united states department of the interior · rocky mountain national park and shadow mountain...

UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GROUND-WATER RECONNAISSANCE STUDY

OF SELECTED SITES IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN

NATIONAL PARK AND SHADOW MOUNTAIN

NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

By Frank A. Welder

OPEN-FILE REPORT 71001

WATER RESOURCES

Colorado DistrictDenver, Colorado

March 1971

f ^ " ' 1 !C d j J

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORGEOLOGICAL SURVEY

WATER RESOURCES DIVISION

GROUND-WATER RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF SELECTED SITES INROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK AND

SHADOW MOUNTAIN NATIONAL RECREATION AREA

By

Frank A. Welder Geologist

Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey*

for the National Park Service

Open-File Report 71001

Colorado District Denver, Colorado

March 1971

CONTENTS

Page

Abstract ................. * ......... 1

Introduction ......................... 2

Topography and climate .................... 3

Geohydrology ......................... 5

Results of site studies .................... 6

Results of detailed site studies ............... 28

Moraine Park (Site 1) .................. 28

Beaver Meadows (Site 2) ................. 31

Mill Creek (Site 5) ................... 31

Twin Owls (Site 12) ................... 32

Horseshoe Park (Site 13) ................. 32

Results of previous site studies ............... 33

Table Mountain (Site 31) ................. 33

Harbison Meadow (Site 32) ................ 34

Harbison Meadow Campground (Site 33) ........... 34

Timber Creek Campground (Site 34) ............ 35

Fall River Entrance (Site 35) .............. 35

Moraine Park Campground (Site 36) ............ 36

Selected references ...................... 37

Logs of test holes and observation wells ........... 38

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

FIGURE 1. Index map showing report area .......... 4

2. Map showing location of study sites, Rocky Mountain National Park and Shadow Mountain National Recreation Area ..................... In pocket

3. Map showing location of Moraine Park (Site 1), Beaver Meadows (Site 2), Buck Creek (Site 3), Tuxedo Park (Site 4), and Mill Creek (Site 5) study sites .................. 14

4. Detailed map of Moraine Park (Site 1)showing proposed location of productionwell for Headquarters Area .......... 15

FIGURES 5-16. Maps showing:

5. Location of Glacier Basin Campground (Site 6), Glacier Basin Picnic Area (Site 7), and Bear Lake (Site 8) study sites ........ 16

6. Location of Longs Peak Ranger Station (Site 9)study site .................. 17

7. Location of Deer Haven Lodge (Site 10) and Wild Basin Ranger Station (Site 11) study sites .................. 18

8. Location of Twin Owls (Site 12) study site ... 19

9. Location of Horseshoe Park (Site 13)study site .................. 20

10. Location of Endovalley Campground (Site 14) and Rock Cabin Ranger Station (Site 15) study site .................. 21

11. Location of Milner Pass Road Camp (Site 16) and Phantom Valley Campground (Site 17) study sites .................. 22

12. Location of East Inlet Trailhead (Site 18)and Hilltop Ranger Station (Site 19) studysites ..................... 23

ii

ILLUSTRATIONS--Continued

Page

FIGURE 13.

14.

15.

16.

Location of Pine Beach Picnic Area (Site20), Recreation Area Headquarters (Site21), and Cutthroat Trout Bay Campground and Picnic Area (Site 22) study sites .

Location of Granby Entrance (Site 23), Sunset Point (Site 24), and Kamloop Cove (Site 25) study sites .........

Location of Inspiration Point (Site 26) and Harvey Island (Site 30) study sites

Location of Big Rock Campground (Site 27) , Moraine Campground (Site 28), and Roaring Fork Ranger Station (Site 29) study sites ..............

24

25

26

27

TABLES

TABLE 1. Summary of test drilling and estimate ofground-water potential at 20 sites ....

2. Summary of geohydrologic studies and estimate of ground-water potential at 10 sites . . .

3. Chemical analyses of water from test holes6 and 10, Moraine Park ..........

11

30

iii

Ground-water reconnaissance study of selected sites in

Rocky Mountain National Park and

Shadow Mountain National Recreation Area

By FRANK A. WELDER

ABSTRACT

An evaluation of the ground-water supply potential at 30 sites

within the Rocky Mountain National Park and Shadow Mountain National

Recreation Area was made by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1967 and

1968. The work consisted of a geohydrologic reconnaissance, well

inventory, and test drilling.

The study sites are underlain by Precambrian crystalline rocks,

Tertiary sediments, or Quaternary glacial and alluvial deposits. The

crystalline rocks are generally poor aquifers; however, some wells

intercepting fractures may yield as much as 10 gallons per minute

from wells 100 to 200 feet deep. Wells drilled in Tertiary sandstones

to a depth of 50 to 500 feet may supply 1 to 50 gallons per minute.

Wells drilled in unconsolidated glacial and alluvial deposits of

Quaternary age yield the largest supplies of ground water in the

Rocky Mountain National Park. These deposits commonly can supply

5 to 100 gallons per minute to wells.

INTRODUCTION

This report was prepared at the request of the National Park

Service as part of a study of the water resources of Rocky Mountain

National Park and Shadow Mountain National Recreation Area. The

purpose of the study was to determine the prospects of obtaining

ground-water supplies at 30 sites where new or expanded water supplies

are needed. Most of the sites studied are campgrounds, picnic areas,

sites for ranger stations, or living quarters for park personnel.

Ground-water supplies are desired in preference to surface-water

supplies at the sites because (1) ground-water supplies generally are

easier to maintain and to protect from contamination, (2) ground-water

supplies generally cost less because fewer structures (intakes,

treatment facilities, and pipelines) are required, and (3) many of the

sites are in use throughout the year and protection from freezing is

required.

Field work for this study was done in 1967-68 and consisted of the

following: a geologic and hydrologic reconnaissance to determine the

general ground-water supply potential at each site; inventory of wells

near each site; and test drilling to determine the character and

saturated thickness of the underlying rocks. Twenty-nine test holes

were drilled (a total footage of nearly 2,000 ft) using a truck-mounted

power auger. The U.S. Geological Survey contracted for four test holes

which were drilled by a cable tool drill. Observation wells consisting

of 1%-inch-diameter pipe and sand points were installed in 15 of the test

holes so that water levels could be measured and water samples could be

collected for chemical analysis.

This report also contains a summary of the prospects of obtaining

ground-water supplies at six sites within the area which were studied

previously.

Chemical analyses of water were made of samples obtained from two

test wells in Moraine Park. No water-quality samples were obtained from

the other sites; however, if a site is selected for a ground-water

supply, a water sample should be analyzed to determine its chemical and

biological character.

TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

The Rocky Mountain National Park and Shadow Mountain National

Recreation Area, an area of 439 square miles, lie in north-central

Colorado (fig. 1). The terrain ranges in altitude from 7,600 feet

above sea level to 14,256 feet at the top of Longs Peak. There are

about 84 peaks with altitudes above 11,000 feet. Areas of alpine

tundra occur near the summits of the high mountains. At lower

altitudes are stands of ponderosa and lodgepole pines, blue spruce,

and narrow-leaf cottonwood. About two-thirds of the Park lies east

of the Continental Divide.

At the town of Estes Park, located at the east entrance of the

Rocky Mountain National Park (fig. 2), the average annual temperature

is about 43 F and the average annual precipitation is about 16 inches.

At the town of Grand Lake, located at the west entrance (fig. 2), the

average annual temperature and precipitation are about 35 F and 19

inches, respectively. Annual precipitation at the higher altitudes

within the Rocky Mountain National Park averages about 40 inches.

41-

:109'

1O8'

1O7'

10

6°

10

5°

1O4'

10

3°

R

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ells

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;

Or d

way

Bat

e fro

m U

.S.

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y

Fig

ure

1. In

dex

map

sh

ow

ing

re

po

rt are

a.

GEOHYDROLOGY

The sites in Rocky Mountain National Park and Shadow Mountain

National Recreation Area are underlain by (1) Precambrian crystalline

rocks, which may contain water in fractures; (2) Tertiary sediments,

which may contain beds of water-bearing sandstone; or (3) Quaternary

glacial and alluvial deposits, which may contain water in sand and

gravel. -The material underlying some of the sites could not be

penetrated by the auger. It was not possible to auger at sites which

are underlain by crystalline rocks and at some of the sites underlain

by moraine material containing boulders.

About 95 percent of the area is underlain by Precambrian

crystalline rocks (granite, gneiss, and schist). The crystalline

rocks are relatively impermeable and are generally poor aquifers.

Wells intercepting fractures and weathered zones in these rocks

commonly yield 5 to 10 gpm (gallons per minute) from wells 100 to

200 feet deep. Greater yields may be possible in areas where several

"fracture sets" intersect.

Areas along the south and west edges of Lake Granby and the west

edge of Shadow Mountain Lake are underlain by as much as 500 feet of

clay, silt, and sandstone of Tertiary age. These rocks are mainly

lacustrine and alluvial in origin, and abrupt lateral changes in

lithology are common. Wells tapping Tertiary deposits range from

50 to 500 feet in depth and yield 1 to 50 gpm.

The larger valleys in both Rocky Mountain National Park and Shadow

Mountain National Recreation Area are underlain by glacier- and water-

deposited rocks of Quaternary age. The deposits range from clay to

boulders, and in general are poorly sorted. The deposits may be

classified in two categories--moraines. and outwash. The moraines

generally form conspicuous ridges that border or terminate flat-lying

meadows. Because the moraines generally contain large amounts of clay,

they yield only small amounts of water to wells. The outwash deposits

on the other hand, if thick enough, may supply large quantities of water

The larger natural parks, such as Moraine and Horseshoe Parks,

are underlain by glacial outwash and alluvial deposits consisting

of sand and gravel. These deposits are the best aquifers in the

Rocky Mountain National Park and should yield 100 gpm or more to wells.

Alluvium, consisting of reworked glacial material, occurs in the valley

of the North Fork Colorado River. Wells in these deposits, such as

the one at Timber Creek Campground, might yield more than 100 gpm.

RESULTS OF SITE STUDIES

A summary of test drilling and an estimate of the potential for

ground-water development at 20 sites are shown in table 1. Test hole

augering was not possible at the remaining 10 sites because the sites

were underlain by granite or large coarse boulders. A summary of the

geohydrologic studies and an estimate of the potential for ground-

water development at these 10 sites are given in table 2.

Ta

b 1 e

1

.--S

um

mar

y

of

test

dri

llin

g

and

est

imate

of

gro

un

d-w

ate

r p

ote

nti

al

at

20 sit

es

(Roc

ky

Mounta

in

Nati

on

al

Par

k

and

Sha

dow

M

ou

nta

in

Nati

on

al

Recre

ati

on

Are

a)

Sit<

-

(Sit

e 1)

Do

Do --

Do ---

Do--

-

Do- --

Do

Do

Test

hole 1 2 3 5 6 7 9

Date

drilled

Oct.

1967

do-

-do

--

do

do

---do

-_-do

do-

Aquifer

g la

c ia

ldeposits

do

---do-- --

do

do-- -

-do ---

---do -

---do- --

Glacial

dc pos

its

.

Depth

dril

led

(fee

t)

26 75 97 97

84 67 97 0-7

15

Dept

h to

water

be low

la

nd

surface

(fee

t)

0.2

2.7

2 2 6 3.5

3.5

2 6

Thickness

of

saturated

material

(fee

t) 26 72 95 95 7 Q

63 93 Or 9

Thickness

of

saturated

sand

an

d gravel

(fee

t)

26 59 55 59 7 o

59 66 57 9

Estimated

yield

(gal

lons

pe

r minute)

20

200

200

200

100

100

100

100 1-5

Remarks

to 15 fe

et.

Drilling terminated

beca

use

of de

nse

sedi

ment

s.

to 21 fe

et.

Drilling terminated

because

aquifer

was completely

pene

trat

ed.

was

completely penetrated.

Do.

cobb

les

.

to 20

fe

et.

Drilling terminated

because

aquifer was

tompletely

pene

trat

ed.

Do.

was completely pe

netr

ated

.

cobb

les

.

Table 1.

--Su

mmary

of te

st drilling and

estimate of

ground-water potential

at 20 sites

(Roc

ky Mountain National Pa

rk an

d Shadow Mountain National Recreation Area)--Continued

Site

Moraine Park-----

(Site

I)

Do--

Do .

Beaver Meadows---

(Site

2)

Do

Buck Creek-------

(Sit

e 3)

Mill Creek

(Sit

e 5)

Glacier Ba

sin

Campground ---

-(Site

6)

Test

hole 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 i Q lo

Date

drilled

Sept.

1968

do

___do------

do --

July 19

67

do

Oct.

19

67

Oct. 1968

July 19

67

Aquifer

Alluvium and

glac ial

deposits*

do -

do

do --

Alluvium an

dglacial

deposits,

do

Al luv

iuro

and

glac

ial

depo

sits

.

do

Dept

h drilled

(feet)

62 55 47 67 41 43 15 44 66

Depth

to water

be low

land

surf

ace

(fee

t)

3.3

3.6

3 .4

3.1

18.0

12 9.4

31.2

Thickness

of

saturated

material

(feet) 59 51 44 64 23 31

0

35 35

Thickness

of

saturated

sand

an

d gravel

(feet) 50 48

41 64

7

22

0

35 35

Estimated

yield

(gallons

per

minute)

100

100

100

100

5-30

5-30 0

10-50

50

Remarks

Observation well,

screened from 9

to 11

feet.

Drilling terminated

because aquifer

was completely penetrated

Do.

Do.

Observation well,

screened from 8.5

to 10

.5 feet.

Drilling

terminated because

of co

bble

s.

Observation well,

screened from 19

to 21

feet.

Drilled by

cable

tool.

Granite at 39

feet.

Drilling terminated because

aquifer was

completely penetrated.

Drilled by

ca

ble

tool.

Granite at

43 fe

et.

Drilling terminated

because aquifer was completely penetrated

Hole

dr

y. Drilling terminated

because of

granite at 15

fe

et.

Observation well,

screened from 19

to 21

feet.

Drilling terminated

because of

cobbles.

Observation wel

l, screened from 40

to 42

feet.

Drilled by cable

tool

. Drilling terminated

because of co

bble

s.

CO

Table I.

--Su

mmar

y of

te

st drilling and

estimate of

ground-water potential at

20 sites

(Rocky Mountain National Pa

rk and Shadow Mountain National Recreation Area)--Continued

Site

Glacier Basin

Picn

ic Area-

(Sit

e 7)

Wild Basin, Deer

Haven

Lodge --

-(S

ite

10)

(Sit

e 12)

Hors

esho

e Park---

(Sit

e 13)

Endo

va 1 ley

Campground-----

(Sit

e 14)

East

Inlet

(Sit

e 18)

Hilltop Ranger

(Sit

e 19)

Pine

Beach

Picnic Area---

(Sit

e 20

)

Recreation Area

Headquarters -

-(S

ite

21)

Test

hole 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Date

drilled

Oct.

19

67

July 19

67

Oct.

19

68

Sept.

1968

Oct.

19

68

do

do

do-

do

Aquifer

Alluvium and

glacial

depo

sits.

do -------

Alluvium-----

A 1

1 uv

i urn a nd

glacial

depo

sits .

---do --

do

do

do -

None ----------

Depth

drilled

(fee

t)

49 38 O QJO 67 27 39 30 36 18

Depth

to water

below

land

surface

(feet)

10 21

7.9

5.5

6.4

24 2 6 1

Thickness

of

saturated

mate

rial

(f

eet) 39 17 30 61 21 15 28 30 17

Thickness

of

saturated

sand and

grav

el

(fee

t) 34 17 27 51 21 10 17 9 0

Estimated

yield

(gallons

per

minute)

10-5

0

25 2-15

100 10 2 10 2 0

Remarks

Drilling te

rmin

ated

because

ofde

nse

clay

.

Drilled

by cable

tool

. Dr

illi

ngte

rmin

ated

because

of bo

ulde

rs.

Observation well,

screened from 29

to 31

feet.

Dril

ling

terminated

beca

use

of cobbles.

Observation well,

scre

ened

fr

om 20

to 22 fe

et.

Dril

ling

terminated

because

aquifer

was

completely penetrated

Observation well,

screened from 13

.5

to 15.5 feet.

Dril

ling

terminated because

of cobbles.

Dril

ling

terminated because

of

cobbles

.

Drilling terminated because

ofde

nse

clay

.

Do.

Do.

Tabl

e 1.--Summary

of te

st dr

illi

ng and

esti

mate

of ground-water potential

at 20 si

tes

(Roc

ky Mo

unta

in Na

tion

al Park and

Shadow Mo

unta

in Na

tion

al Recreation Area)--Continued

Site

Gran

by Entrance--

(Sitc

23)

(Site

24)

(Site

25)

Big

Rock

(Site

27)

Mora

ine

(Site

28)

Roaring

Fork

Rang

er Station

(Site

29)

Test

hole 28 29 30 31 32 33

Date

drilled

Oct. 1968

do

do

do

do

do

Aquifer

do

do

Alluvium a

ndglacial

depo

sits

.

do

do

Depth

drilled

(fee

t)

36 16 9

36 101 24

Depth

to w

ater

below

land

surf

ace

(feet)

28

7 .__ 9 5 11.6

Thic

knes

sof

satu

rate

dma

teri

al(feet) 8 9 0 27 96 12

Thickness

ofsaturated

sand

and

grav

el(f

eet) 0 0 0 12 21 12

Esti

mate

dyield

(gallons

per

minu

te)

0 0 0 5 5 5

Rema

rks

Dril

ling

terminated be

caus

e of

dens

e cl

ay.

Do.

Dril

ling

terminated be

caus

e of

gran

ite

at 9

feet

.

Dril

ling

terminated be

caus

e of

dens

e clay.

Do.

Obse

rvat

ion

well,

scre

ened

from 13

to 15

feet.

Dril

ling

te

rmin

ated

because

of coarse gr

avel

.

Tabl

e 2. Summary of

geohydrologic

stud

ies

and

esti

mate

of gr

ound

-water po

tent

ial

at 10

si

tes

(Rocky Mou

ntai

n National Park and

Shadow Mountain

National R

ecreation

Area

)

Site

(Site

4)

(Sit

e 8)

Longs

Peak

Ran

ger

Stat

ion

(Sit

e 9)

Wild

Basin R

anger

Station -- --

(Site

11)

Rock Cabin Ra

nger

Stat

ion-

-- -

(Sit

e 15

)

Milner Pa

ss Ro

ad Camp--

(Site

16)

Date

Studied

1968

do

do

--do

1967

--do-

Pote

ntia

l aq

uife

r

Gran

ite

n ar-

ifll

depo

sits

Gran

ite

Pi flr-l f

t 1

deposits

Granite

Granite

and

glacial

deposits

Estimated

yiel

d (gallons

per

minu

te)

1-5

R-.I n

J**1U 5

1-5

1-5

1-5

(

Rema

rks

A well 100

to 200

feet deep intercepting

frac

ture

s may

supply estimated

yiel

d.

A we

ll 50 fe

et de

ep penetrating

sand

and

grav

el

should supply es

tima

ted

yiel

d.

Granite

at su

rfac

e fractured.

A well 100

to20

0 fe

et deep in

terc

epti

ng fr

actu

res

may

supp

ly es

tima

ted

yiel

d.

Pres

ent

supp

ly is

Al

pine

Br

ook.

A we

ll 50

fe

et de

ep penetrating

sand an

d gravel

shou

ld supply es

tima

ted

yiel

d.

A we

ll 10

0 to

20

0 feet de

ep in

terc

epti

ng

frac

ture

s may

supp

ly es

tima

ted

yiel

d.

Springs

1/2 mi

le no

rthw

est

of site yield

20 gpm.

A we

ll 10

0 to

200

feet

deep in

terc

epti

ng

frac

ture

s may

supply es

tima

ted

yield.

Table 2.

--Su

mmar

y of

%eoh

ydrQ

lo%i

c st

udie

s and

estimate of

gr

ound

-wat

er potential

at 10 sites

(Roc

ky Mountain National Pa

rk an

d Sh

adow

Mountain National Recreation Area)--Continued

Site

Phan

tom Va

lley

Campground

----

------

(Sit

e 17

)

Cutt

hroa

t Trout

Bay

Campground and

(Sit

e 22)

Inspiration Point-- --

(Sit

e 26

)

Harvey Isla

nd--

- ---

--

(Sit

e 30

)

Date

St

udie

d

1968

do

--do

do-

Potential

aqui

fer

Alluvium

Glacial

deposits

and

Tertiary

sand

ston

e

Granite

Glac

ial

deposits

Estimated

yield

(gallons

per

minute)

5

5-10 1-5 5

Remarks

A we

ll 50 feet deep penetrating sand and

grav

el

should supply estimated

yiel

d.

Site

underlain by

glacial material containing

larg

e boulders (s

ee Co

ffin

, 19

62).

A we

ll 100

to 200

feet

de

ep in

terc

epti

ng

frac

ture

s may supply es

tima

ted

yield.

A well 50

fe

et de

ep, penetrating sand and

gravel

should su

pply

estimated

yiel

d.

In addition, a detailed evaluation of the ground-water potential

is given for Moraine Park, Beaver Meadows, Mill Creek, Twin Owls, and

Horseshoe Park.

The locations of the 30 sites (1-30) included in this study and

the six (31-36) sites studied previously are shown on figure 2. More

detailed maps of the sites, showing the locations of test holes and

observation wells are given in figures 3 through 16.

13

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Test

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Fig

ure

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ocati

on o

f M

ora

ine

Par

k (

Sit

e 1)

, B

eaver

Mea

dow

s (S

ite

2),

Buc

k C

reek

(S

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4.

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Sit

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hol

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and

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5.

Lo

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in C

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7),

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(Site

8)

stud

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EXPLANATION

Study site

\ V -896& ".'.- /

VI- P XW!/' Lc-ngs Peak. ' \

F' J l.."'.-34$.

,,«»-° » :-: \ ̂ r ^ j i * /" r ', f ""

- KT^ '.©U;Base from U.S.Geological Survey Longs Peak, 1961

SCALE 1:24000 o i MILE

CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEETDATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL

Figure 6. Location of Longs Peak Ranger Station (Site 9) study site.

17

EX

PLA

NA

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. 33

'10

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.-; --

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*'EXPLANATION 105"32' 3l'R.73W. R.72W.UAn-HNHIIVro ^^ro^. .^ . r^ ^^ , ,f . ̂ -i:^^.r- - - -

105°30'

Test hole and observation well and number

T5N.

40°23'

Base from U.S. Geological Survey Estes Park, 1961

SCALE 1:24000 o

CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEET DATUM is vEAti JH LEVEL

Figure 8. Location of Twin Owls (Site 12) study site.

19

EXPLANATION R.73 W. 36' 105°35

Test hole and observation well and number

ighoFn Rar.ger! x . r--Sta'v-Ta!I

ah^L* % Entrance

I5N.

40°23

izL,nii^Base from U.S. Geological Survey Estes Park, 1961


CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEETDATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL

Figure 9. Location of Horseshoe Park (Site 13) study site.

20

EX

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1957

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III'' Zl'Ml :"^Grand Lake

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SCALE 1:24 COO ____ _ c_ _ _ __

CONTOUR INTCRVAL 40 FEETDATUM IS.VF-AN SLALE'.EL

1 MILE

Figure 12. Location of East Inlet Trailhead (Site 18) and Hilltop RangerStation (Site 19) study sites.

23

EXPLANATION

(20

Study site

26Test hole and number

R.76 W. 52' _

/ -^^--'Q'fi !

Recreation Arealeadquarters ' . ;.-..- -=

._/__ .^-/'ji'ii:V ' / "-.'. " .\j / y. ;; . «w/ v / --?^/tA:>\ |j ;:^/

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*. i &. '' I $'- w iBase from U.S. Geological Survey Shadow Mtn., 1958, Trail Mtn., 1957

SCALE 1:240001 MILE

CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEETWfUM IS HE/VJ S£A LEVEL

Figure 13. Location of Pine Beach Picnic Area (Site 20), Recreation Area Headquarters (Site 21), and Cutthroat Trout Bay Campground and Picnic Area (Site 22).study sites.

24

EX

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EXPLANATION

®Study site

_vy _

;^;^IOT= 7/-// ' '/V / ' / / / - - -v

Base from U.S. Geological Survey Shadow Mtn.,1958

iSCALE 1:24000

o

CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEET DATUM 6 VEAN SEA LEVEL

Figure 15. Location of Inspiration Point (Site 26) and Harvey Island (Site 30)study sites.

26

EXPLANATION

(29)

Study site

.32 Test hole and number

X33 Test hole and observation

105°47' R.75W. 105°45

£££t

40°08' -

T2N.^^^^

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fe'''^/-i//T''''^:!.../' /;//'////'///i^M^L '(; !

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rr ^^^^»w"?^w^ vi-:^sSsMKfe: -

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Base from U.S.Geological SurveyShadow Mtn.,1958, Strawberry Lake, 1958


CONTOUR INTERVAL 40 FEET DATUM is MEAN SEA LEVEL

Figure 16. Location of Big Rock Campground (Site 27), Moraine Campground (Site 28),and Roaring Fork Ranger Station (Site 29) study sites.

27

RESULTS OF DETAILED SITE STUDIES

Moraine Park (Site 1)

A substantial water supply for the Park Headquarters area could

be obtained from wells tapping the alluvial and glacial deposits in

Moraine Park. Wells drilled in these deposits would yield more than

100 gpm in many places.

Thirteen test holes were augered in Moraine Park to determine the

thickness and water-bearing potential of the glacial outwash and

alluvium in two areas. Nine test holes were augered near the pumphouse

and four were augered about three-fourths of a mile west of the

pumphouse (figs. 3, 4). The test holes drilled in October 1967 and

September 1968 indicate sand, gravel, and clay with saturated thickness

ranging from 9 to 95 feet. The greatest saturated thickness was near

the center of the flood plain of the Big Thompson River. The holes

near the east end of Moraine Park showed a much higher proportion of

clay than those three-fourths of a mile to the west. Test holes 6 and

7 penetrated thick sand and gravel deposits and a production well at

either test hole should yield at least 100 gpm.

Four test holes (10, 11, 12, 13) were drilled and observation

pipes installed between test hole 6 and test hole 5 (fig. 4) in

September 1968 to determine the suitability of the site and to provide

observation wells for a future aquifer test. The additional test

drilling confirmed that the site is suitable for construction of a

production well.

28

The present water supply for the Rocky Mountain National Park

Headquarters area is taken from the river at the east end of Moraine

Park. The intake, an infiltration gallery located 20 feet south of

the pumphouse, tends to clog frequently with very fine sediment. A

production well near test hole 6, which is near the pumphouse and

pipeline, should provide an adequate substitute for the present intake.

Two factors should be considered when preparing construction plans

for a well in Moraine Park. The well pump should be installed high

enough above ground level to prevent inundation by floods of the Big

Thompson River. The upper 20 feet of the well should be cased and

cemented to prevent the entry of very fine sediment into the well and

to minimize chemical corrosion.

A water sample from test hole 10, which is screened in the upper

part of the aquifer (9-11 feet), had a pH of 6.0 and water from this

aquifer would be corrosive (table 3). The low pH is caused by humic

acids from a marsh in this area. A water sample from test hole 6,

which is screened in the lower part of the aquifer (18-20 feet), had a

near-neutral pH of 7.3 (see table 3).

Chemical analyses of water from test holes 6 and 10 indicate that

otherwise the water is of excellent quality and that the content of

dissolved solids, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, and nitrate are well

within the recommended limits set forth by the U.S. Public Health

Service (1962). The results of these analyses and a comparison with

Public Health standards are given in table 3.

29

Table 3. Chemical analyses of water from test holes 6 and 10, Moraine Park

[Results in milligrams per liter.ND: Concentration limits have

Analysesnot been

Test hole 6, SB5-73-33CDB2; Test hole 10of collection: May 6, 1969.]

Constituent

Silica (Si02 )

Iron (Fe)-

Manganese (Mn) --- - -

Calcium (Ca) - -

Magnesium (Mg)- ----- _----- --

Sodium (Na) _----_--_

Potassium (K)- - - -

Bicarbonate (HCCO-- ---

Carbonate (CCL)

Sulfate (S04)

Chloride (Cl)

Fluoride (F) -

Nitrate (NCL)

Phosphate (PO, )

Boron (B) ---

Dissolved solids:

Residue on evaporation at 180 C---

Calculated - -

Hardness as CaCCL:Total ---- ------ ---

Non- carbonate - - -

Sodium-adsorption-ratio ------ ---

Specific conductance (micromhos per

cm at 25°C)

pH ------------ ------- _______

Test17

hole6

13

9.1

4.0

6.2

1.4

55

0

5.0

4.2

0.7

0.4

0.01

0.05

67

71

39

0

0.4

97

7.3

by U.S. Geol. Survey,established. Location:, SB5-73-33CDB4. Date

Test^hole10

14

8.4

3.6

4.0

1.9

13

0

36

2.0

0.3

0.7

0.01

0.00

86

77

36

25

0.3

93

6.0

Public Health Servicedrinking-water

standards

ND

0.3

.05

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

250

250

I/

45

ND

ND

500

500

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

I/ Test hole 6, well screened 18 to 20 feet.2/ Test hole 10, well screened 9 to 11 feet.Zj Recommended control limits for fluoride concentration are based on the

annual average of maximum daily air temperatures. For an annual average maximum daily air temperature from 53.8^ to 58.3°F, fluoride concentrations in milligrams per liter are: lower limit is 0.8, the optimum 1.1, and the upper 1.5.

30

Beaver Meadows (Site 2)

Test drilling indicated that wells in Beaver Meadows probably

would yield 5 to 30 gpm. Beaver Meadows is a long, narrow valley

(about 0.2 mile wide by 1.5 miles long) lying between parallel

lateral moraines. Two test holes (fig. 3), drilled by the cable-tool

method in July 1967, indicate that the meadow is underlain by about

40 feet of poorly sorted sand, gravel, and clay. The saturated thickness

of the deposits is 31 feet, but the poor sorting and the high content

of clay in the aquifer results in low permeability and thus in modest

well yields.

Mill Creek (Site 5)

A well drilled in the valley of Mill Creek probably would yield

from 10 to 50 gpm. The creek valley is about 200 feet wide. A test

hole augered in October 1968 showed that the creek valley is underlain

by at least 35 feet of saturated sand and gravel.

An observation well for water-level measurements was installed

in the test hole. The well is screened from 19 to 21 feet and could

be pumped for a temporary water supply until a production well is

drilled.

A well located near Mill Creek might be damaged by flooding;

therefore, a spring located about 1,400 feet southwest of the park

residences should be considered as a potential source of water. The

flow of the spring, measured in September 1967 and April, July, August,

and September 1968, was 100 gpm or more.

31

Twin Owls (Site 12)

A well drilled at the Twin Owls site probably would yield 2 to

15 gpm. The site (fig. 8) is on an alluvial fan near the northern

margin of the valley of Black Canyon Creek. Test drilling in

October 1968 indicated that the site is underlain by at least 27 feet

of saturated sand and gravel. The test hole was drilled to 38 feet

but did not penetrate bedrock. The depth to water was 8 feet below

land surface. An observation well installed in the test hole is

screened from 29 to 31 feet and could be pumped for a temporary

water supply until a production well is drilled. The present supply

is from two springs which yield about 0.3 gpm.

Horseshoe Park (Site 13)

An excellent supply of ground water can be developed in Horseshoe

Park (fig. 9). Test drilling in September 1968 indicated that a well

drilled in Horseshoe Park probarbly would yield at least 100 gpm.

Horseshoe Park is a valley about 3 miles long and, at the test-

drilling site, about half a mile wide. The valley is bounded on the

north and south by prominent lateral moraines. The test hole shows

that the site is underlain by silt, sand, gravel, and cobbles to a

depth of 57 feet, and by silty clay from 57 to 67 feet. The depth to

water was 5 feet below land surface.

32

RESULTS OF PREVIOUS SITE STUDIES

Studies of the possibilities of obtaining water supplies at

seven sites within Rocky Mountain National Park and Shadow Mountain

National Recreation Area were made by the Geological Survey prior to

the studies made for this report. Results of these studies were

released as administrative reports to the National Park Service in

1962, 1963, and 1966. Previous work on Cutthroat Trout Bay Campground

and Picnic Area (Site 22) is summarized in table 2. A discussion of the

other six sites follows.

Table Mountain (Site 31)

A study was made by D. L. Coffin (written commun., 1962) of the

potential for developing a ground-water supply for domestic use at a

ranger station near the base of Table Mountain (fig. 2). Geologic and

hydrologic information contained in the report show that the site is

underlain by 10 to 30 feet of unconsolidated sand, gravel, clay, and

boulders, and as much as 350 feet of sandy clay, siltstone, and

sandstone of Tertiary age. Several wells near the site obtain water of

good quality from the Tertiary deposits at depths between 180 and 350

feet. A well 400 feet deep probably would supply enough water for the

station.

Water could be pumped to the site from Lake Granby but because of

the large water-level fluctuations of the lake, expensive intake

facilities would be required, and the water would require treatment.

33

Harbison Meadow (Site 32)

A study of the Harbison Meadow site was made by D. L. Coffin

(written commun., 1961). A well for the park administrative facilities

near the south end of Harbison Meadow (fig. 2) was drilled in June 1961,

The well was drilled to a depth of 75 feet (cased to 71 feet) through

unconsolidated terrace deposits and glacial till consisting of sand,

gravel, silt, clay, cobbles, and boulders. Test pumping indicates that

the sustained yield at the well is 30 gpm and that the well will yield

as much as 70 gpm during infrequent periods of maximum demand. At the

higher rate, some sand may be pumped with the water; therefore,

provision should be made to prevent suspended sediment from entering

the distribution system.

Harbison Meadow Campground (Site 33)

The results of drilling and testing of a well to supply the

proposed West Side, or Harbison Meadow Campground (fig. 2) is given

in a report by Voegeli (1963b). The well which was drilled in 1962

penetrated 91 feet of terrace deposits and glacial(?J material

consisting primarily of sand and gravel and the water level was 32

feet below land surface. Test pumping indicates that the well will

yield 50 gpm for extended periods, and probably will yield 100 gpm

during short, infrequent periods of maximum demand. At the higher

yield some sand may be pumped with the water, requiring occasional

cleaning of the well.

34

Timber Creek Campground (Site 34)

The results of drilling and testing a well to supply Timber Creek

Campground (fig. 2) are presented in a report by P. A. Schneider, Jr.

(written commun., 1966). The well was drilled in July 1966 approximately

100 feet north of the campground amphitheater. It penetrated 77 feet of

unconsolidated terrace deposits consisting primarily of sand and gravel.

Test pumping showed that the well would supply as much as 100 gpm for

the campground. A pumping rate of 30 to 50 gpm would minimize the

possibility of pumping appreciable quantities of sand with the water.

Fall River Entrance (Site 35)

The results of drilling and testing a well to supply additional

water for the Bighorn Ranger Station and Aspenglen Campground near

the Fall River Entrance (fig. 2) are presented in a report by Coffin

and Jenkins (1966). The well, drilled in June 1965, penetrated 68

feet of glacial till consisting of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and

boulders, and 35 feet of Precambrian crystalline rocks. Test pumping

indicates that the well has a sustained yield of 30 gpm. The well

may require occasional cleaning of sand and silt accumulated inside

the casing.

35

Moraine Park Campground (Site 36)

The results of drilling and testing a well for the Moraine Park

Campground (fig. 2) are presented in a report by Voegeli (1963a). The

well penetrated 28.5 feet of glacial deposits consisting primarily of

sand and gravel and 241.5 feet of granite underlying the glacial

deposits. Pumping of the well indicated that the sustained yield is

2 to 2.5 gpm.

Other sources of water are the Big Thompson River, springs

located in the NE%SE% sec. 32, T. 5 N., R. 73 W., or the proposed well

for the Park Headquarters Area discussed earlier in this report under

the heading Moraine Park (Site 1). Obtaining water from any of these

sources, however, would require laying from 2,000 to 7,000 feet of

pipeline.

36

SELECTED REFERENCES

Coffin, D. L., 1966, Prospects for obtaining a water supply in the Fall

River entrance area of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado,

November 1964, and Addendum, October 1965, by E. D. Jenkins:

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 32 p.

Richmond, G. M., and Bradley, W. C., 1960, Pleistocene geology of

the eastern slope of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

Front Range, in Rocky Mtn. Assoc. Geologists, Guide to the

geology of Colorado: Denver, Colo., p. 200-204.

U.S. Public Health Service, 1962, Drinking water standards: U.S.

Public Health Service Pub. 956, 61 p.

Voegeli, P. T., Sr., 1963a, Prospects for obtaining a water supply

at the Moraine Park Campground site, Rocky Mountain National

Park, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 16 p.

____1936b, Water for the proposed West Side [flarbison Meadows]

Campground site, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado:

U.S. Geol. Survey open-file report, 22 p.

37

LOGS OF TEST HOLES AND OBSERVATION WELLS DRILLED BY THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1967, 1968)

[Test hole location shown on figures 2 through 16. The well and test hole numbers are based on the U.S. Bureau of Land Management System]

Thick- Depth belowness land surface

_ _._____m__________________________________(feet)_____(feet) SB5-73-32DBA Moraine Park (Site 1) Test hole 1 - Observation well

Alluvium and glacial deposits:

Clay, sandy, organic, black (water level at 0.2 feet). . 1 1

Sand, coarse, and brown clay .............. 7 8

Gravel, medium to coarse, rounded; contains coarse

sand ......................... 5 13

Clay and fine sand ................... 5 18

Sand, medium to coarse; contains medium to coarse

gravel ........................ 7 25

Sand, fine to medium, clayey .............. 1 26

SB5-73-32DCBMoraine Park (Site 1)Test hole 2 - Observation well


Sand, fine to coarse, and organic clay; contains

gravel (water level at 2.7 feet) ........... 3 3

Gravel, fine to coarse, and fine to coarse sand .... 3 6

Sand, fine; contains gravel .............. 16 22

Gravel, fine to coarse; contains fine to coarse sand . . 30 52

Sand, fine to coarse; contains fine gravel ....... 9 61

Gravel, fine to coarse; contains fine to coarse

sand ......................... 1 62

Clay, black ...................... 13 75

38

Thick- Depth belowness land surface(feet) (feet)

SB5-73-32DCD Moraine Park (Site 1) Test hole 3


Silt, organic, black .................. 1 1

Gravel, fine to coarse; contains fine to coarse sand

and clay (water level estimated at 2 feet) ...... 6 7

Gravel, medium to coarse ................ 5 12

Gravel, fine to coarse, and fine to coarse sand .... 35 47

Sand, fine to very coarse; contains fine gravel .... 10 57

Clay, black ...................... 40 97

SB5-73-32DCA Moraine Park (Site 1) Test hole 4


Silt, organic, black (water level estimated at 2 feet) . 3 3

Gravel, coarse ..................... 7 10

Gravel, fine to medium, and medium to coarse sand ... 22 32

Gravel, fine to medium, and fine to coarse sand .... 10 42

Sand, medium to coarse; contains some fine gravel ... 20 62

Clay, black ...................... 35 97

SB5-73-33CDB Moraine Park (Site 1) Test hole 5



Sand, medium to coarse; contains clay ......... 2 5

Gravel, medium to coarse; contains medium to coarse

sand, clay, and boulders (water level estimated

at 6 feet) ...................... 5 10

Sand, medium to coarse, clayey ............. 12 22

Sand, fine to coarse, and clay ............. 45 67

Sand, fine to coarse; contains cobbles and clay .... 17 84

39

Thick- Depth below ness land surface (feet)_____(feet)

SB5-73-33CDB2Moraine Park (Site 1)Test Hole 6 - Observation well



Gravel, fine to coarse, and fine to coarse sand;

contains clay (water level at 3.5 feet) ....... 14 17

Gravel, fine to medium; contains fine to coarse sand . . 25 42

Gravel, fine to medium; contains fine to coarse sand

and black clay .................... 21 63

Clay, black ...................... 4 67



Silt, organic, black ................. 3 3

Sand, coarse, and medium to coarse gravel; contains

cobbles (water level at 3.5 feet) .......... 2 5

Gravel, medium to coarse ................ 17 22

Sand, fine to coarse, and fine gravel ......... 25 47

Sand, fine to medium .................. 10 57

Sand, fine to medium; contains lenses of clay ..... 5 62

Sand, fine to medium; contains coarse gravel ...... 8 70

Clay, black ...................... 27 97

SB5-73-33CCA Moraine Park (Site 1) Test Hole 8


Silt, organic, black (water level estimated at 2 feet) . 2 2

Clay, sandy, brown ................... 1 3

Gravel, medium to coarse; contains clay and sand .... 7 10

Clay (no returns) ................... 17 27

Sand (no returns) ................... 50 77

Clay (no returns) ................... 10 87

4,0

Thi'ck- Depth below ness land surface (feet)____(feet)

SB5-73-33CDA Moraine Park (Site 1) Test Hole 9

Glacial deposits:

Silt; contains gravel ................. 2 2

Gravel, fine to coarse; contains clay, sand, and

cobbles (water level estimated at 6 feet) ...... 13 15



Sand, fine to coarse, and fine to coarse gravel .... 2 2

Sand, fine to coarse, and fine to coarse gravel;

contains cobbles (water level at 3.3 feet) ...... 33 35


Clay (no returns) ................... 9 62



Sand, fine to coarse, and fine to coarse gravel; contains


Clay .......................... 3 55



Sand, fine to coarse, and fine to coarse gravel

(water level at 3.4 feet) .............. 12 12

Sand, medium ...................... 14 26

Sand and gravel .................... 18 44

Clay .......................... 3 47

41

Thick- Depth below ness land surface (feet)______(feet)




(water level at 3.1 feet). .............. 12 12

Sand, fine to coarse; contains fine to coarse gravel

and boulders ...'.................. 30 42

Sand, medium; contains fine gravel ........... 25 67

SB5-7?-29DBBBaavar Meadows (3ite 2)Test Hole 14 - Observation well

Alluvi\uQ and glacial deposits:

Clay, sandy, organic, black (boulders at 12 feet) ... 12 12

Clay, sandy, black; contains streaks of gravel ..... 4 16

Gravel, fine to medium; contains brown clay

(water level at 18.0 feet). ............. 2 18

Gravel, fine to medium; contains brown clay and cobbles. 2 20

Clay, brown, and fine to coarse sand .......... 5 25

Clay, brown; contains fine to coarse sand and fine to

coarse gravel .................... 11 36

Sand, coarse, and medium gravel; contains clay ..... 3 39

Bedrock:

Granite ........................ 2 41

SB5-73-29CACBeaver Meadows (Site 2)Test Hole 15


Clay, sandy, (boulder at 3 feet) ............ 5 5

Sand, fine to coarse; contains clay and fine to coarse

gravel (water level estimated at 12 feet) ...... 16 21

Clay .......................... 1 22


brown clay (boulder at 36 feet) ........... 18 40

Bedrock:

Granite ........................ 3 4342 .

Thick- Depth below ness land surface (feet)____(feet)

SB5-73-27DCCBuck Creek (Site 3)Test Hole 16

Alluvium:

Silt .......................... 5 5

Gravel and cobbles ................... 5 10

Sand, fine to coarse; contains clay and gravel ..... 5 15

Bedrock:

Granite at 15 feet ...................

SB4-73-5BACMill Creek (Site 5)Test Hole 17 - Observation well



Sand, fine to coarse; contains gravel and some cobbles



SB4-73-8BCAGlacier Basin Campground (Site 6)Test Hole 18 - Observation well


Sand, fine to coarse, and silt, gravel, and cobbles;

contains clay .................... 12 12

Sand, fine to coarse; and fine to coarse gravel; contains

clay ......................... 3 15

Sand, fine to coarse; contains gravel ......... 8 23

Sand, fine to coarse (water level at 31.2 feet). .... 24 47

Sand, fine to coarse .................. 17 , 64

Gravel, cobbles, and sand ............... 2 66

43


SB4-73-7DCAGlacier Basin Picnic Area (Site 7)Test Hole 19


Gravel, fine to medium; contains sand (water level

estimated at 10 feet)................. 10 10

Sand, coarse; contains fine gravel ........... 5 15

Gravel, coarse; contains sand ............. 4 19

Clay and fine sand (no returns) ............ 3 22

Gravel, fine; contains sand (cobbles at 31 feet) .... 10 32

Sand, fine to coarse .................. 15 47

Clay and gravel (no returns) .............. 2 49

SB3-73-22BDDWild Basin, Deer Haven Lodge (Site 10)Test Hole 20


Boulders, gravel, sand, and clay (water level estimated

at 21 feet) ..................... 21 21

Sand, fine to coarse; contains silt, gravel, and

boulders ....................... 17 38

SB5-73-13ACCTwin Owls (Site 12)Test Hole 21 - Observation well

Alluvium:

Sand, fine to coarse, and black fine to medium gravel. . 7 7

Gravel, fine to medium, and fine to coarse clayey sand


Clay .......................... 3 22

Gravel (cobbles at 38 feet) .............. 16 38

44

Thick- Depth below ness land surface (feet)____(feet)

SB5-73-18BDCHorseshoe Park (Site 13)Test Hole 22 - Observation well


Gravel, coarse; contains sand and silt ......... 2 2

Gravel, fine to coarse; contains sand, silt, and

cobbles (water level at 5.5 feet). .......... 8 10

Gravel, fine ...................... 3 13

Sand, fine to coarse, and fine gravel ......... 19 32

Sand, fine to coarse; contains gravel and clay ..... 25 57

Clay, silty ...................... 10 67

SB5-74-11CACEndovalley Campground (Site 14)Test Hole 23 - Observation well


Sand, fine to coarse, brown .............. 2 2

Sand, fine to coarse, brown; contains gravel and


SB3-75-9BACEast Inlet Trailhead (Site 18)Test Hole 24

Artificial fill .................... 19 19


Clay, sandy ...................... 4 23

Gravel and cobbles (water level estimated at 24 feet). . 3 26

Sand and clay ..................... 5 31


SB3-75-6DDBHilltop Ranger Station (Site 19)Test Hole 25


Gravel, coarse; contains sand (water level estimated at

2 feet). ....................... 12 12

Clay (no return) .................... 6 18

Gravel ......................... 7 25

Clay, sandy ...................... 5 30

45

Thick ness (feet)

Depth below land surface

(feet)

SB3-76-13BACPine Beach Picnic Area (Site 20)Test Hole 26



(water level estimated at 6 feet). .......... 10 10

Clay, sandy ...................... 8 18

Gravel, sand, and clay ................. 5 23

Clay .......................... 13 36

SB3-76-13BBARecreation Area Headquarters (Site 21)Test Hole 27

Alluvium:

Sand and gravel, poorly sorted; contains clay (water

level estimated at 1 foot) .............. 6 6

Clay, sandy, black ..'.................. 8 14

Undifferentiated Tertiary deposits:

Clay, red ....................... 4 18

SB2-76-15BADGranby Entrance (Site 23)Test Hole 28


Clay, sandy, reddish-brown (water level estimated at

28 feet) ....................... 36 36

SB2-76-11DBBSunset Point (Site 24)Test Hole 29


Sand, fine to coarse, gravel, and cobbles ....... 4 4


Clay and sand, fine to coarse, gravelly (water level

estimated at 7 feet) ................. 12 -"""""16

46


SB2-75-18CBCKamloop Cove (Site 25)Test Hole 30

Alluvium:

Sand, fine to medium, black .............. 6 6

Sand, fine to medium, clayey, black .......... 3 9

Bedrock:

Granite at 9 feet ...................

SB2-75-23ACABig Rock Campground (Site 27)Test Hole 31


Sand, fine to medium; contains gravel ......... 3 3

Sand, fine to coarse; contains gravel ......... 3 6

Sand, fine to coarse, clayey (water level estimated at

9 feet). ........ 1 .............. 15 21

Clay, sandy, sticky, blue; contains gravel ....... 15 36

SB2-75-23ABCMoraine Campground (Site 28)Test Hole 32


Sand, medium to coarse (water level estimated at 5 feet) 9 9

Clay, sandy, dark-blue ................. 9 18


Sand, clay, gravel, and cobbles ............ 5 31

Sand, gravel, and cobbles ............... 4 35

Clay, silty, blue ................... 66 101

SB2-75-14CBDRoaring Fork Ranger Station (Site 29)Test Hole 33 - Observation well



cobbles ....................... 7 7

Sand, fine to coarse, and fine to coarse gravel (water

level at 11.6 feet) ................. 17 24

47GPO 834 -307

united states department of the interior · rocky mountain national park and shadow mountain...

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