unit i: early civilizations and empires. civilization begins in mesopotamia section 2.1

UNIT I:

Early Civilizations and Empires

Civilization begins in Mesopotamia

Section 2.1

1. Name three advances in Science and technology of early humans.2. In what year in Confucius born?3. What year does the Roman empire fall?

What are the major factors in the development of early civilizations?

city-state: cities and the

countryside around them, which were the basic units of Sumerian civilization


theocracy- a government by divine authority

empire-a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader that controls many people or territories


patriarchal- a form of society dominated by men

polytheistic- a belief in many gods


cuneiform- “wedged-shaped”; the Sumerian system of writing


IMPACT of GEOGRAPHY The valley between the Tigris

and the Euphrates is called Mesopotamia; means “between two rivers”; It is located in the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent. Early civilization began there because it had land with rich soil; the river overflowed. The Sumerians were the first to create a lasting society there.


By 3000BC the Sumerians has 3 city states-Eridu, Ur, and Uruk. The most important building was the temple because Sumerians believed kings got their powers from gods. Most people were farmers but there were also artisans. The Sumerians created the wheel. They also had three major social groups: nobles commoners and slaves.

City-states began to fight with each other for power. Around 2340 BC the Akkadians overran the Sumerian city-states. They set up an empire. By 1792 BC, a new empire controlled Mesopotamia. The king was the very powerful Hammurabi.

City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia

Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia


Hammurabi’s code: a collection of laws; penalties were severe and different for each class of people. The main focus was ‘an eye for an eye’. It reflected a patriarchal society.


IMPORTANCE of RELIGION * Mesopotamians believed in over 3,000

gods and goddesses; polytheistic *They believed this because of the harsh

climate changes


The CREATIVITY of the SUMERIANS *Their greatest invention is cuneiform

(wedge shaped); the first form of writing *writing allowed for people to pass

information on through generations *Epic of Gilgamesh; surviving poem about a

king named Gilgamesh *created the wagon wheel (transportation

and trade), sundial (time), potter’s wheel (crafts, pottery), the arch (architecture), and bronze (tools)


Take ten minutes to read and complete the “Eyewitness to History” Activity on page 44 of the text. Be ready to share responses with the class.

Egyptian Civilization: The Gift of the Nile

Section 2.2

What were the major accomplishments of Ancient Egypt?

dynasty- a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family

pharaoh- “great house” or “palace” the most common title of Egyptian monarchs


bureaucracy- an administrative organization with officials and regular procedures

visier- “steward of the whole land” the official in charge of the government bureaucracy


Mummification- a process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting

Hieroglyphics- the Greek name for the earliest Egyptian writing


hieratic script- a simplified version of hieroglyphics that was used for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life in Egypt


IMPACT of GEOGRAPHY The Nile River is the longest in

the world (4,000 miles); Egypt’s important cities developed along the Nile.. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt had natural barriers that protected it from invasion.


IMPORTANCE of RELIGION Were polytheistic Two main groups:

Sun gods and land gods: Sun gods were sources of life

example (Re) human body and head of a falcon

Land gods –gods that dealt with the river example (Osiris and Isis, resurrection)


Ancient Egyptian History is divided into three time frames:

The Old Kingdom: 2700-2200BC The Middle Kingdom: 2050-1652 The New Kingdom 1567-1085BC


The Old Kingdom (2700-2200BC) It was an age of prosperity and splendor;

at the top was the pharaoh who had absolute power but was assisted by the bureaucracy. The pyramids were built during this kingdom. They were built for the pharaohs and their families; used mummification to preserve the bodies.


The Middle Kingdom 2050-1652 BC Very stable time, They expanded south

Pharaoh’s role was less of a god-king and more of a shepherd providing for his people.


The New Kingdom 1567-1085 BC Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion of

the Hyksos; used horse drawn chariots to invade. Hatshepsut was the first women to become a pharaoh.

The Great Sphinx was built more than 4,500 years ago. It is crumbling with humidity and wind.


They were built to protect kings as well as to honor them. Smaller pyramids were constructed for the family members as well.


Hyksos invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdome on chariots pulled by horses. Later the Egyptians would use that technology to defeat them.


A sculpture of the first female pharaoh, Hatshepsut. Contrary to popular belief, it was not Cleopatra- though she tried to unify Egypt with the help of Rome.


Social Structure of Ancient Egypt. The bureaucracy included the visier, nobles, and priests.



SOCIETY in ANCIENT EGYPT Used hieroglyphics; a combination of

pictures and abstract forms. Achievements in art and science included,

pyramids, temples, math (to calculate area and volume), developed the 365 day calendar, and medical knowledge

The Greek City- States

Section 4.1

How did Greek society influence other early civilizations?

polis- the Greek word for city-state

acropolis- fortified area at the top of a hill in a Greek city-state


democracy- rule of many

oligarchy- rule by a few


direct democracy- a democratic system in which people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings


tragedy- a serious play or drama


Socratic method- a teaching method used by Socrates in which a question and answer format leads pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason


The Polis: Made up of people with a common goal

3 main groups: 1. citizens with political rights (adult males) 2. citizens with no political rights (women and children) 3. noncitizens (slaves and people from another lands)

There were many different city states; the downfall of Greece was a result of feuding city-states


Between 750 and 550 BC Greece expands its empire; trade and industry lead to many wealthy people who wanted power and became tyrants

Tyrants fell out of favor. Aristocrats were no longer in power and common people were able to have more of a say in politics. Some city states even used direct democracy

Tyranny in City States Democracy v. Oligarchy


Greek Religion Believed 12 main gods lived on Mt.

Olympus; chief was Zeus Performed rituals to appease the gods Also had festivals where athletic events

took place First Olympics took place 776BC


Greek Drama Created drama as we know it

today; tragedies were presented at outdoor festivals in a trilogy; (ex: Oedipus Rex) Comedy developed later on and focused on politicians and aimed to entertain or get a reaction


Philosophy Is an organized system of thought; many

Greek philosophers tried to explain the universe with underlying principles.

Socrates was a teacher who we know about because of his students (most famous: Plato; wrote The Republic); he used a question answer format to teach his students so they would have reasoning behind their answers

Ancient Rome

Section 5-1

What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? republic- a form

of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote

patrician- one of Rome’s wealthy landowners, who became Rome’s ruling class

What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? plebian- a member of

second and larger group of Roman citizens, who were less wealthy landowners, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers

triumvirate- a government of three people with equal power

What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? dictator- an

absolute ruler

procurator- a Roman official who directed the affairs of a province

What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? plague- an

epidemic disease

inflation- a rapid increase in prices

What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? LAND and PEOPLE of ROME

Romans were heavily influenced by the Greeks

Rome had a republic form of government First Code of law was the 12 Tables Had a legislative branch which included a

Senate Rome was divided into two groups:

Patricians, the ruling class Plebians, the craftspeople merchants, small

farmers

What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece?

There were many civil wars which led to the collapse of the First Republic

First Triumvirate came to power, Crassus (in Spain), Pompey (in Syria), and Julius Caesar (in Gaul)

What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? The EARLY EMPIRE 14-180 AD

During this time 5 good emperors ruled: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius.

They created Pax Romana (Roman Peace) a time of peace and prosperity

What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece? RELIGION in ANCIENT ROME

The official state religion of ancient Rome was the worship of several gods

During the Early Empire, Jesus of Nazareth began his teachings and gained many followers

During the reign of Nero Christians were persecuted

Eventually, Christianity triumphs as a major religion

What are the similarities and differences between Rome and Greece?

Marcus Aurelius and a series of civil wars follow; because of the invasion plagues spread rapidly; the economy crashed. There are less people because of the plagues There were struggles for power leading to inflation.

After the emperor Constantine, the Roman empire was divided into east and west. Capital of west was Rome; capital of east was Constantinople. Rome constantly conquered while Constantinople became Byzantine empire and flourishes.

Decline of Rome Fall of Rome

The Rise of Islam

Section 6-1

How did the Islamic world begin and expand between 600 and 1300?

sheikh- the ruler of an Arab tribe

Quran- the holy scriptures of Islam


Islam- “peace through submission through will of Allah”

jihad- the Arabic custom of raiding one’s enemies


Shiite- Muslims who accept only descendants of Ali as caliphs

caliph- a successor to Muhammad, or ruler of Islam


Sunni- Muslims who accept only descendants of Umayyads as true caliphs

mosque- a Muslim temple or house of worship


bazaar- a covered market

dowry- in Islamic society, a gift of money or property given to a bride by her husband


MUHAMMAD (Founder of Islam)

570- born 610- first vision 622- Muhammad and followers

journey to Madinah 630-Muhammad returns to

Makkah with his army and the city surrenders and become ruler

632- Muhammad dies


Islam Religion: Scripture is called Quran; the word Islam means “peace through the submission of Allah”; Followers of Islam are called Muslims

Teachings of Muhammad: Muslims are monotheistic; also believe in afterlife; Islam stresses the need to obey Allah through the 5 pillars 1.) belief in Allah and in Muhammad as his prophet 2.) standard prayer 5 times a day and public prayer on Fridays 3.)giving alms, such as food and money, to the poor 4.) observance of the holy month of Ramadan, including fasting from dawn to sunset 5.) making the pilgrimage to Makkah at least once


Creation of Arab Empire After Muhammad dies, Abu Makr is leader or

caliph. Raided enemies to grow, called jihad,

(struggle in the way of god) Arabs conquered parts of Europe, including

Spain in 725 During the Umayyad dynasty, Muslims who

were not Arab, felt they were being treated unfairly and they split into two groups the Shiite and the Sunni


The MUSLIM WORLD Trade was important; had bazaars, covered

markets, that had goods from all over the world

Women were not considered equal; men could have more than one wife, but no more than 4

Most only had one because they had to pay s dowry

Development of Civilizations in Africa

7-1

What are the characteristics of early African societies before 1800?

plateau- a relatively high, flat land area

savannah- a broad grassland dotted with small trees and shrubs


Bantu- a family of languages spoken by peoples who migrated from the Niger River region to East Africa and the Congo River Basin

Swahili- a mixed African-Arabian culture along the coastal area of East Africa


stateless society- a group of independent villages organized by clans and led by a local ruler or clan head

lineage group- a community whose members trace their lineage from a common ancestor


matrilineal- a society in which the decent is traced through the mother

patrilineal- a society in which decent is traced through the father


diviner- a person who believes that he or she has the power to foretell events, usually by working with supernatural forces

griot- a storyteller in African society


Africa is the largest continent; contains the largest desert, the Sahara; contains plateaus and savannahs, it is very diverse

Has 4 climate zones; this helps to understand the lifestyles of people who live there; mild (for crops); deserts; rainforest; savannahs (herding animals)

LAND of AFRICA CLIMATE of AFRICA


SOCIETIES in AFRICA Kingdom of Ghana: 500-1100 located along the

upper Niger River Valley; ruled by kings; most people were farmers; became prosperous because of iron ore and gold

Kingdom of Mali: 1240-1359 located along the Atlantic coast to Timbuktu; known for gold and salt; lived in villages with local rulers and a king overall. Most famous ruler was Mansa Musa he was a Muslim and doubled the size of the kingdom.


SOCIETIES in AFRICA (contd) Bantu- built communities based on

subsistence farming (growing just enough crops for personal use), gradually began trading with other regions; a mixed African-Arabian emerged along the coast because of the trade with Arabian Peninsula this culture became known as Swahili.


ASPECTS of AFRICAN SOCIETY Most towns were walled villages; kings

were held in high esteem but not isolated from common people; traced lineage from their mother’s side (matrilineal). Women were subordinate to men but still very well respected; slavery was practiced in Africa, included people captured in war, debtors, and criminals.


Most groups were monotheistic; used many rituals to please god, Islam spread rapidly across the northern coast; Christianity prevailed in Ethiopia.

In early Africa, art was a was to express religion and communicate with spirits; storytelling was a major part of African culture; griots were also historians

Religion in Africa Culture in Africa

The Asian World

8-1

What were the contributions of early Asian cultures?

Mandate of Heaven- a belief during the Zhou dynasty that kings received their authority to command, or mandate, from heaven

Confucianism- a system of ideas based on Confucius


Daoism- a system of teachings based on Loazi

Legalism- a philosophy that stressed harsh laws and punishments


porcelain- a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures

Samurai- Japanese warriors who protected the security and property of their employers


shogun- a powerful military leader, or general, who had the real power in Japan


The SILK ROAD

The Silk Road was about 4,000 miles long and reached from China to Mesopotamia; it included Rome and Greece. It was only used for luxury goods. Rome really wanted China’s silk.


CHINESE DYNASTIES Shang Dynasty- 1750-1122BC farming society, kings

believed they communicated with gods directly

Zhou Dynasty- 1045-256BC believed in the Mandadte of Heaven; king was choose to follow the dao

Qin Dynasty-221-206BC adopted Legalism; Great Wall built to keep out Xiongnu (on horseback)

Han Dynasty- 202BC-220AD discarded Legalism, adopted Confucianism, rulers were choosen on merit


INDIA IN 1500BC a group of Indo-European

nomads moved from Central Asia to India called the Aryans; they settled in northern India.

They develop the caste system


Religion of a majority of Indian people; believe in reincarnation and kharma; developed the practice of yoga

Founded by Siddhartha Gautama aka Buddha; believed the goal was to achieve nirvana

Hinduism Buddhism


JAPAN It is a chain of many islands, powerful

leader named Minamoto created a centralized government with the shogun, shogunate (name for overall government)


KOREA- About the size of Minnesota, the longest

reigning dynasty was the Koryo and lasted 400 years; heavily influenced by Japan and China

Byzantine Empire

9-1

What is the importance of the Byzantine empire?

feudalism- a political and social system in which a powerful lord offered protection to a vassal in return for military service

vassal- a man who served a lord in a military capacity


fief- land given to a vassal by a lord

chivalry- code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold


Magna Carta- a document of rights that limited the king’s power signed by King John in 1215


Crusades- military expeditions made by European Christians to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims


DEVELOPMENT of FEUDALISM in EUROPE Vikings and other invaders were prevalent

People turned to aristocrats (lords) to offer protection; in return, they would serve the lord

This social and political system is known as feudalism


Vassals were people who served as a warrior to the lord; In return, they were given fiefs

Loyalty was very valued in this society

These warriors became known as knights; chivalry evolved


ENGLAND in the HIGH MIDDLE AGES The power of the king enlarged under Henry

II (1154-1189); he started to put clergy members on trial; extended the power of the royal court; (Thomas a Becket)

Nobles started to resent this; during the reign of King John II in 1215, they made him sign the Magna Carta; showed relationship between king and vassal and later served as the basis for limited government

CRAFTERNOON!

Locate a Government text and turn to Pages 802-3

Read the two documents (10 minutes)

Find 3 similarities and 3 differences between the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights.

Write them and draw a picture that represents 3 of the similarities of differences.


HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Tensions between the German kings and

the pope were prevalent in the 1100’s; Frederick I considered Italy the center of a ‘holy empire’ (area of present day Germany and Italy)

The tense relationship weakened the empire; it never developed into the strong empires of France and England


RUSSIA Slavic people lived in present day Ukraine and

Russia; Swedish Vikings conquered the area; the native people called the king Rus; hence the name;

The Mongols conquered Russia; Alexandar Nevsky was one of many Russian princes, and he helped defeat the Germans; this won favor with the Mongols and they elevated him; he descendants became leaders of Russia


JUSTINIAN Became emperor eastern Europe in 527; his

wife Theodora was very influential in his decisions; creates the Body of Civil Law that became the basis for the legal system in Europe


BYZANTINE EMPIRE Justinian died 565; huge debts remained; invasions

and conquests by other nations led to a smaller kingdom that became known as the Byzantine Empire.

Consists of eastern Balkan and Asia Minor, Greek (instead of Latin is the official language), Christians became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church

The quality of life in Constantinople was good and prosperous


SCHISM Separation between the Roman Catholic

Church and the Eastern Orthodox church

Occurred because Eastern orthodox refused to accept the pope as the sole leader of the church


The CRUSADES 1071 Seljuk Turks (Muslim) defeat Byzantine forces

(Christian); Christian called them infidels

Military expeditions started to regain the Holy Land

Saladin (leader of the Muslims) negotiated a treaty with Richard Lionhearted to have access to Jersulam


Established many Italian cites as port cites and places of trade; breakdown of feudal system which gave way to strong nation states

Many were persecuted; first widespread attacks on the Jews started;

Positives of the Crusades Negatives of Crusades

The People of North America, MesoAmerica, and South America

Section 11-1

What are the accomplishments of civilizations in the Americas?

Mesoamerica- the name of Mexico and Central America that were civilized before the Spaniards arrived

tribute- goods or money paid by conquered people to their conquerors


Located in Mesoamerica (Mexico and South America); they were farmers; had pyramids for religious purposes; had huge stone heads to represents their gods; polytheistic

MAYA- very sophisticated. Had pyramids; polytheistic; practiced human sacrifice; rulers claimed to be descendants of gods, they had a form of hieroglyphics; developed calendar; TOLTEC- they were warriors and builders; extended rule into Guatemala

OLMEC 1220 BC-400 BC MAYA 300-900 AD and TOLTEC 900-1200 AD


THE AZTEC

Civilization emerged in Mexico; built pyramids, temples, and roads; outstanding warriors; although women were not equal they were allowed to inherit property; polytheistic. 1519Cortes Aztec believed the Spaniards were gods and welcomed them; ; they eventually grew to dislike them and revolted in 1520; although they expelled the Spanish, they died from the diseases they brought


The INCA Civilization began in Cuzco, Peru in late

1300’s; were polytheistic; they were great builders; built roads; didn’t’ have a system of writing but they did use a knotted string system called quipu to record info. In 1531, Francisco Pizarro landed on the Pacific coast, brought small pox; by 1535, set up a new capital in Lima.

unit i: early civilizations and empires. civilization begins in mesopotamia section 2.1

Documents

major factors

technology of early

major social groups

sumerian citystates

class of people

form of writing

empires civilization

form of society