UNIVERSE & SOLAR UNIVERSE & SOLAR SYSTEMSYSTEM

Chapters 21 & 22

Test One Material

BIRTH OF ASTRONOMYBIRTH OF ASTRONOMY

GEOCENTRIC - EARTH IS AT THE CENTER

ARISTARCHUSHELIOCENTRIC - SUN CENTERED

UNIVERSESTILL LEARNING

– Eric Idle

EARLY ASTRONOMERSEARLY ASTRONOMERS

ERATOTHENES - FIRST TO MEASURE SIZE OF EARTH

HIPPARCHUS - STAR CATALOGUE - 850

PTOLEMY - DEVELOPED MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE - PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM

MODERN ASTRONOMYMODERN ASTRONOMY

COPERNICUS - EARTH WAS A PLANET WITH SUN AT CENTER OF OTHER PLANETS

KEPLER - LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION. ASTRONOMICAL UNIT OR (AU) MEASURED PLANETS DISTANCE TO SUN AND PERIOD OF REVOLUTION

PLANETPLANET AUAU YEARSYEARS

MERCURY 0.39 0.24 VENUS 0.72 0.62 EARTH 1.00 1.00 MARS 1.52 1.88 JUPITER 5.20 11.86 SATURN 9.54 29.46 URANUS 19.18 84.01 NEPTUNE 30.06 164.80

GALILEOGALILEO

TELESCOPE4 MOONS OF JUPITERPLANETS WERE CIRCULAR DISKSMOON’S SURFACE WAS NOT

SMOOTHSUNSPOTS

SIR ISAAC NEWTONSIR ISAAC NEWTON

INERTIA - FIRST LAW OF MOTION THAT THE NATURAL TENDENCY FOR A MOVING OBJECT IS TO CONTINUE MOVING AT A UNIFORM SPEED AND IN A STRAIGHT LINE UNLESS ACTED UPON BY ANOTHER OUTSIDE FORCE

GRAVITY - ATTRACTIVE FORCE THAT IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO MASS & INVERSELY TO DISTANCE

CONSTELLATIONCONSTELLATION

AN APPARENT GROUP OF STARS ORIGINALLY NAMED FOR MYTHICAL CHARACTERS. PRESENTLY THE SKY IS DIVIDED INTO 88 CONSTELLATIONS

UNIVERSE ORIGIN?UNIVERSE ORIGIN?

HUGE EXPLOSION (BIG BANG) THREW MATERIAL OUTWARD IN ALL DIRECTIONS. MATERIAL BEGAN TO ATTRACT AND ROTATE (HAROLD UREY’S ROTATING DISK OR NEBULAR THEORY). MATERIAL COMBINED TO FORM SOLAR SYSTEMS. MATERIAL IN CENTER OF EACH SYSTEM REACHED 15 MILLION DEGREES F AND BEGAN TO GLOW

ALL THINGS ASTRONOMICAL

STARSSTARS

EACH SOLAR SYSTEM (STAR/SUN) IS CLUSTERED WITH BILLIONS OF OTHERS TO FORM GALAXIES ( 400 BILLION IN MILKY WAY GALAXY)

THERE MAY BE MILLIONS OF GALAXIES

GALAXIES ARE MILLIONS OF LIGHT YEARS APART

WHAT IS A LIGHT YEAR WHAT IS A LIGHT YEAR (DISTANCE)?(DISTANCE)?

LIGHT TRAVELLING AT 186,000 MILES PER SECOND FOR AN ENTIRE YEAR

5.8 TRILLION MILES5,800,000,000,000 MILES

BILLION AND TRILLION BILLION AND TRILLION REALITY CHECKREALITY CHECK

IF YOU COULD PICK UP ONE PENNY PER SECOND HOW LONG TO PICK UP ONE BILLION?

32 YEARSWHAT ABOUT A TRILLION PENNIES?32,000 YEARS

OUR SOLAR SYSTEMOUR SOLAR SYSTEM

OUR SUN IS ONE OF 400 BILLION STARS THAT MAKE UP THE MILKY WAY GALAXY

YELLOW DWARF - COMPARED TO OTHER STARS IT IS AN AVERAGE STAR

109 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE EARTH

Sun and starsSun and stars

SunSun

SUN STRUCTURE - SOLAR SUN STRUCTURE - SOLAR INTERIORINTERIOR

CAN NOT BE DIRECTLY OBSERVEDHAS TEMPERATURES OF AT LEAST 15

MILLION DEGREES BUT MORE LIKELY 27 MILLION DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

SUN STRUCTURE - SUN STRUCTURE - PHOTOSPHEREPHOTOSPHERE

THE SUN’S VISIBLE SURFACE TEMPERATURES OF 10,000 DEGREES F SUNSPOTS - DARK BLEMISHES THAT ARE

COOLER THAN SUN’S SURFACE AND MAY EFFECT EARTH’S WEATHER

FACULAE - HOT SPOTS ON THE PHOTOSPHERE

SUN STRUCTURE - SUN STRUCTURE - CHROMOSPHERECHROMOSPHERE

LOWER OR INNER SOLAR ATMOSPHERE

HOT GASES WITH TEMPERATURES FROM 10,000 DEGREES F NEAR PHOTOSPHERE TO ALMOST 1 MILLION DEGREES F IN UPPER REGIONS

SUNSTRUCTURE - CORONASUNSTRUCTURE - CORONA

OUTER SOLAR ATMOSPHEREMAY EXTEND OUTWARD 620,000

MILESTEMPERATURES GREATER THAN 1

MILLION DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

EARTH’S EARTH’S MOON

HAS NO ATMOSPHERE AND LACKS WATER

HAS A SURFACE WITH MANY CRATERS

THE MORE CRATERS IN AN AREA, THE OLDER THE SURFACE AREA

LUNAR SURFACELUNAR SURFACE

MARE- DARK SURFACES OF MOON

HIGHLANDS - MOUNTAIN RANGES

LUNAR CYCLE - 29 1/2 LUNAR CYCLE - 29 1/2 DAYSDAYS

NEW MOONWAXING CRESCENTFIRST QUARTERWAXING GIBBOUSFULL MOONWANING GIBBOUS

THIRD QUARTERWANING CRESCENTNEW MOON

MOON’S ORBIT AROUND MOON’S ORBIT AROUND EARTHEARTH

PERIGEE IS WHEN MOON IS CLOSEST TO EARTH AT ABOUT 221,000 MILES AWAY

APOGEE IS WHEN MOON IS FARTHEST AWAY FROM EARTH AT ABOUT 252,000 MILES

Lunar orbitLunar orbit

ECLIPSESECLIPSES

SOLAR ECLIPSE - MOON MOVES IN A LINE DIRECTLY BETWEEN EARTH & SUN. MOON’S ORBIT IS INCLINED ABOUT 5 DEGREES TO THE ELIPTIC PLANE OF EARTH/SUN

LUNAR ECLIPSE - EARTH MOVES BETWEEN SUN AND MOON

MOTIONS OF THE EARTHMOTIONS OF THE EARTH

ROTATION - MEAN SOLAR DAY VS. SIDERAL DAY [TIME IT TAKES EARTH TO MAKE ONE COMPLETE ROTATION WITH RESPECT TO ANOTHER STAR]

REVOLUTION

EARTH’S ORBIT AROUND EARTH’S ORBIT AROUND SUNSUN

AVERAGE OF 93 MILLION MILESPERIHELION OCCURS ON JANUARY

3/4 WHEN EARTH IS 91 1/2 MILLION MILES FROM SUN

APHELION OCCURS ON JULY 3/4 WHEN EARTH IS 94 1/2 MILLION MILES FROM SUN

TERRESTRIAL PLANETSTERRESTRIAL PLANETS

COMPOSED OF DENSE ROCKY AND METALLIC MATERIALS WITH LITTLE OR NO ATMOSPHERE

MERCURYVENUSEARTHMARS

JOVIAN PLANETSJOVIAN PLANETS

GIANT PLANETS WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM WITH THICK ATMOSPHERES

JUPITERSATURNURANUSNEPTUNEhttp://www.nineplanets.org/

Dwarf planets Dwarf planets New class of planets

• Orbit the Sun• Not the only objects to occupy their area of

space• Pluto is the prototype of this new category• Located in the Kuiper belt – a band of icy

objects found beyond the orbit of Neptune

Dwarf PlanetsDwarf Planets

PlutoCharonEris - UB 313 [Xena]

Ceres

Comparison of Pluto, Earth, Comparison of Pluto, Earth, and other Kuiper Belt objectsand other Kuiper Belt objects

Figure 22.31

RELATIVE SIZERELATIVE SIZE

Then the Earth is about 1.3 cm in diameter (the size of a grape). The Moon orbits about a foot away. The Sun is 1.5 meters in diameter (about the height of a man) and 150 meters (about a city block) from the Earth. Jupiter is 15 cm in diameter (the size of a large grapefruit) and 5 blocks away from the Sun. Saturn (the size of an orange) is 10 blocks away; Uranus and Neptune (lemons) are 20 and 30 blocks away. A human on this scale is the size of an atom; the nearest star would be over 40000 km away.

MERCURYMERCURY

INNERMOST AND SWIFTEST PLANETALBEDO 0F 6%DAYLIGHT & DARKNESS BOTH LAST

88 DAYSTEMPERATURE RANGE OF -300F TO

800FVERY LITTLE ATMOSPHERE

VENUSVENUS

SIMILAR IN SIZE, DENSITY AND MASS TO EARTH

THICK CLOUD OF CARBON DIOXIDE SURFACE TEMPS OF 900F DUE TO

GREENHOUSE EFFECT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS 90 TIMES

THAT OF EARTH IF EARTH IS HEAVEN THEN VENUS IS HELL

MARSMARS

LITTLE GREEN MEN, MARS ATTACKS, HG WELLES

WHITE POLAR ICE CAPSHAVE GREAT RIFT VALLEYVERY DRY PLANETREDDISH ROCK, SAND AND SOILhttp://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/

index.html

MARS IN THE FUTURE?MARS IN THE FUTURE?

JUPITERJUPITER

2 1/2 TIMES LARGER THAN ALL OTHER PLANETS COMBINED

1 DAY LASTS 10 HOURS DUE TO FAST ROTATION

HURRICANE-LIKE STORM SYSTEMS WITH WINDS OF 1000 MPH - GREAT RED SPOT

SURFACE OF LIQUID HYDROGEN OCEAN SOME MOONS [61] AS LARGE AS MARS

MOONS OF JUPITERMOONS OF JUPITER

CALLISTOGANYMEDEIOEUROPADISCOVERED BY GALILELO61? TOTAL MOONS

SATURNSATURN

29 1/2 YEARS TO MAKE ONE REVOLUTION

SYSTEM OF RINGSHIGH WIND SPEEDS 1000+ MPH

URANUSURANUS

SURROUNDED BY POLAR CIRCLING RINGS

KNOWN AS THE GREEN PLANETMETHANE IN ATMOSPHEREROTATES ON ITS SIDE

NEPTUNENEPTUNE

TWIN PLANET TO URANUSCOLDER TEMPERATURES MAY BE THE MOST DISTANT PLANETTRITON -391 DEGREES FKUIPER BELT – ICY BODIES BEYOND

NEPTUNE THAT ORBIT THE SUN – MAY BE A SOURCE FOR SHORT-TERM COMETS

PLUTOPLUTO

MAY NOT BE A PLANET BUT A TRANSITION BETWEEN COMET AND PLANET

As of 8/16/06 classified as a Pluton along with Charon and UB 313

PLANET X AVERAGE TEMP OF -350F LARGE DIRTY ICEBALL SOMETIMES IS CLOSER TO SUN THAN NEPTUNE 248 YEARS TO ORBIT SUN

OORT CLOUDOORT CLOUD

AREA WHERE COMETS RESIDE JUST OUTSIDE OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

http://www.nineplanets.org/comets.htmlHALLEY’S COMET EVERY 76 YEARSCOMET KAHOUTEKHALE-BOPP COMET IN 1997

Minor members of the Minor members of the solar system solar system

Comets• Often compared to large, “dirty snowballs”• Composition

Frozen gases Rocky and metallic materials

• Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun Produces a glowing head called the coma Some may develop a tail that points away from Sun

due to • Radiation pressure and the solar wind

Orientation of a comet’s tail Orientation of a comet’s tail as it orbits the Sunas it orbits the Sun

Figure 22.27

HALE-BOPPHALE-BOPP

sunsingersunsinger

10TH PLANET?10TH PLANET?

ASTEROID BELT BETWEEN MARS & JUPITER

BODE’S LAW MAY HAVE BEEN PLANET THAT

EXPLODED - ASTER MAY BE TWO MOONS FROM JUPITER

COLLIDED MAY BE MATERIAL THAN NEVER

COALESCED TO FORM PLANET

Minor members of the Minor members of the solar system solar system

Asteroids• Most lie between Mars and Jupiter• Small bodies – largest (Ceres) is about 620

miles in diameter• Some have very eccentric orbits• Many of the recent impacts on the Moon and

Earth were collisions with asteroids• Irregular shapes• Origin is uncertain

The orbits of most asteroids The orbits of most asteroids lie between Mars and Jupiterlie between Mars and Jupiter

Figure 22.25

Minor members of the Minor members of the solar system solar system

Meteoroids• Called meteors when they enter Earth’s

atmosphere• A meteor shower occurs when Earth encounters

a swarm of meteoroids associated with a comet’s path

• Meteoroids are referred to as meteorites when they are found on Earth

1010thth PLANET PART 2 PLANET PART 2

http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/29jul_planetx.htm?list165102

What will it’s name be????? Eris

What do you know?What do you know?

PART 1 -On a piece of paper write down one thing from these chapters that you really understand well.

PART 2 -Below that write something down from the chapters that still confuses you

PART 3 -Go around the room and find someone to explain what you know in part 1 and ask them to explain what you don’t know

If after talking to 3 people you can’t find an answer to your PART 2 question, then circle it and bring it to me