unit1 rm an introduction

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PRESENTATION

ON

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:AN INTRODUCTION



SUBTOPICS :

• Meaning of research

• Objectives and motivation in research

• Defining the research problem

• Selecting the research problem

• Necessity of defining the problem• Techniques of defining ; A problem

• Types of research

• Research approaches

• Significance of research

• Research method Vs methodology• Research and scientific method

• Research process

• Research problem in India



MEANING OF RESEARCH

• According to Clifford Woody, research

comprise defining redefining problems,

formulating hypothesis or suggested

solutions; collecting ,organizing and evaluating

data; making deductions and reaching

conclusions to determine whether they fit the

formulation hypothesis.



MEANING OF RESERCH

1. Research originates with a question or a

problem.

2. Research require a clear articulation of a goal.

3. Research follows a specific plan of a procedure.

4. Research usually divides the principal problem

into more manageable sub problems.

5. Research is guided by the specific research

problem, question or hypothesis.



MEANING OF RESEARCH

• Research accepts certain critical assumptions.These assumptions are underlying theories orideas about how the world works.

•Research requires the collection andinterpretation of data in attempting to resovethe problem that initiated the research .

• Research is , by its nature , cyclical; or more

exactly, spiral or helical . In the Kan CRN projectthe helical nature of research is represented byconnecting Vee diagrams.



OBJECTIVES AND MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH

Objectives

• To gain familiarity with aphenomenon (formulation orexploratory research)

•

To portray accurately the featureof a particular individual situationor group descriptive research)

• To determine the frequency withwhich something occurs(diagnostic research)

•

To test a hypothesis of casualrelationship between variables(hypothesis test result)

Motivating factors

• Desire to get a research degreealong with its consequentbenefits

•

Desire to face the challenge insolving the unsolved problems

• Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work

• Desire to be of service to society

• Desire to get responsibility

• Other motivating factors:curiosity, employment conditionetc.



DEFINING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Research problem is some difficulty a researcherexperience in the context of either a theoreticalor practical situation and want to obtain asolution . Some condition:

• There must be individual whom problem can beattributed.

• There must be at least two course of action.

• There must be at least two course of outcome.

• Course of action must be provides chance of obtaining objectives.



SELECTING THE PROBLEM

• Subject which is overdone should not be nor mall,chosen .

• Controversial subject should not become the choice of an average researcher.

• Too narrow or too vague problem should be avoided.

• Research should be familiar and feasible.

• Subject qualification, training of researcher, cost

involved, time factor must be consider red.• Selection of problem must be proceeded by

preliminary study.



NECESSITY OF DEFINING THE

PROBLEM

• A problem clearly stated is a problem half

solved .

• Problem to be investigated must be defined

unambiguously for that will help to

discriminate relevant data from the irrelevant

ones.



TECHNIQUES OF DEFINING A

PROBLEM

• Statement of the problem in a general way.

• Understanding the nature of the problem.

•

Surveying the available literature.• Developing the ideas through discussions.

• Rephrasing the research problem.



TYPES OF RESEARCH

• Descriptive research

• Analytical research

• Applied research

•Fundamental research

• Quantitative research

• Qualitative research

• Conceptual research

• Empirical research

• One time research



• Longitudinal research

• Laboratotory research

• Diagnostic or clinical research

• Exploratory research

•Historical research

• Conclusion oriented research

• Decision oriented research

• Operation research



RESEARCH APPROACHES

Quantitative approach

1. Inferential approach• The purpose of to form a idea base

from which to infer characteristic

• It is usually means survey research

2. Experimental approach•

It is characteristically by much greatercontrol over the researchenvironment and in this case somevariable are manipulated to observetheir effect on three variable

3. Simulation approach• It involves the constriction of an

artificial environment within which

relevant information & data can begenerated

• It is also useful in building models forunderstanding future conditions

Qualitative approach

• It is concerned with subjectiveassessment of attitude opinion andbehaviors. Research is such asituation is a function of researchers'in sights and impressions. Generallythe techniques of four groupinterviews, projective techniques anddepth interviews are used.



SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

• All role of research is expandable & has generally increased inmodern times whether related to business or the economy as awhole.

• Research provides the basis for nearly all government polices in oureconomic system.

• It facilitates the decision of the policy makers.• Research has it special significance in solving various operational &

planning problems of business & industry.

• Research is equally important for social scientists in studding socialrelationship & in seeking answers to various social problems.

•It is also important to write a master’s or P.hd thesis.

• It is important to professional in research methodology , tophilosopher’s thinkers for new ideas , to analyst for the generationsof new ideas,



RESEARCH METHOD Vs

METHODOLOGY

• All methods which are used by researcher

during the study of his research problem are

called research methods.

• In research methodology we take research

methods as well as the logic behind the

methods and explains reason for not using

other methods so results are evaluted byresearchers as well as others.



RESEARCH AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• Scientific methods attempts to achieve “ the

ideal by experimentations and a combination,

observation logical arguments from accepted

postulates and a combination these three

varying proportion.”



RESEARCH PROCESS

• Formulating the research problem.

• Extensive literature survey.

•

Development of working hypothesis.• Preparing the research design.

• Determining sample size.

• Collecting the data.



RESEARCH PROCESS

• Execution of the project.

• Analysis of data.

•

Hypothesis testing.• Generalization and interpretation.

• Preparation of report or thesis.



CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH

• Good research has to be systematic.

• Good research has to be logical.

•

Good research has to be empirical.• Good research has to be replicable.



RESEACH PROBLEMS IN INDIA

• Lack of scientific training in research methodogy.

• Insufficient interaction between the universallyresearch departments.

•

Need for generating the confidence that theinformation obtained the business untill will notbe misused.

• Research studies overlapping one another areundertaken quite often want of adequateinformation.

• There does not exist a code of conduct forresearchers.



RESEACH PROBLEMS IN INDIA

• Difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial

assistance.

• Library management and functioning is not

satisfactory at many places.• Our libraries are not able to get copies of old new

rules, report and other govt. publications in time.

•

Timely availability of published data.• Problem of conceptualization.

unit1 rm an introduction

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