Unit threeUnit three

scientific scientific discoveriesdiscoveries

What is scienceWhat is science??Science gives us a way to investigate Science gives us a way to investigate

and understand the natural world, a and understand the natural world, a methodology that can lead to methodology that can lead to

wonderful discoverieswonderful discoveries . .Often, great discoveries are made Often, great discoveries are made

piece by piece over a period of time piece by piece over a period of time and involve the contributions of and involve the contributions of

several people such as professional several people such as professional researchers and scientistsresearchers and scientists..

What steps do most of the What steps do most of the scientists do to draw scientists do to draw

conclusionsconclusions??ObservationObservation

DeductionDeductionhypothesishypothesis

experimentationexperimentation

Do you think that these scientific Do you think that these scientific discoveries have an importance on our discoveries have an importance on our

modern agemodern age??

Scientific discoveries have contributed so Scientific discoveries have contributed so significantly to the wonders of our significantly to the wonders of our modern world by making almost every modern world by making almost every

field of our field of our life easierlife easier..

Research workResearch workIn groups, choose a famous invention you want to In groups, choose a famous invention you want to

know more about. Then find answers for the know more about. Then find answers for the following questionsfollowing questions::

What is the inventionWhat is the invention??Who invented itWho invented it??

When was this inventedWhen was this invented??How does this invention help peopleHow does this invention help people??

Why was this inventedWhy was this invented??How your life would be different without itHow your life would be different without it??

((due for presentation at the end of the unitdue for presentation at the end of the unit))

The main objectives areThe main objectives are::

Present your work as groups to the classPresent your work as groups to the class..Fill in the given chart with your group from Fill in the given chart with your group from

information presentedinformation presented..Write a well-organized essay about one of Write a well-organized essay about one of

the presented inventions showing its the presented inventions showing its advantages and disadvantagesadvantages and disadvantages..

( (as H.W. to be delivered in the next periodas H.W. to be delivered in the next period))

x-raysx-raysX-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm

Konrad von RoentgenKonrad von RoentgenThis new form of radiation that allowed him This new form of radiation that allowed him

to photograph objects that were hidden behind to photograph objects that were hidden behind opaque shieldsopaque shields..

X-rays were soon used as an important were soon used as an important diagnostic tool in medicinediagnostic tool in medicine..

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

- X-rays can be used to produce an image of any body - X-rays can be used to produce an image of any body part. part.

- It is also available as a portable x-ray unit and can be - It is also available as a portable x-ray unit and can be used in hospital wards, operation theatres and used in hospital wards, operation theatres and ICU/emergency rooms ICU/emergency rooms

- Less Costly than any other imaging modules )eg. MRI(- Less Costly than any other imaging modules )eg. MRI(

DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

- Amount of information obtained is - Amount of information obtained is often limited.often limited.

- Exposure to ionizing radiation that - Exposure to ionizing radiation that is harmful to the human bodyis harmful to the human body..

The Development of The Development of ComputersComputers

There are many major milestones in There are many major milestones in the history of computers, starting the history of computers, starting with 1936, when Konrad Zuse built with 1936, when Konrad Zuse built the first freely programmable the first freely programmable computercomputer . .

One of the most significant tools of the One of the most significant tools of the modern age is the electronic computer. Now modern age is the electronic computer. Now everything can be done through a computer: everything can be done through a computer:

banking, shopping, and evenbanking, shopping, and even higher education . .

To be used in Communication useful To be used in Communication useful for data compression in the for data compression in the transmission of information, thus file transmission of information, thus file transfer protocols on the internettransfer protocols on the internet . .

Alexander FlemingAlexander Fleming

PenicillinPenicillinPenicillin was discovered by Alexander Penicillin was discovered by Alexander

Fleming in 1928. Andrew Moyer Fleming in 1928. Andrew Moyer patented the first method of industrial patented the first method of industrial production of penicillin in 1948production of penicillin in 1948..

Suspicion that diseases were caused Suspicion that diseases were caused by unseen by unseen ’’seedsseeds’’ or living organisms or living organisms goes back to the mid-1500s when goes back to the mid-1500s when physicians began tracking epidemics physicians began tracking epidemics of infectious diseasesof infectious diseases..

The experiments of The experiments of Louis Pasteur in in the mid-nineteenth century directly the mid-nineteenth century directly supported the germ theory of supported the germ theory of disease, and he is considered the disease, and he is considered the father of germ theory and father of germ theory and bacteriologybacteriology

Importance of medicineImportance of medicine

Impressive developments in Impressive developments in medicine have allowed humanity to medicine have allowed humanity to triumph over diseases caused by the triumph over diseases caused by the smallest life forms on Earth. This has smallest life forms on Earth. This has allowed us to live longer, healthier allowed us to live longer, healthier lives lives –– the better to enjoy all the the better to enjoy all the other fruits of scientific discovery other fruits of scientific discovery and technological developmentand technological development!!

Galileo Galilee

The rise of modern light The rise of modern light microscopemicroscope

The microscopeThe microscope is an is an instrument used to see objects that are too used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small science of investigating small objects using such an instrument objects using such an instrument

is calledis called microscopy..

The first microscope to be developed The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to the original inventor is not easy to identifyidentify..

An early microscope was made in An early microscope was made in 1590 in1590 in Middelburg , ,Netherlands . .

Giovanni Faber coined the name coined the name microscopemicroscope for Galileo Galilei's for Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625 compound microscope in 1625 (Galileo had called it the "(Galileo had called it the "occhiolinoocchiolino" " or "or "little eyelittle eye")")..

It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, Holland and England. research in Italy, Holland and England. Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the of biological structures beginning with the lungslungs . .

The greatest contribution came from Antoni The greatest contribution came from Antoni van Leeuwenhoek who discovered red blood van Leeuwenhoek who discovered red blood cells and spermatozoa and helped cells and spermatozoa and helped popularise microscopy as a techniquepopularise microscopy as a technique..

On 9 October 1676, Leeuwenhoek reported On 9 October 1676, Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organismsthe discovery of micro-organisms

Lightning is one of the most dramatic effects of electricity.

.The Light Bulb

ElectricityElectricity is a general term is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of resulting from the presence and flow of electric chargeelectric charge . .

In the year 1600, English physician William In the year 1600, English physician William Gilbert conned the term Gilbert conned the term electricelectric, from the , from the Greek Greek elektronelektron, to identify the force that , to identify the force that certain substances exert when rubbed certain substances exert when rubbed against each otheragainst each other..

While many believe Benjamin While many believe Benjamin Franklin to be the father of Franklin to be the father of electricity, current findings seem to electricity, current findings seem to show otherwise. In 1752, Franklin is show otherwise. In 1752, Franklin is said to have performed the famous said to have performed the famous experiment of flying a kite during a experiment of flying a kite during a thunderstorm, which led to the thunderstorm, which led to the discovery that lightning and discovery that lightning and electricity were somehow relatedelectricity were somehow related....

The Light BulbThe Light Bulb

Contrary to popular belief, Thomas Alva Contrary to popular belief, Thomas Alva Edison didn't "invent" the light bulb, but Edison didn't "invent" the light bulb, but rather he improved upon a 50-year-old idearather he improved upon a 50-year-old idea . .

In 1809, Humphry Davy, an English chemist, In 1809, Humphry Davy, an English chemist, invented the first electric light. In 1878, Sir invented the first electric light. In 1878, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan, an English physicist, was Joseph Wilson Swan, an English physicist, was the first person to invent a practical and the first person to invent a practical and longer-lasting electic light bulb (13.5 hours) longer-lasting electic light bulb (13.5 hours) with a carbon fiber filamentwith a carbon fiber filament..

In 1879, Thomas Alva Edison invented a In 1879, Thomas Alva Edison invented a carbon filament that burned for forty hourscarbon filament that burned for forty hours . .

The Invention of the CarThe Invention of the Car

In 1769, the very first self-propelled In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was invented by French road vehicle was invented by French mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. However, it was a steam-powered However, it was a steam-powered modelmodel . .

In 1885, Karl Benz designed and built In 1885, Karl Benz designed and built the world's first practical automobile the world's first practical automobile to be powered by an internal-to be powered by an internal-combustion enginecombustion engine . .

In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler took the In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler took the internal combustion engine a step internal combustion engine a step further and patented what is further and patented what is generally recognized as the generally recognized as the prototype of the modern gas engine prototype of the modern gas engine and later built the world's first four-and later built the world's first four-wheeled motor vehiclewheeled motor vehicle . .

Being one of the most significant Being one of the most significant inventions of the 1920s, the inventions of the 1920s, the automobile drastically changed the automobile drastically changed the lives of people for the better. It lives of people for the better. It helped them in transportationhelped them in transportation . .

Over the first few years of the 1920s, Over the first few years of the 1920s, the automobile became a hit with the automobile became a hit with everyone, especially young people everyone, especially young people who wanted freedom and who wanted freedom and excitementexcitement . .

The automobile also helped in The automobile also helped in companies and industriescompanies and industries . .

Many people found it hard to drive on Many people found it hard to drive on the poor dirt roads and that cars the poor dirt roads and that cars required a lot of fuel (gas) to run. So required a lot of fuel (gas) to run. So nation wide road construction took nation wide road construction took place, which created even more jobs, place, which created even more jobs, and strengthened the economy even and strengthened the economy even furtherfurther . .