unit four solar collectors -...
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ME 476
Solar Energy
UNIT FOUR
SOLAR COLLECTORS Flat Plate Collectors
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Outline
• What are flat plate collectors?
• Types of flat plate collectors
• Applications of flat plate collectors
• Materials of construction and their properties
• Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors
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What Are Flat Plate Collectors?
• A flat plate collector is a heat
exchanger that uses solar
irradiation to heat a working fluid.
• The working fluid is usually liquid
or air.
• The collector is a black surface
that is placed at a convenient
path of the sun.
• In flat plate collectors there is no
optical concentration of sunlight
and they are generally stationary.
• The outlet temperature capability
is below 100 °C
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• A typical flat plate collector is a metal box with a glass or
plastic cover (called glazing) on top and a dark-colored
absorber plate on the bottom.
• The sides and bottom of the collector are usually insulated
to minimize heat loss.
What Are Flat Plate Collectors?
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Components of Flat Plate Collectors?
ABSORBER PLATE
• The plate is usually made of copper, steel, or plastic.
• The surface is covered with a black material of high absorptance.
• A selective coating can be used to maximize the absorptance of
solar energy and minimizes the radiation emitted by plate.
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FLOW PASSAGES
• The flow passages carry the working fluid through the collector.
• If the working fluid is a liquid, the flow passage is usually a tube
that is attached to, or is a part of absorber plate.
• If the working fluid is air, the flow passages can have different
configurations.
Components of Flat Plate Collectors?
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COVER PLATE (GLAZING)
• To reduce convective and radiative heat losses from the absorber,
one or two transparent covers (glazing) are generally placed above
the absorber plate.
• They usually be made from glass or plastic.
Components of Flat Plate Collectors?
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INSULATION
• These are some materials such as fiberglass and they are placed
at the back and sides of the collector to reduce heat losses.
Components of Flat Plate Collectors?
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ENCLOSURE
• A box that encloses the collector to:
• Hold all the components together
• Protect them from weather
• Facilitate installation on a roof or appropriate frame.
Components of Flat Plate Collectors?
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Outline
• What are flat plate collectors?
• Types of flat plate collectors
• Applications of flat plate collectors
• Materials of construction and their properties
• Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors
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Types of Flat Plate Collectors
Glazing
Tube
Absorbing plate
Insulation
Glazing
Tube
Absorbing plate
Insulation
Glazing
Tube
Absorbing plate
Insulation
Glazing
Tube
Absorbing plate
Insulation
WATER SYSTEMS
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AIR SYSTEMS
Glazing
Air passage
Insulation
Glazing
Air flow
Metal matrix
Insulation
Glazing
Corrugated sheet
Insulation
Types of Flat Plate Collectors
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Outline
• What are flat plate collectors?
• Types of flat plate collectors
• Applications of flat plate collectors
• Materials of construction and their properties
• Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors
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Applications of Flat Plate Collectors
DOMESTIC HOT WATER
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WATER HEATING
Applications of Flat Plate Collectors
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SPACE HEATING
Applications of Flat Plate Collectors
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Outline
• What are flat plate collectors?
• Types of flat plate collectors
• Applications of flat plate collectors
• Materials of construction and their properties
• Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors
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Materials of Construction
ABSORBER PLATE
Material Absorptance
()
Emittance
()
Black silicon paint 0.86-0.94 0.83-0.89
Black copper over copper 0.85-0.9 0.08-0.12
Black chrome over nickel 0.92-0.94 0.07-0.12
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GLAZING
Polyvinly
floride
Polyethylene
terephthatalet
or polyster
Polycarbonate Fiberglass
reinforced
plastics
Solar Transmission, % 92-94 85 82-89 77-90
Maximum operating
temperature °C
110 100 120-135 95
Thermal expansion
coefficient (x10-6 m/m.K)
43 27 68 32-40
Materials of Construction
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INSULATION
Material Density
(kg/m3)
Thermal conductivity
at 95 °C
(W/mK)
Fiber glass with
organic binder 11 0.059
“ 16 0.050
“ 24 0.045
“ 48 0.043
Materials of Construction
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Outline
• What are flat plate collectors?
• Types of flat plate collectors
• Applications of flat plate collectors
• Materials of construction and their properties
• Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors
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Energy Absorbed by a Flat Plate Collector
• The irradiation incident on a collector (Gt) is not all absorbed.
• Once the irradiation penetrates the glass cover, part of it is
absorbed by the collector, but another part is reflected back
diffusely to the glass cover.
• The glass cover then reflects diffusely to the absorber, and so on.
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• The net energy absorbed by the collector can be expressed in
terms of a quantity called (t).
• Theoretically, the net energy absorbed by the collector per unit
area is:
S = Gt (t)av
Where (t)av is the average value of (t)
Energy Absorbed by a Flat Plate Collector
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Energy Gain of a Flat Plate Collector
• The useful energy gain of a flat plate collector is given by:
Qu = S x Ac – Qloss
• Qloss can be due to energy loss through:
• Top of the collector
• Bottom of collector
• Edges of collector
• Qloss can be expressed as: Qloss = UL Ac (Tp – Ta)
where,
• Tp: mean temperature of the absorber plate
• Ta: ambient temperature
• UL: overall heat transfer coefficient based on collector area
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Energy Loss of a Flat Plate Collector
• UL consists of Ut (top), Ub (bottom), and Ue (edges)
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Ut involves the calculation of:
• hc,p-g: convective heat transfer
coefficient between plate and glazing
• hr,p-g: radiative heat transfer
coefficient between plate and glazing
• hc,g-a: convective heat transfer
coefficient between glazing and
ambient air
• hr,g-a: radiative heat transfer
coefficient between glazing and
ambient air
• Calculations of all the components of Ut is complicated.
Energy Loss of a Flat Plate Collector
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• A relatively simple alternative formula can be used:
C = 365.9 (1 – 0.00883 + 0.0001298 2)
Energy Loss of a Flat Plate Collector
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• Ub can be found from:
Where,
Energy Loss of a Flat Plate Collector
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• Ue can be found from:
Where,
Energy Loss of a Flat Plate Collector
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Energy Gain of a Flat Plate Collector
• The useful energy gain of a flat plate collector is given by:
Qu = S x Ac – Qloss
• Expanding all terms,
• The useful energy gained by the collector is transferred
completely to the working fluid. Therefore,
Where,
• Ti : fluid inlet temperature
• To : fluid outlet temperature
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Heat Removal Factor
• Calculating Tp accurately is difficult.
• It is more convenient to express Qu in terms of the fluid
temperatures.
• A useful definition is the heat removal factor (FR):
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• By using the heat removal factor (FR), the useful energy gain
equation becomes:
• FR depends on many factors, and it can be found analytically.
• FR can also be found experimentally.
Heat Removal Factor
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Collector Efficiency
• Collector efficiency (h) is defined as the:
• h = useful energy gain / irradiation incident on the collector
𝜂 =𝑄𝑢𝐺𝑡𝐴𝑐
• This equation can be expressed in terms of FR:
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• The efficiency equation can be rearranged as follows:
𝜂 = 𝐹𝑅 𝜏𝛼 − 𝐹𝑅𝑈𝐿𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑎𝐺𝑡
• If changes in FR and UL are small, the equation above
represents a straight line, where:
• (Ti – Ta) / Gt is the independent variable
• h is the dependent variable
• FR (t) is the intercept
• (- FR UL) is the slope
Collector Efficiency
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𝜂 = 𝐹𝑅 𝜏𝛼 − 𝐹𝑅𝑈𝐿𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑎𝐺𝑡
Collector Efficiency