hak E, Pham TT, Taxis K. Association between in‑hospital guideline adherence and postdischarge major adverse outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2017 Oct 5;7(10):e017008.

Nguyen T, Nguyen HQ, Widyakusuma NN, Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. Enhancing prescribing of guideline‑recommended medications for ischaemic heart diseases: a system‑atic review and meta‑analysis of interventions targeted at healthcare professionals. BMJ Open. 2018; 8(1):e018271.

Nguyen T, Cao HTK, Quach DN, Morisky D, Le KK, Au SX, Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. The Vietnamese version of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire and the Eight‑item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale: Translation and Cross‑cultural Adaptation. Submitted.

Nguyen T, Cao HTK, Pham ST, Le KK, Quach DN, Ho NLB, Tran TTN, Pham HTK, Pham PT, Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. Patient adherence to treatment for acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam: a prospective observational study. Submitted.

Nguyen T, Nguyen TH, Nguyen PT, Tran HT, Nguyen NV, Nguyen HQ, Ha BN, Pham TT, Taxis K. Pharmacist‑led intervention to enhance medication adherence in patients with acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam: a randomized controlled trial. Submitted.

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Other publicationsHuynh KM, Nguyen T, Nguyen TH. Adherence to clinical practice guidelines on prescribing within 24 hours of admission for patients with acute coronary syndrome in  Vietnamese hospital practice: a cross‑sectional study. Journal of Medicine at Ho Chi Minh City. 2015. (In Vietnamese).

Vo PTB, Nguyen T, Nguyen TH. The survey and evaluation of the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome in some hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City. Journal of Medicine at Ho Chi Minh City. 2015. (In Vietnamese).

Nguyen T, Quach DN, Cao HTK, Le KK, Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. Process of trans‑lation and cross‑cultural adaptation of health questionnaires. Internal Medicine Journal of Vietnam. 2017. (In Vietnamese).

Nguyen TH, Le KK, Thai TND, Nguyen T. Predictors of six‑month mortality and rehospi‑talization in patients with acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam. Journal of Medicine at Ho Chi Minh City. 2017. (In Vietnamese).

Nguyen NV, Nguyen T, Nguyen TH. An overview of medication adherence. Journal of Medicine at Ho Chi Minh City. 2017. (In Vietnamese).

Le MT, Nguyen T, Nguyen TH. Factors associated with prescribing guideline‑recommended medications and factors associated with adverse events after discharge in acute coronary syndrome patients at the Heart Institute, Ho Chi Minh City. Journal of Medicine at Ho Chi Minh City. 2017. (In Vietnamese).

Pham ST, Nguyen T, Cao HTK, Tran TTN, Ho NLB, Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. Medication adherence in patients with acute coronary syndrome in Can Tho city. Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy at Can Tho City. 2018. (In Vietnamese).

Le KK, Nguyen T, Thai TND, Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. Predictors of one‑month mortality and rehospitalization in  patients with acute coronary syndrome in  Vietnam. Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy at Can Tho City. 2018. (In Vietnamese).

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List of publications

Presentations

Nguyen T, Nguyen HQ, Nguyen TH, Pham HTK, Pham TT, Taxis K. Physician adherence to guidelines on prescribing for post‑acute coronary syndrome patients: a systematic review. Presented at the EuroDURG 2014 Scientific meeting with educational courses (at Groningen, the Netherlands in August 2014) and the 14th Vietnam National Congress of Cardiology (at Da Nang City, Vietnam in October 2014).

Nguyen T, Nguyen TH, Pham HT, Nguyen TT, Huynh KM, Vo PT, Pham TT, Taxis K. Physicians' adherence to acute coronary syndrome prescribing guidelines in  Vietnamese hospital practice: a cross‑sectional study. Presented at the 14th Vietnam National Congress of Cardiology (at Da Nang City, Vietnam in October 2014).

Nguyen T, Nguyen TH, Pham ST, Cao HTK, Le KK, Pham HTK, Pham PT, Quach DN, Tran DTT, Pham TT, Taxis K. Translation and Cross‑Cultural Adaptation of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale Into Vietnamese. Presented at the 31st International Conference on  Pharmacoepidemiology & Therapeutic Risk Management (at Boston, USA in  August 2015), the 9th Central Vietnam Open Congress of Cardiology (at Tuy Hoa, Vietnam in July 2017) and the 6th Mekong Delta Open Congress of Medicine and Pharmacy (at Can Tho, Vietnam in January 2018).

Nguyen T, Le KK, Cao HTK, Tran DTT, Ho LM, Thai TND, Pham HTK, Pham PT, Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. Physician adherence to acute coronary syndrome prescribing guidelines in Vietnam: a prospective observational study. Presented at the 32nd International Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology & Therapeutic Risk Management (at Dublin, Scotland in August 2016).

Nguyen T, Cao HTK, Pham ST, Tran DTT, Ho NLB, Tran TTN, Pham HTK, Pham PT, Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. Patient adherence to treatment after discharge for acute coronary syndrome in  Vietnam: a  prospective observational study. Presented at the 32nd International Conference on  Pharmacoepidemiology & Therapeutic Risk Management (at Dublin, Scotland in August 2016), the EuroDURG 2017 Scientific meeting with educational courses (at Glasgow, Scotland in November 2017) and the 6th Mekong Delta Open Congress of Medicine and Pharmacy (at Can Tho, Vietnam in January 2018).

Nguyen T, Nguyen PT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen NV, Nguyen HQ, Ha BNm Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. Pharmacist‑Led Intervention to Enhance Medication Adherence in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in Vietnam: a randomized controlled trial. Presented at the 33rd International Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology & Therapeutic Risk Management (at

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Montreal, Canada in August 2017), the 9th Central Vietnam Open Congress of Cardiology (at Tuy Hoa, Vietnam in July 2017), and the 9th Congress of Medicine and Pharmacy for Young Researchers (at Can Tho, Vietnam in January 2018).

Nguyen T, Le KK, Cao HTK, Tran DTT, Ho LM, Thai TND, Pham HTK, Pham PT, Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. Percutanous coronary intervention in  acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam: associated factors and outcomes. Presented at the 5th Vietnam National Congress of Interventional Cardiology (at Can Tho, Vietnam in November 2017).

Nguyen T, Le KK, Cao HTK, Tran DTT, Ho LM, Thai TND, Pham HTK, Pham PT, Nguyen TH, Pham TT, Taxis K. Factors associated with physician adherence to prescribing guideline‑recommended medications for acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam. Presented at the EuroDURG 2017 Scientific meeting with educational courses (at Glasgow, Scotland in November 2017).

Treciokiene I, Postma MJ, Nguyen T, Fens T, Petkevicius J, Taxis K. A systematic review on  lifestyle change interventions performed by  health care professionals targeting blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Presented in the ISPOR 20th Annual European Congress and the EuroDURG 2017 Scientific meeting with educational courses (at Glasgow, Scotland in November 2017).

Huynh HTM, Nguyen T, Nguyen TH. Performance of the GRACE risk score 2.0 for predicting mortality and Medication Use in  Acute Coronary Syndrome patients in  Ho Chi Minh city. Presented at the 2nd International Conference On Pharmacy Education and Research Network of ASEAN (ASEAN PharmNET 2017) (at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in November 2017).

Huynh QNP, Nguyen T, Nguyen TH. The Vietnamese Version of the Coronary Artery Disease Education Questionnaire – Short Version (CADE‑Q SV): Translation and Cross‑cultural Adaptation. Presented at the 2nd International Conference On Pharmacy Education and Research Network of ASEAN (ASEAN PharmNET 2017) (at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in November 2017). (Awarded The Best Poster Presentation in Clinical Pharmacy/Social Administrative Pharmacy).

Nguyen T, Le KK, Cao HTK, Tran DTT, Ho LM, Thai TND, Pham HTK, Pham PT, Nguyen TH, Hak E, Pham TT, Taxis K. Association between in‑hospital guideline adherence and postdischarge major adverse outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam: a prospective cohort study. Presented at the 9th Congress of Medicine and Pharmacy for Young Researchers (at Can Tho, Vietnam in January 2018).

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Curriculum VitaeThang Nguyen was born on 10th November 1985 in Soc Trang, Vietnam. He gained a bachelor degree in pharmacy from Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam (2008) and master degree in pharmacology and clinical pharmacy from University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (2012).

Since 2008 he works as a lecturer at Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy. From 2008 to 2013, he participated in  several research projects of Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy (Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy) and Department of Clinical Pharmacy (University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh city), mainly focusing on drug interaction and drug use evaluation.

In September 2013, he started a  Ph.D. project at the Unit Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology & Economics (PTEE), University of Groningen, the Netherlands. This study project was supported by the Vietnam International Education Development (Project 911–Project of Training Lecturers with Ph.D. Degree for Universities and Colleges in the period from 2010 to 2020).

The study project has been inspired by the wish to gain more insight into the process of medicine use and contribute to the development of interventions to improve guideline and medication adherence in treatment for acute coronary syndrome in Vietnam. The study project aims to address two stages of the process of medicine use: physician adherence to prescribing according to acute coronary syndrome guidelines and patient adherence to taking cardioprotective medications.

During this time, he had some teaching activities at Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh city and University of Groningen. His teaching responsibilities included the supervision of research projects of bachelor and master students.

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Previous dissertations of SHAREThis thesis is published within the Research Institute SHARE (Science in Healthy Ageing and healthcaRE) of the University Medical Center Groningen / University of Groningen. Further information regarding the institute and its research can be obtained from our internet site: http://www.share.umcg.nl/More recent theses can be found in the list below.((co-) supervisors are between brackets)

2017

Ciere YLiving with chronic headache(prof R Sanderman, dr A Visser, dr J Fleer)

Borkulo CD vanSymptom network models in  depression research; from methodological exploration to clinical application(prof R Schoevers, prof D Borsboom, dr L Boschloo, dr LJ Waldorp)

Schans J van derADHD and atopic diseases; pharmacoepidemiological studies(prof E Hak, prof PJ Hoekstra, dr TW de Vries)

Berhe DFChallenges in using cardiovascular medications in Sub‑Saharan Africa(prof FM Haaijer-Ruskamp, prof K Taxis, dr PGM Mol)

Heininga VEThe happy, the sad, and the anhedonic; towards understanding altered reward function from a micro‑level perspective(prof AJ Oldehinkel, dr E Nederhof, dr GH van Roekel)

Oers AM vanLifestyle intervention in obese infertile women(prof A Hoek, prof BWJ de Mol, dr H Groen)

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Magnée TMental health care in general practice in the context of a system reform(prof PFM Verhaak, prof FG Schellevis, prof DH de Bakker, dr DP de Beurs)

Zon SKR vanSocioeconomic inequalities in work and health(prof SA Reijneveld, prof U Bültmann)

Most PJ van derDevelopment of bioinformatic tools and application of novel statistical methods in genome‑wide analysis(prof H Snieder, Prof P van der Harst, dr IM Nolte)

Fleurke-Rozema HImpact of the 20‑week scan(prof CM Bilardo, prof E Pajkrt, dr RJM Snijders)

Schripsema NRMedical students selection; effects of different admissions processes(prof J Cohen-Schotanus, prof JCC Borleffs, dr AM van Trigt)

Ven HA van deShift your work; towards sustainable employability by implementing new shift systems(prof JJL van der Klink, prof MP de Looze, prof U Bültmann, prof S Brouwer)

Hoekstra FReSpAct: Rehabilitation, sports and active lifestyle(prof LHV van der Woude, prof CP van der Schans, dr R Dekker, dr FJ Hettinga)

De Carvalho Honorato TDiminished ovarian reserve and adverse reproductive outcomes(prof A Hoek, prof HM Boezen, dr H Groen, dr ML Haadsma)

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Previous dissertations of SHARE

Olthof MPatient characteristics related to health care consumption; towards a differentiated capita‑tion model(prof SK Bulstra, prof MY Berger, dr I van den Akker-Scheek, dr M Stevens)

Bessem BThe young athlete’s heart; an electrocardiographic challenge(prof J Zwerver, prof MP van den Berg, dr W Nieuwland)

Husarova DBarriers to active participation of school‑aged children(prof SA Reijneveld, prof A Madarasova-Geckova, dr JP van Dijk)

For more 2017 and earlier theses visit our website.