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Ecology Unit : PPT Notes Mr. Distasio Name ____________________________________________ per ______ The Biosphere Ecosystems and Communities Populations The Biosphere The part of the Earth that supports life It includes the __________________, __________________ and _____________________ What is Ecology? Definition: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _____ Levels of Organization ______________________: one living thing ______________________: a group of one species ______________________: different species ______________________: communities + environment ______________________: large grouped similar ecosystems ______________________: all the parts of earth that support life ____________________________________________________________________________ ______

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Page 1: distasio.wikispaces.comdistasio.wikispaces.com/.../view/Ecology+Unit+PPT+Notes.docx · Web viewEcology Unit : PPT NotesMr. Distasio Name _____ per _____ The Biosphere Ecosystems and

Ecology Unit : PPT Notes Mr. DistasioName ____________________________________________ per ______

The BiosphereEcosystems and Communities

Populations

The Biosphere

The part of the Earth that supports life It includes the __________________,

__________________ and _____________________

What is Ecology?Definition: ___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Levels of Organization

______________________: one living thing

______________________: a group of one species

______________________: different species

______________________: communities + environment

______________________: large grouped similar ecosystems

______________________: all the parts of earth that support life

__________________________________________________________________________________

Key Theme in Ecology Interconnectedness:

• No organism is isolated; all living things depend or rely on others (____________________)• Organisms also depend on the physical environment• Sometimes called “Web of Life”• ______________________: “The Father of Ecology”, stressed this interconnectedness

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Environmental Factors____________________ Factors: Living components

____________________ Factors: Non-living components (physical environment)

Although they are nonliving, they influence and support the biotic parts of the ecosystem.

_______________________________________________________________________________

Ecological Methods

What methods are used in ecological studies?

Regardless of their tools, modern ecologists use three methods in their work:

________________________

________________________

________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

Energy, Producers & ConsumersProducers

______________________ members of the ecosystems Include all ____________, certain protists (__________) and certain bacteria

(__________________ & ________________________)

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Consumers

_____________________ members of an ecosystem Include animals, fungi, most protists, & most bacteria Receive energy by ______________ other organisms

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Types of Consumers

________________: eat only producers

________________: eat only other consumers. Meat-eaters

________________: eat both producers and consumers

________________: eat the “garbage” of the ecosystem (dead organisms, fallen leaves, etc..)

________________: cause decay by breaking down complex molecules in dead tissue into simpler molecules (bacteria & fungi)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

All organisms require energy to carry out life processes. In an ecosystem, energy is transferred from the ________to __________________ to _________________________

Trophic Levels

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An organisms position in the _________consumer sequence of energy transfers _________consumer

A “______________ level” an organism occupies in a food chain. _________consumer

_________consumer

Energy Pyramid

Only _________ of the energy is available to the next organism

________ of the available energy in an organism is used in ________________, lost as __________, or simple not eaten or used by the consumer

The amount of ________________available also decreases as one progresses up the food chain. A BIOMASS ________________ is formed.

Food Chains & Food Webs______________: single direct line of feeding relationships

Why are typical Food Chains so short?

Most food chains have very few steps due to the loss of __________________ at each step.

Most food chains do not exceed 4 or 5 steps

______________: A more realistic view of the interconnectedness of an ecosystem

Cycles of Matter Unlike the one-way flow of________________,

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matter is ________________ within and between ecosystems

The Earth is a ______________ system. Elements pass from one organism to another and among parts of the biosphere through closed loops called biogeochemical _____________.

Recycling in the Biosphere

Matter is recycled in a number of ways:

_________________ processesEx. Photosynthesis, Respiration, excretion, consumption

________________ ProcessesEx. Volcanic eruptions, weathering

__________________________________ ProcessesEx. Weather, water flow, lightening

____________________ ActivitiesEx. Mining, combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, chemical manufacturing

Biogeochemical cycles

Water Cycle – moves water around the earth and through organisms Carbon Cycle - moves carbon around the earth and through organisms Nitrogen Cycle - moves nitrogen around the earth and through organisms

The Water Cycle Scientifically known as The Hydrologic Cycle

_______________________: __________________________________________ _______________________: __________________________________________ _______________________: __________________________________________ _______________________: __________________________________________ _______________________: __________________________________________ _______________________: __________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________________________

The Carbon Cycle __________________and __________________________ form the basis of this Cycle

Photosynthesis : _________________ take carbon dioxide out of the air to make carbohydrates

Respiration : ______________________break down carbohydrates and release carbon dioxide back into the air

Human Impacts to the Carbon Cycle Over the last 150 years, the concentration of CO2 has increased nearly 30%

Causes: Burning of __________________(Coal, oil, gas)

P

D

CR

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Rainforest Destruction: Lack of producers takes less CO2 out of the air, while

burning the forests puts up more CO2 into the air

_______________________________________________________________________________

The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen gas is readily abundant in the atmosphere (_____% of total gases) However, most organisms cannot use nitrogen in its natural form (N

2)

Most plants use nitrogen in the form of _________________(NO3

)

Nitrogen Fixation

Accomplished by: 1) nitrogen fixing ______________________in soils and on roots of certain plants (Legumes – clover, peanuts, soybean, beans )

2) ______________________________

3) ______________________________

Recycling Nitrogen Ammonification : decomposers break down dead organisms and their wastes (urine, dung)

A release of ammonia occurs as a result

Nitrification : bacteria take the ammonia and convert it to nitrites and nitrates

Plants can now absorb the nitrates from the soil to be used

Animals receive their nitrogen by _______________ plants and other organisms

Denitrification: anaerobic bacteria break down nitrates and release nitrogen back into the _____________________________

Ecosystems & CommunitiesNiches and Community Interactions

Succession

N2

NH3 NO2

NO3

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Niches and Community InteractionsEcology: Levels of Organization

__________________: one living thing

__________________: a group of one species

__________________: different species – groups of populations

__________________: biotic communities + abiotic environment

__________________: large grouped similar ecosystems

__________________: all the parts of earth that support life (13 miles)

Some terms….. ___________________ : the living factors in an ecosystem

___________________ : the non-living factors in an ecosystem Eg. pH, temperature, sunlight, climate, etc.

___________________ : any necessity of life Eg. Water, nutrients, food, light etc…

___________________ : the place where an organism lives

___________________ : the ability to survive under a range of environmental circumstances

___________________ : the role an organism plays in its environment

The changing environment ….. Within any ecosystem, the abiotic factors change constantly !!!

E.g.________________________________: Changes monthly, weekly, daily, hourly Changes within a habitat (sun vs. shade)

The organisms exposed to these changing environmental conditions exhibit a _______________________________________ for each abiotic factor.

Response to a changing environment…

Range of Tolerance Curve:A graph depicting overall performance vs. environmental variables (usually bell shape)

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A _______________ can be described as the range of physical & biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce.

The ____________________________states that no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time. If niches overlap, ___________________for the resource will occur.

Instead of direct competition between species whose niches overlap, species often resort to dividing resources … “______________________________”

Symbiosis Means “___________________________”

All organisms live with and depend on each other in order to survive

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1. Predation Probably the most powerful symbiotic relationship affecting species

___________________ –, kills, and consumes another individual

___________________ – organisms that is killed

Predators, Prey, & Natural SelectionPredator Species: must be adapted to _________________ and _______ prey

Ex: Sharp senses, teeth structure, camouflage, quickness, etc…

Prey Species: Must be adapted to _____________ predationEx: Sharp senses, quickness, camouflage

Mimicry: One way in which some organisms prevent predation on themselves One organism _________________________ another organism that is typically

dangerous, poisonous, or distasteful.

Example 1: King Snake & Coral Snake The king snake mimics the poisonous coral snake

Example 2: Viceroy & Monarch Butterfly Distasteful Monarchs develop before the Viceroys.

2. Parasitism Resembles predation, however in many cases, the harmed individual is______________. __________________: Invades, and deprives another organism of a vital body resource

____________: Individual that is weakened by the parasite

Types of Parasites Ectoparasites: ____________________

(ticks, fleas, lice, leech, mosquitoes)

Endoparasites: ___________________ (bacteria, tapeworm, protists)

3. Mutualism A relationship in which ____________ species derive some _______________

Some even require one another to survive

Examples of Mutualism Ants & Acacia:

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Ants nest inside the thorns of acacia shrub while receiving food. The ants protect the shrub from herbivore predation and also trim back

the vegetation allowing more sunlight Pollination

Insects (pollinators) & Flowers Insects receive food, Flowers accomplish sexual reproduction

Clownfish & Anemones Clownfish receive food by cleaning debris from the anemone and is

also protected from predators

Clownfish are immune to the stings of anemones

4. Commensalism Relationship in which one species ______________, while the other is

______________________

Examples of Commensalism Egrets and Buffalo

Egrets hitch a ride on the buffalo’s back. The egrets have an easy time finding food as the buffalo kicks up small food (insects)

Shark and remora

Ecological Succession

The gradual, sequential growth or re-growth of species (plants) in a particular area A ________________ and _________________ series of changes in which one type of

ecosystem is __________________ with another until a _____________ community is reached

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Whenever a new habitat is created, or an existing habitat is damaged by_________________, the open site is available for invasion

Types of Succession There are two primary types of succession

_______________________

_______________________

Primary Succession:

The development of species in an area that ________________supported life previouslyExamples: bare rock, sand dune, island formed by volcano

A closer look at Primary Succession: Is extremely __________! May take thousands of years Most of these places lack the proper ____________ nutrients to grow plants However, over time, weather erodes rock, decomposition takes place, and soil is formed

Pioneer Species/Ecosystems Definition: hardy species, including ________________ and ______________________, that is one of the first to establish itself at the start of the process of succession

Tend to be _________ and consist of relatively _____ species. Tend to grow ________, reproduce _________, and spread quickly Tend to require few ______________

Eventually, pioneer species are out-competed and __________________ by communities that develop in the later stages of succession.

Secondary Succession:

The development of species in an area that has been greatly disrupted ____________________ is already present Examples: forest fire, hurricane, forest clear-cutting, agriculture

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(Many times - human induced)

A closer look at Secondary Succession: Occurs quicker, due to a pre-existing nutrient rich __________ base. Takes about 100 years to re-establish the community Follows the same logical patterns of primary succession; only _______________.

At each step ….. changes in wildlife ___________ occur

.. _______________ changes occur beneath the canopy... plant & animal activities continue to add/change _________ nutrients.

End Point: Climax Community Throughout succession, each organism creates an environment that is more favorable for

the next organisms to invade In theory, a climax community occurs when no more major changes will occur. A climax community is a stable non-changing ecosystem In reality, ecosystems are constantly changing ! Ecosystems constantly “reset”

themselves

The type of climax vegetation that results is dependent upon ... ________________________

________________________

________________________

________________________

________________________

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Effects of Human Activities on Succession _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________

Aquatic Succession Ponds and lakes gradually fill up with ____________from soil erosion

As this occurs, the water body gets ____________ & warmer

More plants are able to grow in the water (able to receive sunlight) Starts at the shoreline and gradually moves out to the deeper parts, until all is filled

in

Population EcologyPopulation Dynamics

_______________________: All the individuals of a species that live together in an area

_______________________:The statistical study of populations, allows predictions to be made about how a population will changePopulation

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Group of organisms belonging to the ___________ _________________ and live in _________ _____________________ to one another at the _________ ____________.

Example: ___________________________________________________________________

Three Key Features of Populations1. ___________________________

2. ___________________________

3. ___________________________

1) Size: ____________________________________________________________

Difficult to measure Small, immobile populations are easy to determine, but large, widespread

populations are difficult – usually estimated

Growth Rate: ___________ Rate (natality) - ________________ Rate (mortality) How many individuals are born vs. how many die Birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of natural increase (r)

2. Density: measurement of population per _________________________________

Pop. Density = # of individuals ÷ unit of space

Population Density Indicates the number of individuals per unit of area, or how “crowded” a population

is. Has greater impact than just plain population numbers.

Factors that affect the density of a population…

_____________________: movement of individuals into a population

_____________________: movement of individuals out of a population

_________________________ Biotic factors in the environment that have an increasing effect as population size increases

(disease, competition, parasites)

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: Abiotic factors in the environment that affect populations regardless of their density (temperature, weather)

3. Dispersion: _____________________________________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________

Clumped Dispersion: Individuals _________________ together Occurs when _______________________such as food/habitat are clumped (ant hill,

bee hive) Also, occurs with __________________ groups (herds, packs, flocks, schools)

Even(Uniform)Dispersion: Individuals are separated by a fairly ___________________distance

Occurs in those that stake out _______________ –or- places where resources

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are limited (Desert cactus, nesting sites)

Random Dispersion: Organisms may be found with no ______________ between them

Occurs when seeds are dispersed by wind, water, animals, (dandelion)

How Are Populations Measured? Population density = _____________________of individuals in a given ________ or volume

Count all the individuals in a population Estimate by ___________________ Mark-Recapture Method

Sampling A small area is counted and then multiplied over the entire region. If 25 oak trees are found in a 5 acre plot, then one could estimate that 125 oak trees would be found in a 25 acre forest

How Do Populations Grow?Idealized models describe three kinds of population growth:

1. _________________ Growth

2. _________________ Growth

3. _________________ Growth

Population Growth Rates ______________________: study of population dynamics

______________________: The amount of a population’s size changes in a given time

Determined by 4 main factors: B ________________: increase

D ________________: decrease

I _________________: increase

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E ________________: decrease

Exponential Growth Population grows at a________________ rate or percentage

The larger the population gets, the ___________ it grows. (it will double at a fixed rate)

Only under rare conditions, can most populations grow exponentially Can not grow indefinitely due to limited __________________

All populations are limited by their environment or by what we call _________________________________

Exponential Growth: J-Shaped Curve

In most cases, a population crash (high death rate) follows exponential growth

The Logistic Growth Model Population grows exponentially at first, then accounts for____________________, which causes it

to level off.

Birth rate = Death Rate once population stabilizes

Logistic Growth Curve = “___” shaped

Carrying Capacity

Carrying Capacity (k): __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

There can only be as many organisms as the environmental _______________can support

Brings into account the carrying capacity (K) of the population

Carrying capacity (K) = _____________________________________________

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Demographers assume K remains constant, but in reality is constantly changing.

Factors Limiting Growth Rate

Declining birth rate or increasing death rate are caused by several factors including: _________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

Population Regulation Two kinds of limiting factors:

1. Density _________________________Factors – no relationship to population sizeEx: Weather, floods, fire, earthquakes, pollution

1. Density _________________________ Factors – Directly related to population size Ex: Limited food, shelter, water (the higher the density, the less resources are available)

“Booms” and “Busts”

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Comparing reproductive strategies ….

r-selective vs K-selective R Strategists

____________ life span

____________ body size

Reproduce _________________

Have _____________ young

_____________ parental care

Ex: cockroaches, weeds, bacteria

Pattern of Mortality Depicts the likelihood of survival/dying at different ages throughout the lifetime of an organism.

Type I: Chances of dying is small until later in life (humans, elephants, large mammals

Type II: Probability of dying does not change throughout the lifespan (Birds, squirrels, small reptiles)

Type III: Many organisms are likely to die while young. However, if they survive

K Strategists __________ life span

__________ body size

Reproduce _______________

Have ____________ young

Provides parental care

Ex: humans, elephants

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this early period, then chances are good to survive until much older. (Insects, fish, sea turtles, trees )

Age Distribution Distribution of ______________ and _____________ in each age group of a population

Used to predict future population growth

Depicted in a graph called a _____________________

Age Structure/Histograms Depicts age structure & sexes of populations Helps with predicting growth

Large % of young: rapid growth (reproductive years) Large % of old: population decline (not reproducing)

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Human Population Growth ___ curve growth

Grows at a rate of about 80 million yearly r =1.3%

Why doesn’t environmental resistance take effect?

Altering their ____________________________

______________________ advances The ________________ revolution The ________________ revolution The _____________________________ revolution

The Human Population

Doubled three times in the last three centuries

About 7 billion and may reach 9.3 billion by the year 2050

Improved health and technology have lowered death rates

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History of the Human Population